Cultivation and maintenance techniques of Pingpeng Grass

Pingpeng grass, alias golden lotus, Pingpeng lotus, Pingpeng grass plants of the family Nymphaeaceae. There are about 25 species of the genus, and there are 4-5 species in China. Pingpeng grass blossoms in early summer, with golden flowers protruding out of the water, like golden sunshine spreading wine on the water surface, against the sparkling waves and the shadow of butterflies. It is very beautiful and is a very important ornamental plant in the summer water garden. Its Latin name pumilum means "dwarf".

The main species of the same genus are: n.bornetiilevl.etvant. N.sinensishan decimeter azz. Ouyaping grass n.luteumsm. Taiwan Pingpeng grass n.shimadaihayataetshimada.

(-) morphological characteristics

Pingpeng grass is a perennial floating-leaf aquatic herb. Rhizome thickly blocky, recumbent. Foliage-shaped, floating leaves papery or subleathery, orbicular to ovate, 8-17 cm long, entire, base dehiscent deeply cordate. The leaf surface is green and bright, the back of the leaf is protruding and pilose. Lateral veins slender, with several 2-forked branches, petiole Terete. The submerged leaves are thin and soft. Flowers solitary, cylindrical stalks protruding from the water, buds globose, green. Sepals 5, Obovate, cuneate, yellow, petaloid. Petals 10-20, narrowly cuneate, like sterile stamens, deciduous; stamens numerous, born on petals to inner ovary base receptacle, deciduous. Carpels 12-15, connate into superior ovary, carpels with obvious boundaries, each forming a stigma at the apex, so that the stigma of the pistil is in the shape of a radial disk. The ovary and locule are the same as the carpels, and the embryos are numerous, born on the septum. Berries ovate, 3 cm long, with persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent. Seed moment orbicular, yellowish brown, bright. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period is from July to September. Cultivation and maintenance techniques of Pingpeng grass alias Golden Lotus, Pingpeng lotus, Pingpeng grass genus of Nymphaeaceae. There are about 25 species of the genus, and there are 4-5 species in China. Pingpeng grass blossoms in early summer, with golden flowers protruding out of the water, shining like golden sunshine on the water surface, against the sparkling waves and butterfly shadows, which is very beautiful and is a very important ornamental plant in the summer waterscape garden. Its Latin name pumilum means "dwarf".

The main species of the same genus are: Pingpeng grass in Guizhou. N.sinensisHandMazz. Ouyaping grass N.luteumSm. Taiwan Pingpeng grass N.shimadaiHayataetShimada.

(1) morphological characteristics

Pingpeng grass is a perennial floating-leaf aquatic herb. Rhizome thickly blocky, recumbent. Leaves dimorphic, floating leaves papery or subleathery, round to ovate, 8-17 cm long, entire, base dehiscent deep cordate. The leaf surface is green and bright, the back of the leaf is protruding and pilose. Lateral veins slender, with several 2-forked branches, petiole Terete. The submerged leaves are thin and soft. Flowers solitary, cylindrical stalks protruding from the water, buds globose, green. Sepals 5, Obovate, cuneate, yellow, petaloid. Petals 10-20, narrowly cuneate, like sterile stamens, deciduous; stamens numerous, born on petals to inner ovary base receptacle, deciduous. Carpels 12-15, connate into superior ovary, carpels with obvious boundaries, each forming a stigma at the apex, so that the stigma of the pistil is in the shape of a radial disk. The ovary and locule are the same as the carpels, and the embryos are numerous, born on the septum. Berries ovate, 3 cm long, with persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent. Seed moment orbicular, yellowish brown, bright. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period is from July to September.

The leaves of Pingpeng grass in Guizhou are nearly round or ovate, and the plant type is small. Chinese Pingpeng grass leaves ovate heart, large flowers, flower diameter of 5 cm 6 cm, handle length of about 20 cm out of the water, high ornamental value. The leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia are large, thick leathery, oval. Taiwan Pingpeng grass leaves oblong or ovate.

(2) Geographic distribution

Pingpeng grass is distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Jilin, Heilongjiang, * and other places. It is also distributed in Japan, Russia's Siberia and Europe.

Pingpeng grass is distributed in Guizhou. Pingpeng grass is distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Zhejiang. Euphorbia angustifolia is distributed in Guizhou and Europe. Pingpeng grass in Taiwan is produced in Taiwan Province.

(3) growth habits

Sexual preference grows in a warm, moist, sunny environment. The selection of soil is not strict, and the soil is fertile and slightly sticky. It is suitable to be born in a water depth of 30cm to 60cm, with a maximum depth of not more than 1m. The suitable temperature for growth was 15: 32 ℃, and the temperature dropped below 12 ℃ to stop growing. It is resistant to low temperature, and it is not necessary to winter in the south of the Yangtze River, but can be overwintered in an open pool; in winter in the north, it needs protection to survive the winter, and the temperature in the dormant period can be kept at 0: 5 ℃.

(4) methods of reproduction

Mainly asexual reproduction, supplemented by sexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction is seed reproduction, sexual reproduction with water lilies.

Asexual reproduction means tuber propagation and ramet propagation. Tuber propagation was carried out from March to April. The tubers with main buds or lateral buds were cut with a sharp knife to be 6-8 cm long or 3-4 cm long, respectively. Ramet propagation can be carried out during the growing period from June to July, remove soil from the basin, expose underground stems, cut underground stems with main buds or strong lateral buds with a sharp knife, remove yellow leaves and old leaves, leave heart leaves and several functional leaves, and retain part of the root system. under the condition of adequate nutrition, the new and original plants will soon enter the growth stage and can blossom in the same year. Pingpeng grass, Pingpeng grass, duckweed photo album

Pingpeng grass, alias golden lotus, Pingpeng lotus, Pingpeng grass plants of the family Nymphaeaceae. There are about 25 species of the genus, and there are 4-5 species in China. Pingpeng grass blossoms in early summer, with golden flowers protruding out of the water, shining like golden sunshine on the water surface, against the sparkling waves and butterfly shadows. It is very beautiful and is a very important ornamental plant in the summer water garden. Its Latin name pumilum means "dwarf". Pingpeng grass is a perennial aquatic herb; its rhizome is thick and recumbent. Leaves floating, ovate or broadly ovate, 6 mi 17 cm long and 6 mi 12 cm wide, base deeply cordate, with bay notched into 2 distant obtuse lobes, shiny above, densely pilose below, lateral veins pinnately arranged, several dichotomous bifurcate; petiole pilose. Flowers solitary on top of pedicel, floating on water, 3mur4 cm in diam.; sepals 5, leathery, yellow, petaloid; petals numerous, narrowly cuneate; stamens numerous; ovary superior, stigma discoid, usually 10-lobed. Berries ovate, 3 cm long, irregularly dehiscent, with persistent sepals and stigmas.

Introduction of Pingpeng grass

Pingpeng grass is related to water lilies, the leaves are close to the round floating surface, and there is a V-shaped defect at the base, which is the first to be in the genus Nymphae with water lilies, but it is superior to the ovary and the seeds do not have aril, which is very different from that of water lilies with aril seeds in the middle ovary. The flowers of Pingpeng grass are much smaller than water lilies, and they do not have so many beautiful flower structures, but when a large area of yellow flowers bloom in the water, they naturally have their attractions. Because its fruit is shaped like a wine pot, it is called BrandyBottle (brandy kettle). Pingpeng grass in Taiwan was collected by Japanese botanist Y.Shimada in Hsinpu, Hsinchu County in 1915. Japanese botanist B.Hayata was published as a new species in Taiwan's plant atlas (IconesPlantarumFormosanarum) in 1916. The species name shimadai is to commemorate its explorer, Shimada City, and the type specimen (Isotype) is still preserved in the Plant Museum of Forestry Laboratory. The characteristic of this plant is that the leaf shape is nearly round and the back of the leaf has a lot of hair, but it is not easy to see with the naked eye and can only be seen clearly under an anatomical microscope. Secondly, the top of the stigma is split and red on both sides of each lobe, which makes Pingpeng grass in Taiwan more ornamental than other kinds of Pingpeng grass.

The characteristics of the flower

The most obvious part of the periphery is the sepals, the outer part of which is often greenish or dark red, and the inward round is the petals, its petals are not obvious, the appearance is very close to the stamens, it is not easy to distinguish them without looking carefully, and then inside is a large number of stamens, which can be clearly distinguished from the petals. The center is the part of the pistil, and the stigma at the top of the pistil expands to look like a plate. Some species are completely connate, while the stigma of Pingpeng grass in Taiwan has 6-10 divisions, and the part below the stigma to the ovary shrinks like a bottleneck, but some species do not.

Pingpeng grass is the only genus in the family Nymphaeaceae without tropical species, and the distribution of Pingpeng grass in Taiwan is the southern limit of the world distribution of Pingpeng grass. The early classification of the genus Euphorbia from 7 to 25 species shows that the plants of this genus are quite troublesome in the Nymphaeaceae, and it is not easy to distinguish them in classification, but recent studies may have some adjustments, which can be roughly divided into two sections (section), one is the sect.Nuphar of the Old World (Eurasian species) and the other is the sect.Astylus of the New World American species. It can be distinguished from the structure of flower and fruit, sect.Nuphar has five calyx, the length of anther is about half of filament or slightly shorter, fruit pot-shaped has a narrowed neck; sect.Astylus calyx has 6-12, anther length is about 1-2 times the length of filament, fruit ovate does not have obvious neck. From the point of view of various characteristics, there is no problem that Pingpeng grass in Taiwan belongs to the sect.Nuphar distributed in the old world, but the author thinks that it may be the taxonomic status of subspecies or varieties. As far as the genus Euphorbia is concerned, from the identification of seven to twenty species in the past, now there are many classes that have been merged or become subspecies. The author examines some literatures in Japan and the mainland and finds that some species do have many similarities with Taiwan. Secondly, as far as aquatic plants are concerned, most of them belong to species widely distributed in the world. According to the geological age and geographical location of Taiwan, the possibility of forming an endemic aquatic plant is relatively low. Pingpeng grass in Taiwan may have spread from the neighboring mainland or Japan and formed a plant endemic to Taiwan after a period of isolation. However, there is a lack of further data, and more research is needed to determine the taxonomic status of Pingpeng grass in Taiwan.

Characteristics of plants

Pingpeng grass is mainly floating leaves, with a few submerged leaves in the water; submerged leaves are small and thin, with wavy edges; floating leaves are nearly round, about 10-12 cm long and 7-10 cm wide, with many short hairs on the lower surface; the cross section of the petiole is triangular, with a broad winglike appearance at the base, and the Flora of China describes it as the base of the petiole expanded. Pedicels orbicular, with white villous; calyx five, sepals ca. 1.6 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide; petals 10, linear, yellow, ca. 5-6 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide; stamens ca. 30, yellow, anthers ca. 3 mm long, filaments ca. 7 mm long; stigma spreading into a disk at tip, 6-10-lobed, red. Fruit pot-shaped, ca. 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide. Seeds ovate, grass-green, like small mung beans, about 3-4 mm long and about 2 mm wide.

Perhaps you have not carefully looked at the root of Pingpeng grass in Taiwan. The place it walks across in the mud is the underground stem, which can be up to two centimeters in diameter. The old underground stem is white, about three centimeters in diameter, and leaves obvious leaf marks when the leaves fall off. Taiwan Pingpeng grass can continue to spread its ethnic group, it looks like a vertebra, so the Japanese call it "river bone". Adventitious roots from underground stems grow in the form of two or three, a similar situation in some species of the genus Nymphaea.

Comparison between Pingpeng grass and water lily

Compared with water lilies, most people are unfamiliar with Taiwan's Pingpeng grass, mainly because the number of Taiwan's Pingpeng grass is relatively rare in Taiwan, and it is only distributed in a few ponds in Taoyuan Longtan. Although records have been collected in Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Nantou in the western part of the province, there is a lack of more detailed information, and it is difficult to understand the distribution and quantity of this plant in the past. However, it is conceivable that Pingpeng grass in Taiwan is currently born on private land, and people in the habit of land use always hope that farmland will be changed into construction land, so that there can be a higher land price. In the face of the current situation of the conversion of agricultural land into construction land, some landlords hate it because it is a rare plant on the verge of extinction, which is an additional variable for the development and use of land in the future. The author once went back to the Longtan area to look for other kinds of aquatic plants, only to be stopped from the road by a local landlord to prevent me from passing with my friends, and in a threatening tone, from this gentleman's tone, it is not difficult to tell that what he is talking about is Pingpeng grass in Taiwan. The "ponds" used to be an important factor for the survival of Taiwan's fluffy grass, but today, the irrigation function of the "ponds" has been lost, and the fate of Pingpeng grass in Taiwan is uncertain. Maybe in the future we can only see it in botanical gardens or in the ponds or water basins of certain aquatic plant lovers.

Growth habits of Pingpeng grass

Sexual preference grows in a warm, moist, sunny environment.

The selection of soil is not strict, and the soil is fertile and slightly sticky. It is suitable to be born in a water depth of 30cm to 60cm, with a maximum depth of not more than 1m. The suitable temperature for growth was 15: 32 ℃, and the temperature dropped below 12 ℃ to stop growing.

It is resistant to low temperature, and it is not necessary to winter in the south of the Yangtze River, but can be overwintered in an open pool; in winter in the north, it needs protection to survive the winter, and the temperature in the dormant period can be kept at 0: 5 ℃.

Reproductive characteristics

In addition to the underground stem growing new buds and branches in the way of vegetative reproduction, seeds play a more important role in reproduction and dispersal. After ripening, the fruit splits and reveals the white endocarp, which is wrapped in the endocarp. The white endocarp is sea surface and slightly sticky, which can help the seed float on the water for a period of time before the seed is completely released. To the bottom of the water. Seeds can germinate as long as they are at the right temperature and there is no problem of dormancy. The seed is an important mechanism for the spread of Pingpeng grass, and the underground stem is the most favorable way to expand the field and occupy the territory after it reaches a new place.

The Culture method of Pingpeng Grass

Sexual reproduction: the seeds harvested and stored in the first year were artificially germinated in the spring of the following year, and the sowing soil was clear soil with a pH of 6.57.0. Add fertilizer (rotten sesame cake, bean cake, etc.) and mix evenly. After soaking in Sheung Shui for 3-5 days (preferably sprinkling a layer of sand on the surface of the mud), add water 3-5 cm deep, wait for the water to sink and sow the seeds inside, add water and change water in time according to the growth status of the seedlings, until the seedlings grow into small money leaves (floating leaves) before transplanting.

When transplanting, the row spacing of each plant is 10 cm, the plant spacing is 15-20 cm, and the management of seedling stage should be strengthened. It can not be planted until the plant grows to 4-6 floating leaves (more than 8 cm wide). The method of planting is one plant per tank (1 plant / square meter). If it is planted in a large area of ornamental area and the soil is fertile, it can be planted at 2 meters per plant. The results were better when the storage temperature was 3-5 ℃, and the germination rate was more than 80% in the following year.

Asexual reproduction: asexual reproduction is propagated by underground stem and ramet. Propagation is carried out from March to April, when the tubers with main buds are cut into 6-8 cm long and the lateral buds are cut into 3-4 cm long, which are used as propagation materials. Ramet propagation is carried out from May to June, in which the tuber with main bud is cut into 6-8 cm long, then the yellow leaves and part of the old leaves are removed, and some adventitious roots are reserved for planting. The plants propagated by the ramets quickly enter the growth stage under the condition of sufficient nutrients, that is, they can blossom and bear fruit in the same year.

Tissue culture

Materials and methods

Materials and sterilization: in May and January, Pingpeng grass, which is very exuberant in the shallow water of the pond, will be dug out, wash the whole plant repeatedly with tap water, put its root in 0.001 HgCl2 solution for 48 hours, cut off the tender rhizome, put it in the wide bottle of 500ml mill, rinse 4Omin with tap water, then wash 15min with 0.05% Amway washing solution and move to the super-clean table for operation. Wash the tender roots and stems with aseptic water until there is no foam, add 70% ethanol to sterilize for about 20 seconds, quickly use sterile water to shake and wash twice, then use 0.05% HgCl2 solution to shake sterilization 5min, then pour out the sterilization solution, then pour human 0.025 HgCl2 solution, continue to shake sterilization 15min, and finally wash with sterile water for 5 times. Under aseptic condition, the young rhizome treated by above sterilization was cut into 0.2-0.3 cm rhizome blocks and inoculated on the corresponding solid medium for culture and observation.

Cultivation condition

1/2MS and 1/3MS were used as basic medium with different concentrations of cytokinin and auxin. When 1/2MS was used as the basic medium, 15g sucrose was added, and when 1/3MS was used as the basic medium, sucrose 10g/L was added. The strength of solid medium was 160 g ·L ~ (- 1) pH 5.8-6.0, culture temperature 18-26 ℃, light intensity 12 feet and light intensity 2000~3000lx.

Results and analysis

Effects of different concentrations of stimulating parents on callus induction: on the super-clean worktable, the stem blocks of aseptic tender roots were inoculated into the medium flask containing MS as the basic medium with different concentrations of BA, 2,4-D and IAA, and the callus was induced. Inoculation and culture were used for observation and statistics. It can be seen from Table 1 that tender stems can not be induced to form callus on the medium without hormone 2,4-D, but callus induction rate, callus growth rate and external morphology of callus can be induced in different concentrations of BA combined with 2,4-D of l.2mg/ L (unit downward), but the callus induction rate, callus growth rate and external morphology of different concentrations of BA are quite different. When the concentration of BA was 0.4,0.8 and 2B4-D was 1.2, not only the induction rate of callus was more than 97%, but also the callus grew faster, and the texture was loose and the appearance was light green granule. This kind of callus is stifling callus with differentiation ability. The calli induced above were inoculated on the same medium and subcultured under the same culture conditions. Count the training time of each generation. The results of continuous culture for 8 generations showed that the callus induced on this medium could not only differentiate and form callus on the same medium, but also shorten the callus culture period to 45 days. the reproduction coefficient of each subculture cycle is 36. This shows that Ms BAO.4~0.8 2,4-D1.2 is an ideal medium for inducing calli with differentiation ability from tender rhizomes of Euphorbia mandshurica.

Cultivation and management

The main results are as follows: (1) temperature: temperature has a very important relationship with the growth and development of Euphorbia. The average temperature from April to July in Wuhan is 16.5-21.7℃, which is the most suitable for seedling culture; when the average temperature in August is more than 29 ℃, it has a certain effect on the growth and development of the plant, when the air temperature is 38 ℃ for a long time, the plant stops growing or grows very slowly; when the air temperature is above 42 ℃ and the surface air temperature is 53 ℃, the water temperature will increase, and rotten leaves will appear, and the serious ones will cause plant death. Therefore, the flow of water must be maintained during this period. The most suitable temperature for the genus Euphorbia: the monthly average temperature range is 16.5 Muth24Mel 29Mel 13 ℃. The growth of the plant was terminated when the average daily temperature (late November or early December) was about 10 ℃.

(2) Light: light has little effect on the growth and development of Euphorbia angustifolia. It can grow normally under the light condition of Wuhan.

(3) soil: the requirement of pH of Pingpeng plant is not very strict, and it can grow and develop normally under the condition of pH=5.5-7.5. But fertility has a close relationship with it, such as fertile soil, many flowers, bright colors, long flowering period, exuberant growth of the whole plant, long ornamental period, on the contrary, loss of ornamental value.

(4) selection of cylinder and pool: we choose the colonization condition that the height of the cylinder is 65 cm, the diameter of the tank is 65-80 cm, the diameter of the tank is 1 × 1 m or 2 × 2 m, and the depth is 60 cm.

(5) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: sponges (moss) can be sprayed in water with copper sulfate. The spraying concentration is 3-5mg/L in seedling stage and 30-50mg/L in seedling stage. Aphids can kill insects with 1000-1200 times of trichlorfon, dichlorvos or 2000 times of 50% dimethoate emulsion. Spodoptera litura and other insects can be sprayed on the surface of leaves with 1000-1500 times more enemy killing. Snails can be used tea cake, quicklime, turmeric powder and so on can achieve insecticidal effect. There is also the field management method, which constantly removes sponges and weeds.

Construction and planting

Select the environment with deep subsoil, loose and fertile soil and sufficient light for construction and planting. The construction method of Pingpeng grass can be divided into two forms: direct planting and guest soil bag planting. The rhizome and petiole of Pingpeng grass are slender and long. In order to improve the survival rate, the whole seedling is often transplanted.

The direct planting method is suitable for the construction environment with superior construction conditions when the water depth is less than 80 cm. During the construction, the rhizome of Pingpeng grass can be planted directly in the soil layer. Pingpeng grass has strong adaptability, construction in the growing period, it can resume growth in 10 days after construction, and blossom in about 25 days.

However, for the construction areas where the bottom soil layer is too loose or too shallow for direct planting, the water level is too deep and varies greatly, the construction planting is often carried out in the form of guest soil bag planting. The non-woven bag or plant bag was used as the carrier, and the fertile loam or pond mud was used as the substrate to bind the rhizome base of Pingpeng grass tightly in the bag to expose the terminal bud. Put it in the water area of the construction area according to the construction requirements. The root system of Erigeron mandshurica planted in guest soil bag can penetrate the bag body and take root in the bottom soil layer, so the survival rate after planting is higher than that of direct planting.

Pingpeng grass waterscape potted, with pond mud or rotten organic matter plus garden soil as the cultivation substrate, after planting, placed in the shallow water area maintenance, to the growth recovery into the landscape area for daily management, extensive management.

Pest control

A large number of aphids often occur during the growth period, which can be sprayed with 1000-1200 times trichlorfon, dichlorvos or 50% dimethoate emulsion 200 times. Snails can be killed with tea cakes, carbofuran and quicklime.