Present situation of New Peach Variety breeding in China

1. Breeding of fresh peach varieties in different ripening periods the breeding of fresh peach varieties has always been dominant in China, and a large number of excellent new varieties (lines) with different mature periods have been bred in the past 50 years. To a certain extent, it has changed the situation of over-concentrated supply in the market. 1. Breeding of precocious varieties. As there are few early maturing varieties in peach production, early ripening and high quality has become the main goal of peach breeding. Through the efforts of breeders, a number of precocious and excellent varieties were selected by means of cross breeding and bud mutation. Most of these new varieties matured in the early and middle of June, such as Chunxiu and Chunhua in Shanghai, early fragrant dew in Jiangsu and early maturing peach in Yangzhou, Qin honey in Shaanxi, Xinxing in Hebei, Duan Yu in Shanxi, etc. Chunfeng and Chunyan in Qingdao matured in late June. There are also extra precocious new varieties, such as Zaoxia dew from Zhejiang, Zaohualu from Jiangsu, spring bud from Shanghai, Ⅳ-29 from Chongqing, etc., which can be listed at the end of May or the beginning of June. Zaoxia dew selected by Zhejiang Horticulture is beautiful in appearance, sweet in flavor, slightly fragrant, with an average single fruit weight of 85g, maturing in late May, the fruit development period is only about 55 days, 2 days earlier than spring buds and 2 days earlier than early flower dew. In addition, the precocious varieties of bud change include early bud change, Jiubao and Chuxiamei in Shanxi, Daguan No. 1 in Zhejiang Agricultural University, Tuancheng Zaosheng in Beijing (Qingfeng bud change), Baiyun (Baifeng bud change) in Changshu, Jiangsu, and so on. two。 Breeding of mid-ripe varieties. The medium-ripe peach varieties commonly used in production are Okubo and Baifeng introduced by Japan. In order to change the situation of single variety, many excellent mid-ripening varieties have been bred in China, such as Beijing July Man, Juhong Water Honey, Zaoxiangyu, Xiangshan Water Honey, Shanxi Zaojin, Beijing Agricultural University Zaoyan, Beinong No.1, Beinong No.2, Jiangsu Zaobaimi, Yangzhou 97, Zhaohui, Zhejiang Yunshu No.1, etc., which generally mature in July, the fruit development period is longer, the size is large, almost all single fruit weight can reach 2O0g, the flavor is good. The sweetness is high and the pulp is juicy. 3. Late-maturing variety. In order to prolong the supply of fresh peach in the market, the cultivation of late-maturing and storable varieties has become a direction of peach breeding. At present, more late-maturing new varieties (strains) have been bred, such as Jingyu and Qiuxiang in Beijing, late honey and new white flowers in Jiangsu, Jinxiu in Shanghai, Hangzhou jade in Hangzhou, Yulong snow peach in Shandong and so on. The late ripening varieties in Hebei include late Hongmi, Dangui and Wanxiang. The first two mature periods are in the middle and late September, while the late fragrant ripening period is in the first ten days of October. The fruit development period is 130ml / 155 days, and the average single fruit weight is 150g / 175g. There are also new late-ripening lines-2101 and 2102, which are recently bred, with great fruit characteristics, maturing in late August or early September, the fruit development period is 125mur130 days, the single fruit weight is 251g-355g, the fruit shape is correct, the color is bright and the quality is good. Especially 2101, it is not only resistant to storage and transportation, but also can be stored in plastic bags for more than 15 days at room temperature and 40 seconds at low temperature. at the same time, it can be eaten and processed, and the canned quality is high. It is a good strain with a bright future. When these late-ripening varieties (strains) are applied to production, the supply period of fresh peach can be prolonged by more than 2 months. 2. Canned peach variety breeding at the end of 1950s, China began to attach importance to canned peach variety breeding, with yellow meat, insolute and sticky core as the main breeding objectives, and now it has achieved initial results. The earlier ones were Jinfeng and Jinji in Jiangsu and Fenghuang and Lianhuang in Dalian. Since the 1980s, the breeding of canned peaches has made rapid progress. Jingchuan and Yanhuang in Beijing, Jinxing in Shanxi and Zhejiang No. 1 in Zhejiang have entered the stage of large-scale production. Many peach varieties can also be used for both fresh food and canned storage, such as Zaobaimi in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 97, Jinxiu in Shanghai, 2101 in Hebei, and so on. These new varieties (strains) have become the rookies of canned peach varieties because of their large fruit size, good high-yield performance and strong adaptability, and greatly prolong the processing period with the combination of early, middle and late ripening periods. 3. Nectarine breeding in China, nectarine breeding started late. Some nectarine varieties were introduced from abroad in the 1970s, but they could not be planted on a large scale because of their sour flavor. in order to select varieties suitable for sweet taste in China, nectarine breeding was also carried out in our country, and a certain number of new nectarine varieties were bred. In the 1980s, only two fruit trees in Beijing and Shaanxi selected 12 nectarine lines with red color, uncracked fruit and good yield. In the past 10 years, the Institute of Plant Protection and Environmental Protection of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences has successively selected many strains, such as Zaohongzhu, Dan Mo, Zaohongxia, Red Coral, fragrant Coral and so on, especially fragrant coral, with an average fruit weight of 153g, maturing at the end of July, bright color, milky white pericarp, all-round bright red to rose red, hard solute in pulp, strong and sweet flavor, medium aroma, high quality of fresh food, etc. It is an excellent line of all-red medium-ripe sweet nectarine with development prospect. In addition, Qin Guang in Shaanxi and Xia Guang in Shanxi are welcomed by fruit growers and consumers, and the cultivation area is expanding rapidly. Although great achievements have been made in peach breeding, it still can not meet the needs of increasing economic development. At present, the cultivation of peach in greenhouse has appeared in many areas, and the benefit is considerable, and the selection and breeding of peach should be adapted to it, and the new early-maturing peach varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation should be selected as soon as possible. The non-tolerance of storage and transportation of peach is still an urgent problem to be solved in production. On the basis of making full use of germplasm resources, new peach varieties with good storage and transportation and good quality should be selected as soon as possible.