Economic characters and cultivation points of big fruit spades

Daguo spade is a mid-late mature variety found in Zhaishan valley by fruit growers in Nanshi Town, Xuecheng District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province. In 1995, it was introduced into the demonstration base of improved varieties in the first village of Nanshi Town, Xingnong seed Company, Xuecheng District, and the existing fruit garden is about 1800m2. After 5 years of cultivation and observation, it is considered that the economic character of this variety is stable, and the single fruit weight (average 194.6g) is significantly higher than that of "black chicken peach" (average 138g) in Zhejiang and Anhui, so it is named "big fruit black peach". It is a rare extra-large fruit spade variety in China at present, and it won the first prize in the national fruit evaluation in 1997. The market price of fruit is 10 times that of ordinary peach, which has a good development prospect. The main economic characters and cultivation techniques are introduced as follows.

1. Main characters

(1) the morphological characteristics of the tree are strong, the tree posture is open, the trunk and perennial branches are grayish brown, the surface is smooth, the sunny side of the annual branch is purplish red, the shady side is light green, shiny, and the lenticels are not obvious. The leaf is long l0.3cm, wide 2.5cm, petiole length 0.7cm; leaf edge wrinkled, uneven; petiole, vein is light red, leaf is dark green. The flower buds are large, there are many pollen, and the petals are pink, which is obviously deeper than the general varieties.

(2) the economic characters of the fruit: the fruit is nearly round, the top of the fruit is flat and slightly pointed, the suture line is middle and deep, and the two halves are symmetrical. The average weight of single fruit was 194.6 g, and the maximum was 308 g. When the fruit is ripe, the face of the fruit is purple-black, the pericarp is medium-thick, it is not easy to peel off, the pulp is purple-black, sticky core, pulp hard solute. Delicate meat, more juice, strong flavor, fragrance, high quality and so on. Soluble solids 18.6%, sugar 14.6%, acid 0.136%, 100 grams of pulp contains vitamin Cl 9.6 mg, cellulose 5.18g, the content of vitamin C is significantly higher than that of ordinary peaches. Resistant to storage, the storage life is 8-12 days at room temperature. The edible rate is 91.6%.

(3) the phenological period is the flower bud germination in the middle of March in Xuecheng area, the florescence is in the middle and last ten days of April, and the flowering period lasts for 9-13 days, which is obviously longer than that of other varieties. The fruit matured in the middle of September, and the fruit development period was 135 days. The defoliation period is late October and the annual growth period is about 250 days.

(4) growth and fruiting habits this variety has the characteristics of high germination rate and high branching ability. The branches grow vigorously and grow greatly, and there are 2-3 branches in a year, and the crown is formed quickly. After entering the full fruit period, the tree tends to be moderate and the growth is stable. The fruit of long fruit branches of 5-year-old trees accounted for 19.0%, medium fruit branches accounted for 49.4%, short fruit branches accounted for 31.6%, natural pollination fruit bearing rate reached 31.6%, and there was no physiological fruit drop.

(5) Fruit high yield this variety is very easy to form flower buds, and the fast-growing seedlings grafted in the same year can form flower buds in the nursery. The fruiting rate of grafted seedlings reached 100% in the second year, the average annual yield per plant was 3.8kg, and the highest yield was 5.6kg. In the third year, the highest yield per plant was 18.6 kg and 667m2, which could produce high quality fruit 2100kg.

(6) adaptability and stress resistance this variety has strong adaptability, strong drought resistance and barren resistance, and high yield can be obtained in thin land in mountains. The occurrence of bacterial perforation and gummy disease in peach leaves was relatively mild.

2. Key points of cultivation techniques

(1) the planting density is 3mx4m in plain and 2.5mx3.5m or 2.5mx3.0m in hilly land.

(2) 40-50cm in the plains and 30cm in the hills. The tree shape is suitable for the natural happy shape of multiple main branches, leaving 3-5 main branches, and the angle between the main branch and the trunk is controlled at 60o-70o.

(3) pay attention to flower thinning and fruit thinning. This variety has a large number of flowers and no physiological fruit drop phenomenon. In order to improve fruit quality, flower thinning and fruit thinning is very important. First of all, part of the inflorescence should be removed in time at the flowering stage, and then the first fruit should be thinned 2-3 weeks after flowering, and the fruit thinning amount accounted for 50% 60% of the total. The second fruit thinning was carried out in early June, leaving 2-3 fruits in the long fruit branches, 1-2 fruits in the middle fruit branches, and 1 fruit in the short fruit branches or 1 fruit in every two short fruit branches.

(4) strengthening summer pruning is beneficial to ventilation and flower bud differentiation.