Prevention and control techniques of soft-shelled turtle diseases

Trionyx in zoology classification belongs to vertebrate phylum, reptile, turtle order, trionyx family, shell turtle genus. It has strong adaptability to the outside world and strong vitality. It is distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the world, and it also exists in all parts of China.

Turtle is amphibian, breathing with lungs, mainly living in the water, occasionally ashore habitat, or swim to the water layer, head out of the water to breathe.

The ecological habits of soft-shelled turtle are characterized by three joys and three fears. One is to be quiet and afraid of shock, the other is to be happy and afraid of wind, and the third is to be clean and afraid of dirty.

Turtles are timid by nature, but aggressive. Big turtle kills small turtle, strong turtle eats weak turtle phenomenon frequently occurs. During the reproductive season, male and female soft-shelled turtle mating, male soft-shelled turtle will fight, causing many soft-shelled turtle death.

Trionyx sinensis also has the ability to dig holes and climb, so it is very important to do a good job of escape prevention facilities when building turtle breeding ponds.

Trionyx sinensis has a wide and miscellaneous diet, and is relatively gluttonous, mainly eating animal feed with high protein content. Animal feed types include snail meat, clam meat, fish meat and@#@237 @#@, etc. Aquatic insects are also the bait that turtles like to eat, especially the internal organs of animals and the waste of livestock and poultry processing plants. Plant feed has cooked sorghum, corn, melon peel and fresh water grass, etc.

The growth rate of soft-shelled turtle is slow, and the breeding cycle of soft-shelled turtle is three to four years under natural conditions, but the growth rate of soft-shelled turtle can be greatly accelerated under warm water conditions, and the growth rate of soft-shelled turtle can reach more than 500 grams in more than one year.

Due to the high market price of soft-shelled turtle and the high economic benefit of raising soft-shelled turtle, soft-shelled turtle breeding has been widely carried out in many places in China, and has developed to a certain scale. At the same time, large-scale artificial breeding of soft-shelled turtle inevitably increases soft-shelled turtle disease. The disease control techniques of soft-shelled turtle are introduced below.

Prevention of soft-shelled turtle disease

The turtle's ability to live and disease resistance are very strong, in the breeding process generally less disease, but if not raised properly, it will also cause turtle disease, or even a large number of deaths, to do a good job in prevention. For the prevention of turtle disease, the following work should be done:

(1) The water quality of turtle culture pond should be fresh and brownish green. If there is ammonia water flowing into the pool, it will lead to ear gland inflammation, which spreads quickly. When a small number of turtles are infected, if they are not isolated and treated in time, they will be in danger of being destroyed by the whole pool. In the breeding process, new water should be injected regularly to make the water quality live and cool, and to prevent deterioration, blackening and odor, which is especially important for the breeding of young turtles.

(2) The feed for turtle should be new in quality and adequate in quantity. If the feeding amount is insufficient, it will cause competition for food, and the phenomenon of strong overcoming weak will occur among each other. If the feeding is uneven, it will make the turtle's feeding in a state of hunger and satiety, which is not conducive to the normal growth of the turtle and reduces the resistance to diseases. spoilage feed can cause infectious diseases. Therefore, when feeding feed, we should carefully do timing, quantitative, positioning and qualitative.

(3) Take precautions against harmful organisms of juvenile soft-shelled turtles.

(4) Take anti-freezing measures during winter. During winter in greenhouse, it is necessary to avoid hot and cold; to prevent turtle damage when changing ponds, and to raise damaged or diseased turtles in separate ponds; in hot summer, the temperature of pool water is too high, and cooling measures should be taken.

(5) Reasonable close cultivation. It is necessary to prevent the breeding density from being too high, or to raise strong and weak turtles in the same pool, otherwise it will cause the phenomenon of predator, injury, disability and weak turtles, and it is also easy to infect diseases.

(6) Disinfection of diseased soft-shelled turtle, pond water and habitat should be carried out rapidly when turtle disease infection is found.

Diseases of soft-shelled turtle and their control

1. Common turtle diseases and their prevention and control methods

1. hemorrhagic disease

It is caused by virus. Blood spots and bleeding spots appear all over the abdominal shell of the sick turtle. Ulceration and bleeding appear on the back shell. A large amount of bleeding and severe necrosis occur on the inner wall of the throat. Bleeding symptoms may also occur in the intestinal tract, kidney and liver. Control method: ① Pay attention to the isolation of sick turtles, and disinfect them with quicklime;② Use sulfa drugs or antibiotics mixed into feed, and 0.1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day has certain curative effect.

2. saprolegniasis

It is caused by large number of reproduction of Hydromycetes, which is harmful to young soft-shelled turtle. Thalli often parasitize in turtle limbs, neck and abdomen, forming cotton wool. Sick turtle loss of appetite, slow growth and development. The control methods are as follows: ① During stocking, fishing and transportation, the operation should be careful to avoid skin injury;② Disinfection of the whole pool with malachite green of 2ppm, or sprinkling of 0.4‰ sodium bicarbonate and 0.4‰ salt mixture in the whole pool, which has certain preventive effect;③ Sick turtles can be immersed in saline solution of 3 - 4% concentration for 5 minutes.

3. big-neck disease

Also called branchitis disease, it is a bacterial disease with rapid spread and extremely high mortality. The neck of the sick turtle is obviously swollen, the mouth and nose bleed, the whole body is swollen, but there is no bleeding point in the abdomen, the middle of the abdomen is white and anaemic, and when it is serious, the intestinal tract is full of congestion. Prevention and control methods: take out the sick turtle isolation; pool water, bottom sand and feeding tools, utensils, etc. with 200ppm bleaching powder disinfection before use.

4. bellworm disease

A disease caused by the parasite bellworm. The feed intake rate of the diseased turtle decreased, and cotton floc appeared in the limbs, carapace and neck. When the water quality was green, the insect body was also dyed green. Treatment method: with 10ppm bleaching powder solution, medicated bath for 24 hours, or with 2 - 3% salt water immersion bath for 3 - 10 minutes, also have better results.

5. skin fester disease

This is caused by bacterial infection caused by turtle fighting in the pool. The toxin of bacteria causes necrosis of skin and tissue around the injured part. The main symptoms are ulceration and necrosis in the affected parts of limbs, neck, tail or carapace edge. When the limbs are ulcerated, the claws will fall off and the bones will be exposed. When the neck is injured, the muscles and bones will be exposed. The prevention and treatment of rotten skin disease should first pay attention to the cleanliness of pool water, and the turtle disease should be isolated and treated in time. The diseased turtle can be soaked with sulfa or antibiotics with a concentration of 10ppm for 48 hours.

6. leukoplakia

White spot disease is also called trichomycosis, which is easy to occur in running water breeding turtle. The main symptoms are white spots on the limbs and skirts of the sick turtle. In the early stage, they are only on the edge, and later they gradually expand to form blood spots, causing necrosis and decay of the epidermis. Under normal circumstances, the mortality rate of this disease is low, but when the mold parasitizes the throat, it will affect its breathing and gradually die. The disease is endemic throughout the year. The control method of this disease is to clean the pond thoroughly and disinfect it before stocking. The stocking operation should be careful to prevent the turtle from being injured. After injury, 1% malachite green ointment or sulfa ointment can be applied to the affected area; soaking the sick turtle in 10ppm bleach solution for 3 - 5 hours can also effectively treat the disease. The pathogen of white spot disease is a kind of mold. In the new water of running water pool, there is a tendency to accelerate the reproduction. In sewage water, the reproduction and growth of this mold are inhibited by other competitive bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics may have the effect of promoting the development of this disease, so they are generally not used. In the turtle pool with frequent fertilization, the water quality is maintained at a certain fertility, and the control of this disease has a certain effect.

7. feed bug

As a result of feed deterioration led to a large accumulation of denatured fatty acids in the body, resulting in metabolic dysfunction and pathological changes. The body of the sick turtle becomes taller and thicker, the abdominal armor is dark brown, there are thick gray-green stripes, the limbs and neck are swollen, the subcutaneous edema, the posture is abnormal, the fat of the sick turtle is discolored, yellow or yellow brown has a foul smell. Control methods: feeding fresh high-quality feed, feed often add vitamin E. Such as feeding artificial compound feed, not easy to produce this disease.

8. turtle disease caused by poor water quality

The cause of this disease is due to the lack of circulation of pool water, deterioration of water quality, and the long-term ammonia nitrogen content in water above 100ppm. Sick turtle limbs, abdomen obvious congestion, swelling, ulceration, exposure of abdominal oracle bone plate, skirt ulceration into saw-tooth shape or produce many lumps. Prevention and control methods: keep the pool water fresh. Discovering this disease changes pool water in time, can heal.

9. red floor disease

Probably caused by bacterial invasion. Abdominal carapace floor occurs red swelling, even rotting, exposing abdominal carapace plate; sick turtle neck thick, refused to feed, slow response, often into the grass, easy to catch.① Wash or smear with 1ppm malachite green. (2) Gentamicin was injected intramuscularly at a dosage of 15,000 units per kilogram of turtle.

II. Enemies and Control of Trionyx sinensis

The main natural enemies of soft-shelled turtle are mosquito, rat, ant, cat, weasel, eagle, etc. These natural enemies are the most harmful to soft-shelled turtle eggs and juveniles. Snakes will dig egg holes and swallow turtle eggs and young turtles; Wild rats like to dig holes in the spawning ground of turtles, resulting in dry death of turtle eggs; Ants often surround young turtles; Cats and weasels are more harmful to young turtles, because turtles will secrete special fishy smell liquid, easy to be sniffed by cats, etc., and cats and weasels are accustomed to night activities, this is the time for turtle activities. In addition, otters can dive underwater to harm turtles. In order to prevent natural enemies from harming, we should first strengthen the dike or wall of the pool, plug the loopholes and gaps, and cut off the channels and hiding places for enemies to enter the pool. For ants, in addition to killing ants immediately when they are found in the spawning ground, pesticides can also be sprinkled around the spawning ground to prevent ant colonies from entering the spawning ground. Metal nets can be set up above the turtle pond to prevent bird damage and animal damage.