Biological characteristics and High-yield cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus

[Agaricus-bitorguis (Quel.) sacc.] Also known as double-layer ring umbrella mushroom, fat mushroom, is a kind of high-temperature grass bacteria born on the grass. It has been domesticated and introduced in recent years. Compared with Agaricus bisporus, it has wider adaptability and stronger stress resistance, so it is suitable for extensive cultivation. It is more heat-resistant, drought-resistant, water-resistant, carbon dioxide-resistant, does not produce bacterial quilt, does not spit yellow water, and goes on the market one month earlier than Agaricus bisporus, which has the advantages of production season. It is reported that foreign countries can produce fresh mushroom 410~650kg per ton of culture material, and domestic fresh mushroom 310~350kg per ton of culture material.

1 morphological characteristics

The lid of Pleurotus ostreatus is 6~20cm in diameter, the first hemispherical, the posterior flat hemispherical, the top flat or slightly concave, the color white, then dark yellow, without scales; the fungus is white, thick and compact, the wound slightly turns reddish, and the discoloration is slow when young; the pleats are white, then become pink to dark brown, dense, narrow, free, unequal in length: the stipe is short, medium-solid, nearly cylindrical; the ring is double-layer, white, membranous, born in the middle of the stalk. The spores are dark brown, broadly oval to subglobose, smooth.

2 living conditions

2.1 Nutrition, Pleurotus ostreatus uses cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in culture materials such as wheat straw, rice straw and sawdust as main carbon sources, and proteins and amino acids in wheat bran or rice bran as nitrogen sources. Mineral elements and vitamins contained in the culture materials were also used.

2.2 the temperature of Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to high temperature type, the optimum temperature for mycelial growth is 25: 30 ℃, and the mushroom rate is still high at 23: 25 ℃.

2.3 the water content of water culture material should be 65%. Water in bed plants evaporates quickly, and the relative humidity of the air should be kept at 65% to 75%. The primordium differentiation and fruiting body growth stage should be kept at 85%-95%.

2.4 the demand for oxygen in the initial stage of air mycelium growth is not high. With the growth of mycelium, ventilation should be strengthened to keep the air fresh in the mushroom room. In the stage of primordium formation and fruiting body growth, the metabolism is exuberant, so it is necessary to strengthen ventilation to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide produced during the growth process.

2.5 Light is not needed in the growth stage of mycelium. Attention should be paid to shading culture, and 100~500Lx scattering light is needed for primordium differentiation and fruiting body growth.

2.6.The slightly acidic medium was beneficial to the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, and the optimum pH was 5.5-6. Covering soil pH is also suitable for acidity, and 5.7-6 is the most suitable.

3 cultivation techniques

Pleurotus ostreatus can be planted in bed with raw material or fermented border. The specific methods are described below.

3.1 in the production season, the maternal production time is generally from the end of January to the end of February, the original seed production is carried out in early March, and the cultivated species are produced from the beginning of May to the beginning of June. According to the climatic conditions in North China, the stacking time is scheduled for sowing in the first and middle of July and covering the soil in the middle of August. The first batch of mushrooms can be harvested on September 10, the second batch of mushrooms can be harvested around September 20, and the third batch of mushrooms can be harvested in early October. After October 10, due to the drop in temperature, mushroom production decreased obviously, and 3 batches of mushrooms were generally harvested at the natural temperature.

3.2 Raw meal bed cultivation with 95% sun-cured cottonseed shell, add 2% gypsum powder, 0.1% chlorothalonil, 2% calcium carbonate, mix well; 2% sugar and 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are dissolved in water and mixed into the culture material. The water content of culture material is 65%, pH7.5. Spread the material on the bed, sow in layers, spread the bacteria in the first layer 5~7cm, spread the bacteria in the second layer 5~6cm, spread one layer of bacteria on the material surface, and then cover the bacteria with a layer of thin material. The total thickness of the culture material is 15~20cm, flat and solid, covering newspapers and thin films, and keeping moisture in the material. After sowing, the bacteria were infected at the temperature of 18-28 ℃. When the mycelium was fed to 2-pound 3 or the whole meal was thoroughly eaten, the 2~3cm of saprophytic coal about the size of broad bean was thick, and then covered with fine soil 2~3cm thick after 7-10 months. Then carry on the routine management, ventilate, spray water, increase the indoor air humidity.

3.3 fermented materials were planted on the border with 40% fresh wheat straw, 57% cattle and sheep dung, 1% gypsum powder, 1% superphosphate and 1% urea. The fermentation materials were prepared according to the Agaricus bisporus culture material stack method, turned over 5 times, and fed while it was hot. Then the feces and sundries in the material were removed and laid on the border surface of the greenhouse floor bed. The thickness of the material was 20cm. When the feed temperature dropped below 30 ℃, the walnut-sized bacteria were seeded in layers. After sowing, the material surface is covered with film to cause bacteria, and the soil is covered when the hyphae are eaten through.

At 2-3 days after inoculation of the above two cultivation methods, the mycelium began to grow again, and the new hyphae extended around until the culture material was thoroughly eaten. During the outbreak period, part of the hyphae developed, thickened and formed fungal cords. After covering the rotten coal particles, the hyphae climbed along the soil, intertwined and twisted, and fruiting bodies gradually formed.

3.4 mushroom buds began to appear about 15 days after mushroom management. A few days before mushroom production, ventilation should be reduced, water spraying should be sufficient, and the frequency should be increased. When the fruiting body appears, heavy water should be sprayed once, and the indoor relative humidity should be kept at 75%-85%. The first tide mushroom of Pleurotus ostreatus came out late, and the first tide mushroom could not be harvested until about 22 days after soil mulching, and the interval between the two tide mushrooms was 12-15 days. The harvest time of Agaricus bisporus autumn mushroom is about 45 days, while Pleurotus ostreatus is shorter, and the effective fruiting time is only about 30 days. The yield of the first two Pleurotus ostreatus was similar to that of the creeping strain of Agaricus bisporus. The time from the formation of mushroom buds to the opening of umbrellas is quite short, so timely harvest is very important. Pleurotus ostreatus should be picked when it is young, and the diameter of the cap is 2.5~3cm. If the picking is too late, the fresh mushrooms are easy to open the umbrella after harvest, and the bacterial folds turn black soon after opening the umbrella, and the quality of the goods decreases, which is not conducive to @ # @ 136.