The habit, Origin and Distribution of Iris

[alias] Phalaenopsis, Phalaenopsis, iron pole.

Iridaceae, Iris.

[morphology] the rhizome is short, thick and jointed. The plant height is 30ml / 60cm. The leaf is sword-shaped, 30 meters long, 50 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide. The flowering stem is 30-50 cm tall, with 1 Murray 2 branches, with 3 flowers in each branch; the flowers are blue and purple, blooming from May to June. Capsule long ellipsoid, 6-angled. Flowering in May.

[varieties, forms and varieties]

White flower variety (var.albaDykes), pure white in color.

[Origin and distribution] originated in central China. It is distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and is longer than 800m above sea level and 1800m above sea level. It is widely cultivated in domestic gardens.

[habit] strong cold tolerance, can be cultivated in open field in Shanghai, germinates early in spring, where microclimate conditions are good, aboveground stems and leaves do not completely die in winter. Born in a well-drained and moderately moist soil. The flower bud differentiation was completed from August to September in autumn. The apical buds of the root stem grow and blossom in spring, and several lateral buds often occur on both sides of the terminal bud. After the lateral buds grow in spring, new rhizomes are formed and the flower buds are redifferentiated in autumn. After the flower bud blossoms, the terminal bud dies and the lateral bud continues to form flower bud.

[reproduction] ramet propagation is often used. Ramet propagation can be carried out when the rhizome grows, and it can be carried out every 2-4 years, in spring, autumn or after flowering. The full growth of the plant before winter does not affect the flower bud differentiation. When dividing the rhizome, each piece should have at least 1 bud and 2-3 buds would be better. For mass propagation, the rhizome was cut into 20 ℃ wet sand to promote the growth of adventitious buds.

Sowing should be carried out immediately after the seed is mature, then it is easy to germinate in the spring of the following year and blossom 2-3 years after sowing. If the seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours after maturity (in the first ten days of September), refrigerated for another 10 days and sowed in a cold bed, they can germinate in October.

[cultivation] the soil with good drainage and moderate moisture is preferred, and the weakly alkaline soil containing limestone is the most suitable. Mature compost should be applied before planting, and oil waxy, bone meal and plant ash can also be used as base fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers can be used during the growing period.

[use] Rhizome is used medicinally to treat injuries caused by falls. Suitable materials for arranging flower beds, flower borders and natural planting, and can also be used for cut flowers. Shanghai garden green space is widely used, and its leaves do not wither completely in winter, and are often planted under trees as ground cover plants.

An internship report on the configuration and layout of plants in the park Chinese classical garden is the product of a high combination of Chinese ancient architecture and horticultural engineering, a combination of natural beauty and artistic beauty. It is an artistic space and figure environment created comprehensively by Chinese traditional residence, leisure, viewing, literature and art, and is an important part of China's excellent traditional cultural heritage. Plants are the lifeblood of human survival. The mountains, rivers, flowers and trees in the garden make the garden look vibrant, interesting and elegant. "Ishimoto is stubborn, and if there is a tree, it will work." Trees can make the stone have aura, and the picture has charm. The ancients said: "the mountain borrows the tree for clothing, the tree borrows the mountain for the bone, the tree cannot multiply, it wants to see the beauty of the mountain; the mountain must not be chaotic, it must show the brilliance of the tree." The principle of configuration is well expounded from the relationship between mountains and trees.

I. the style of garden plant configuration

Due to the influence of different aesthetic spirit, taste and cultural background when gardening, the configuration style and characteristics will reflect and pursue different aesthetic effects in dealing with and arranging the elements such as mountains, water, plants and architecture. This leads to the difference between garden style and characteristics, but also forms different plant landscape configuration styles and artistic characteristics. Due to regional differences, Chinese traditional gardens lead to differences in style. It also causes differences in landscape styles and characteristics of garden plants: the royal garden embodies the style of the royal garden, and tall trees such as ancient and solemn green pines and cypresses are set off against the heavily colored buildings, forming solemn and magnificent garden features. What the private garden pursues is the simple and elegant urban mountain and forest wild interest. In the place close at hand, break through the limitation of space, create the garden art of "mountains and forests close at hand, many scenic spots", depending on the configuration of plants.

Second, the aesthetic characteristics of garden plant configuration.

Seasonal beauty in the time flow: in the time flow, there are repeated movements at 04:00 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, while the four seasons of the year not only show hot and cold climate changes, but also more clearly show the specific image changes of landscape flowers and trees. can be called seasonal beauty. The space aesthetic of plant landscape the space formed by plant landscape in classical garden has outstanding characteristics no matter from its level, artistic conception and many other aspects.

Third, the "craftsman" of garden plant configuration and its application.

In the long-standing Chinese garden culture, many anthropomorphic plants symbolize people's lofty ideals, feelings of pursuit, magnificent imagination and interest of thought, and express the idea of passion and friendship, which not only has a profound meaning, but also achieves the realm of the unity of man and nature. Classical gardens which are deeply influenced by culture and suitable plant configuration involve both cultural and technical aspects. If the two are combined, it can have the image effect of the coordination of traditional culture and environmental technology. If the cultural content is the "meaning" of the plant landscape configuration, then the technical content is the "craftsman". The "meaning" and "craftsman" of plant landscape configuration summarize that the "meaning" of plant landscape configuration is the integration of the cultural connotation of plants, the aesthetics of the gardener, the view of the universe and the view of personality. and make it reflect the nature of heaven and earth and the inner world of the garden owner. The area of urban land is limited, so it is difficult to expand the garden, so we can only make artistic arrangements in the skills of gardening, and strive to achieve the scene of "heaven and earth in pots". This is not only dominated by the landscape, but also the need of garden art, taking into account the unity of these two aspects, we must put the essence of traditional culture through the "meaning" of plant landscape configuration. Specifically, through plant configuration, urban mountains and forests can not only express their aspirations, but also make the living environment form an ideal world of peace and comfort. The "craftsman" of the plant landscape configuration is the implementation and guarantee of the "meaning", and the "craftsman" is to implement the intention of the configuration in the garden, that is, to plant the plant materials in a suitable place in the garden according to the disposition intention, and to make them survive and become landscaped by maintenance. Therefore, the perfect plant landscape design must have a high degree of unity of scientific and artistic aspects.

IV. The way of plant configuration

In Chinese classical gardens and larger parks and scenic spots, the plant configuration is usually natural, but in some areas, especially near the main buildings and the side of the main road, the regular formula is also used. The main layout methods of garden plants are isolated planting, opposite planting, row planting, cluster planting, group value and so on.

Isolated planting mainly shows the individual beauty of trees, often as the main scene of the garden space. The requirements for isolated trees are: graceful posture, bright colors, slightly larger size, long life and characteristics. Other trees should be arranged around you, so you should keep a suitable viewing distance. Around precious old and famous trees, do not plant other trees and shrubs to maintain its unique grace. For shade and isolated planting trees, it requires broad crown, dense branches and leaves, large leaves, less diseases and insect pests, spherical and umbrella-shaped crowns are better.

Planting, that is, planting roughly the same number of trees symmetrically, is mostly used on both sides of garden gates, building entrances, squares or bridgeheads. In natural planting, absolute symmetry is not required, and morphological balance should be maintained when planting.

Row planting, also known as belt planting, is the planting of trees in rows and belts, which are mostly used on both sides of streets and highways, or around regular squares. If it is used as a background or isolation measure for garden scenery, it is generally appropriate to plant closely to form a tree screen.

The combination of more than three different tree species is widely used in gardens, which can be used as main scene or matching scene, as well as background or isolation measures. The configuration should be natural and in line with the law of artistic composition, so as to show not only the group beauty of plants, but also the individual beauty of tree species.

The group combination of planting the same tree species has a large number of trees, which mainly shows the beauty of the group and has the interest of "growing into a forest".

Fifth, the artistic techniques of plant configuration.

In the garden space, whether plants are the main landscape, or plants and other garden elements constitute the main landscape, the main body should be emphasized in the selection of plant species, the determination of quantity, the arrangement of location and the adoption of ways. In order to show the characteristics and style of the garden space landscape.

Contrast and foil the use of different morphological characteristics of plants, the use of high and low, posture, leaf color, flower color contrast techniques, the performance of certain artistic ideas, set off the beautiful plant landscape. In the combination of trees, we should pay attention to the coordination between each other, and it is not suitable to combine the tree species with great differences in shape and beauty.

In order to overcome the monotony of the landscape, the level and background should be arranged with trees, shrubs, flowers and ground cover plants at multiple levels. The layered configuration of plants in different flowering stages can make the plant landscape rich and colorful. Generally, the background tree should be higher than the foreground tree, the planting density should be high, it is best to form a green barrier, the hue should be dark, or there is a big difference in hue and chromaticity between the background tree and the foreground tree, so as to enhance the foil effect.

6. Here are some knowledge about the layout of the park that I learned during this internship:

(1) layout of large-scale comprehensive urban parks

1. The main entrance scenic spot

It mainly includes entrance distribution square, parking lot, gate, sculpture wall and so on. The main entrance of the park is the first order space for the transformation from urban space to park space. An open prologue space should be formed at the entrance to serve as the entrance distribution square.

2. Plant disposition of garden road green space.

The plant configuration of garden road green space has two functions of ornamental and shading. According to the primary, secondary and direction of garden road, appropriate allocation mode should be adopted as appropriate. Shade tree species are selected to block solar radiation and provide shade for visitors on roadside seats. At the same time, a tall green vertical background is formed accordingly, which indirectly plays a role in enriching the vegetation canopy of the park. The whole plant configuration is mainly ornamental, flexible configuration to create a rich sightseeing landscape. For example, cedar, ginkgo, Huangshan Koeluan tree and Liriodendron mandshurica are used as "landscape trees" or ornamental trees, which are matched with dense and dense flowering shrubs such as crape myrtle, hibiscus, begonia, red plum, red maple and sea tung balls, resulting in a group plant structure with rank, variation and rich layers, forming a step-by-step and one-step ornamental plant community.

3. Plant disposition of the adjacent green space of the main square and the secondary square.

The plant configuration of the main and secondary squares is simple, generous and bright, such as using straight or curved patterns composed of rhododendron, safflower, golden leaf privet, etc., to set off the entrance atmosphere, and Canary dates are the main landscape features. to form a clean, stretched and transparent landscape effect.

4. plant configuration of architecture, water scenic spot and landscape belt along the river.

Ecological planting can be adopted, that is, according to the ecological habits of plants and the growth status of natural plants, such as kapok, Bauhinia, Betula platyphylla, Broussonetia papyrifera and other tall trees as landscape trees to shade the buildings. at the same time for visitors to create rest conditions. Using low deciduous shrubs and evergreen globular plants, such as Pyracantha, Begonia, crape myrtle, Pseudoacacia pseudoacacia, pruning and modeling, to form different levels, different forms and ornamental plant landscape. In the shade and waterside obscured by buildings, Hosta, rhododendron, iris, red-backed cinnamon, canna and other color-watching shrubs are arranged, and then set off by an appropriate amount of three-season grass flowers to form a colorful plant landscape with a natural pattern and vibrant landscape effect.

5. Flowers of the four seasons

The park flowers take the three seasons grass flowers as the main body, with an appropriate number of persistent root varieties, such as rose, hairpin, Iris, Flukao and so on. In order to ensure the atmosphere effect of the main areas, the park flowers are mainly arranged in the plaza, buildings, watersides and other areas where the flow of people is relatively concentrated. Due to the seasonal characteristics, the application of flowers should be reasonably matched with the patterns composed of low plant Ligustrum lucidum, Carthamus tinctorius, golden leaves and June snow, so as to enrich the ornamental level and make up for the defects of the season. so that the limited number of flowers in the park not only meet the needs of ornamental, but also have the role of sound insulation and dust reduction. Colorful, rigorous and natural, give full play to the role of flowers as a foil to the park landscape.

6. Plant configuration of landscape trees.

Landscape trees play an important role in the overall plant community of the park. Proper allocation of landscape trees can greatly improve the ornamental effect of plants in the park. The landscape tree configuration of the park focuses on the surrounding gentle slope area and the middle area of the lawn. Planting a few cedar, ginkgo, banyan, camphor, neem and Broussonetia papyrifera as ornamental trees weakens the sense of emptiness of the lawn and increases the viewing point of the plant community, and the effect is ideal.

7. Road system design

The design of the garden road network should avoid going backwards, and there is a transition from one scenic spot to another, that is, there is a road vision rest in a quiet and tranquil road area, which becomes a transitional space. The road system of the whole park is clearly classified so that the scenic spots of the whole park are organized in the road network at all levels. The width of the main garden road is about 4.5 m, the width of the secondary garden road is about 2-3 m, and the width of the walkway is about 1.2-1.5 m.

(2) Garden architecture of the park

1. Garden pavilion

A garden building for visitors to rest and enjoy the scenery. The garden pavilion is characterized by its open surroundings and relatively small and concentrated modelling. Therefore, the pavilion is often combined with mountains, water and greening to form scenery, and as a means of "landscape" in the garden.

New materials and technologies such as steel, concrete and glass are used to build pavilions in modern and modern architecture, which provides more convenient conditions for architectural creation. Therefore, the pavilion is more lively and free in shape and more diverse in form, including a variety of flat-roofed pavilions, umbrella kiosks, mushroom kiosks, etc.; in the layout, more consideration is given to the organic combination with the surrounding environment; in the use of functions, in addition to meeting the requirements of rest, viewing and scenery, it is also suitable for a variety of other needs in the garden, such as book reading, photography services and so on.

two。 Garden gallery

The aisles under the eaves and their extension into separate roofed aisles called corridors, and those built in the garden are called corridors. In the garden, the corridor not only serves as a means for individual buildings to connect indoor and outdoor, but also often becomes the connection channel between various buildings and becomes an integral part of the tour route in the garden. It not only has the functions of shading, rain shelter, rest and transportation, but also plays the role of organizing the landscape, separating the space and increasing the level of the landscape. Corridors are widely used in gardens all over the world.

The structures commonly used in the corridor are: wooden structure, masonry structure, steel and concrete structure, bamboo structure and so on. The top of the corridor has a slope top, a flat roof, a vault and so on. The forms and design techniques of the corridor in the garden are rich and varied. According to the structural form, the basic types can be divided into five types: double-sided empty corridor, single-sided empty corridor, double-sided corridor, double-sided corridor and single colonnade. According to the overall shape of the corridor and its relationship with the topography and environment, it can be divided into: straight corridor, curved corridor, corridor, hand-copying corridor, mountain climbing corridor, stacked corridor, water corridor, bridge corridor and so on.

3. Water pavilion

Waterfront landscape architecture for visitors to rest and enjoy the scenery.

The typical form of waterside pavilions in the garden is to set up a platform on the edge of the water, with part of the platform on the shore and part extending into the water. The water-crossing part of the platform is erected above the water surface with beams and columns. The platform faces the water around the low and flat railing, or there is a gooseneck chair for sitting and rest. The landing part of the platform is built with a rectangular single building (this building sometimes covers the whole platform), the water side of the building is the main viewing direction, commonly used floor-to-ceiling doors and windows, open and transparent. You can not only watch the scenery indoors, but also take a rest on the upper reaches of the platform. The roof is generally a beautiful roll shed Xieshan style. The building facade is mostly horizontal lines to coordinate with the horizontal landscape. For example, the hibiscus pavilion in Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden.

4. Garden bridge

The bridge in the garden can contact the water and land transportation of scenic spots, organize tour routes, change the line of sight, embellish the waterscape, increase the level of water surface, and have the dual functions of traffic and art appreciation. The value of garden bridge in the art of gardening often exceeds the function of transportation.

The basic forms of Yuanqiao are: (1) flat bridge. The shape is simple, linear and zigzag, and the structure is beam and plate. The slab bridge is suitable for small span, simple and elegant. (2) Arch bridge. Beautiful shape, round curve, full of dynamic sense. (3) Pavilion bridge and covered bridge. The bridge with pavilion corridor is called pavilion bridge or covered bridge, which can not only provide sun and rain shelter for tourists, but also increase the shape change of the bridge. (4) other. Ting step, also known as step stone, flying stone. In shallow water, stones are arranged at certain intervals, which are slightly exposed to the surface of the water, making people stride over. The use of this ancient water-crossing facility in the garden is simple, natural and interesting. The stepping stone is beautified into a lotus leaf shape, which is called "lotus step".

5. Garden wall

The garden wall plays the role of dividing the internal and external scope, separating the internal space and blocking the bad scenery in the garden. Exquisite garden walls can also decorate the landscape.

According to the material and structure, the wall of the garden can be divided into plate wall, random stone wall, grinding brick wall, white powder wall and so on. Separate courtyard space with white powder wall, the top of the wall with green tiles. White powder walls set off rocks, flowers and trees, like painting landscape flowers on white paper, the artistic conception is especially good. The garden wall can be separated from the rockery, each has its own advantages. There should be roads, stone peaks, flowers and trees embellished between the garden wall and the water, and the scenery should be reflected in the wall and water, which can increase interest. Bamboo producing areas often use local materials and weave garden walls with bamboo, which is both economical and rich in local color, but it is not strong and durable enough to be used as a permanent garden wall.

The setting of the garden wall is mostly combined with the topography, the flat terrain is mostly built into a flat wall, and the sloping land or mountain area is built into a ladder. In order to avoid monotony, some build wavy cloud walls. The inner side of the garden wall which divides the inner and outer scope of the garden wall is often hidden by earth mountains, flower beds, rocks, trees, verandas, etc., so that the limited space produces the effect of infinite landscape.

6. Flower rack

Use rigid materials to form a certain shape of the grid for climbing plants to climb the garden facilities, also known as scaffolding, green corridor. The flower rack can be used for shade and rest, and can decorate the garden. Flower rack design should understand the origin and growth habits of the configured plants, in order to create conditions and modeling requirements suitable for plant growth.

The form of flower rack is: ① corridor flower rack. In the most common form, the plate is supported on the left and right beams and columns, and visitors can enter and have a rest. ② chip flower rack. The sheet is embedded on an one-way beam and column, cantilevered on both sides or on one side, and the shape is light and lively. ③ freestanding flower rack. Various materials are used as blanks to form walls, vases, umbrella kiosks and other shapes, which are wound and molded with vines for ornamental use.

Flower racks can be used in various types of garden and green spaces, often set up in places with beautiful scenery for rest and scenery, and can also be combined with pavilions, corridors, water pavilions, etc., to form beautiful garden buildings; flower racks can be used for rest, shade and cool in residential green spaces and children's playgrounds; flower racks can be used instead of corridors to connect space; climbing vines with lattice walls to separate the scenery In the teahouse, cold drink department and restaurant in the garden, flower racks can also be used as pergolas and seating; flower racks can also be used as the gate of the garden.

7. Skit

Small building facilities in the garden for rest, decoration, lighting, display and for garden management and convenience for tourists. Generally there is no internal space, small size, unique shape, full of characteristics, and pay attention to the right place. This kind of architectural sketch is called urban architectural sketch when it is set up in the outdoor environment such as urban streets, squares, green spaces and so on. Landscape architecture sketches in the garden can not only beautify the environment, enrich the garden interest, provide visitors with the convenience of cultural rest and public activities, but also make visitors get the feeling of beauty and good lessons.

Landscape architecture sketches are divided into five categories according to their functions: (1) sketches for rest. Including various shapes of backrest garden chairs, stools, tables and sunshade umbrellas, covers and so on. Often combined with the environment, stools and tables made of natural stone or concrete to imitate stone or tree stump, or using flower beds, low walls at the edge of flower beds and underground ventilation channels to make chairs and stools; chairs are set up around the base of the tree, which can not only rest, but also take shade. (2) decorative sketches. A variety of fixed and movable flower bowls and vases, flowers can be changed frequently. Decorative incense burners, water tanks, a variety of landscape walls, windows, etc., play a decorative role in the garden. (3) sketches combined with lighting. Garden lamp base, lamp post, lamp holder, lamps and lanterns all have a strong decorative effect. (4) display sketches. All kinds of bulletin boards, guide boards, road signs, as well as zoos, parks and cultural relics and ancient buildings, newspaper columns, picture galleries, and so on, have the role of publicity and education for visitors. (5) Service sketch. Such as drinking springs, hand sinks, public telephone booths and clock towers for tourists; railings for garden facilities, lattice walls, edge decoration of flower beds green space, waste bins for maintaining environmental hygiene, etc.

The landscape architecture sketch has the characteristics of exquisite, dexterous and diversified. When designing and creating, it can achieve "scene to random, not stick to one style", and get its natural interest in the limited space. The creative requirements of landscape architecture sketches are: (1) to establish its interest and to make the design conception of scenic spots according to natural landscape and cultural customs; (2) to choose a reasonable location and layout in accordance with its fitness, so as to be skillful and appropriate, fine and appropriate; (3) to take its characteristics, fully reflect the characteristics of architectural sketches, and skillfully melt and cast it into the garden shape. (4) let nature take its course, do not destroy the original style, so that the door becomes interesting, and the scenery follows the shape; (5) seek its cause, through the choice of the image of the natural scenery, make the concise sketch get the effect of fullness and fullness of the scene; (6) decorate its space and make full use of the flexibility and diversity of architectural sketches to enrich the garden space. (7) skillfully embellishing, strengthening the scenes that need to be highlighted, and skillfully transforming the corners that affect the scenery into tourist objects; (8) finding their contrast, skillfully combining the two kinds of materials with obvious differences, and setting off each other, showing the characteristics of both sides.

Conclusion: the layout of the garden should be in line with local conditions, understand the requirements of the garden units or owners before layout, and make a detailed investigation on the situation of the garden base, not only to understand the situation of the base itself, but also to understand the surrounding environment. The layout should conform to the nature and make full use of the original topography and geomorphology to make proper transformation in order to make proper composition. The layout of the garden should reflect the spirit of the times, national characteristics and local style, and constantly push through the old and bring forth the new.

A practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I)

1. What are the benefits of growing flowers? With its gorgeous elegant demeanor, flowers decorate nature with extraordinary beauty and give people the enjoyment of beauty. Growing flowers can enrich and regulate people's cultural life, increase fun, cultivate temperament, improve health, increase scientific knowledge and improve cultural and artistic literacy. Growing flowers can afforest and beautify the land of the motherland, protect and improve, purify the air, so that people can work and study in a beautiful environment and live a better life. Growing flowers is not only for viewing, but also has a lot of important economic value. Flowers are an important part of Chinese herbal medicine. Honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, wax plum, hibiscus, rhododendron, rose and lotus are all commonly used Chinese herbal medicines. Fragrant flowers are widely used in food and light industry, such as sweet-scented osmanthus can be used as food spices and wine, jasmine, magnolia, generation, pearl orchid and other feasible smoked tea, chrysanthemum can make high-grade food and dishes. White orchid, jasmine, rose, wax plum, daffodil and other flavors can be extracted. Growing flowers can also be exchanged for foreign exchange and accumulate funds. For example, rose oil, an advanced essence extracted from roses, is called "liquid gold" in the international market, and its value is more expensive than gold. 2. What are the categories of flowers? China is known as the "mother of the world garden", rich in flower resources, a wide variety of flowers, in order to facilitate cultivation, management and utilization, it is necessary to understand the classification knowledge of flowers. Because the basis of classification is different. As a result, the methods of classification are different. According to the morphological characteristics of flowers, flowers are usually divided into two categories: herbaceous flowers and woody flowers. Herbaceous flowers with soft stems and woody stems are called woody flowers. According to the growth habits and morphological characteristics of flowers, they can be divided into herbaceous flowers, woody flowers, succulent flowers and aquatic flowers. Herbaceous flowers can be divided into annual and biennial flowers, perennial flowers, bulbous flowers and lawn plants according to their growth and development cycle. Woody flowers can be divided into trees, shrubs and vines according to their trunk height and crown size. Succulent flowers, with fleshy thick stems and leaves, the body is rich in water, some leaves degenerated into needles or feathers, strange shape, so in horticulture into its own category. Aquatic flowers grow in water and marshes all the year round, and most of them belong to perennials. According to the classification of ornamental parts, flowers can be divided into ornamental flowers (mainly ornamental flower color and flower shape, such as chrysanthemum, rose, etc.), foliage (mainly ornamental leaf color, leaf shape, such as variable leaf wood, flower and leaf taro, etc.), fruit ornamental (mainly ornamental fruit, such as kumquat, etc.), ornamental stem (mainly ornamental branch and stem, etc.) Such as single trees, mountain shadow boxing, etc.) and ornamental buds (mainly ornamental buds, such as silver willow). According to the use, flowers can be divided into cut flowers (such as carnation, calla lilies, etc.), indoor flowers (such as orchid, tortoise back bamboo, etc.), courtyard flowers (such as rose, chrysanthemum, etc.), medicinal flowers (such as peony, honeysuckle, etc.), spice flowers (such as blue orchid, jasmine, rose, etc.) and edible flowers (lily, golden needle, pomegranate). In addition, according to the climatic conditions of the origin of flowers, according to the natural distribution, flowers are divided into tropical flowers, subtropical flowers, warm temperate flowers, temperate flowers, subcold flowers, alpine flowers and so on. This classification can reflect the habits of all kinds of flowers and the conditions for their growth and development during cultivation. 3. What are bulbous flowers?

Bulb flowers are perennial herbaceous flowers with abnormal underground stems or roots, which are spherical or shaped. According to the morphological structure of its underground stem or root, it can be divided into five categories: (1) bulbs. The underground stem is scaly. Those with a papery outer skin are called skinny scales such as tulips, daffodils, Zhu Dinghong, etc., and those without an outer covering on the scales are called skinless bulbs, such as lilies. (2) corms. The underground stem is spherical or oblate, and the outer skin is made of leather, such as gladiolus, chamomile and so on. (3) Rhizome. The underground stem is hypertrophic and root-shaped, with obvious nodes above, and new buds are born at the top of the branches, such as canna, ginger, lotus, water lilies, hairpins and so on. (4) tubers. The underground stem is irregular block or strip, such as calla lily, cyclamen, paulownia, evening jade and so on. (5) block root class. The underground main root is hypertrophic and massive, and the root system grows from the end of the root tuber, such as Dahlia.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 4. What is the relationship between temperature and flower cultivation? Temperature is an important condition for the survival of all kinds of flowers. No matter how suitable other environmental conditions are, it will be difficult for flowers to survive without suitable temperature conditions. The growth and development of each kind of flower has its optimum temperature, highest temperature and lowest temperature. According to the temperature of the origin of flowers, flowers can be divided into high temperature, medium temperature and low temperature. (1) high temperature. Such as Milan, poinsettia, melon leaf chrysanthemum, big rock tree, upside down hanging golden bell and so on. When cultured in North China, the lowest room temperature should be kept above 12 ℃ in winter. (2) medium temperature. Such as Magnolia, jasmine, Fusang, geranium and so on, the room temperature in winter should not be lower than 5 ℃ (3) low temperature. Such as oleander, sweet-scented osmanthus, kumquat, generation, cycad, etc., winter room temperature is not less than 0 degrees. If the temperature is too high or too low, the normal physiological activities of flowers will be destroyed, the growth will stop, and in serious cases, the whole plant will die. 5. What is the effect of light on the growth and development of flowers? Light is the source of energy for flowers and plants to produce nutrients. without the existence of light, photosynthesis cannot be carried out, and the growth and development of flowers will be seriously affected. Most plants can blossom and flourish only in sufficient light. Different kinds of flowers have different requirements for light. Flower proverb: "Yin Camellia, Yang Peony, half Yin and half Yang four Seasons Orchid". According to the different light intensity requirements of flowers, flowers can be divided into positive flowers, neutral flowers and negative flowers. (1) positive flowers. Most flowers and fruits are positive flowers, such as Magnolia, rose, pomegranate, plum blossom, crape myrtle, citrus and so on. There are also a few positive flowers in foliage flowers, such as cycads, palms, variable-leaf trees and so on. Most aquatic flowers, cacti and succulent plants are also positive flowers. All positive flowers like strong light and are not resistant to shade. If the sunlight is insufficient, it is easy to cause the branches and leaves to grow, the tissue is soft and weak, the leaf color becomes pale and yellowish, it is not easy to blossom or is not good, it is vulnerable to diseases and insect pests, and (2) negative flowers. Grow well in shaded environment, such as asparagus, camellia, rhododendron, hairpin, green pineapple, evergreen, ivy, paulownia, tortoise back bamboo, begonia, etc., if exposed to strong light for a long time, the branches and leaves wither and yellow, growth stagnant, serious or even death. (3) neutral flowers. Grow well under the condition of sufficient sunshine, but there is no principle to add shade when the light intensity is strong in summer, such as sweet-scented osmanthus, jasmine, magnolia, eight immortal flowers and so on. To sum up, all kinds of flowers have different requirements for light and light, and even the same flower has different requirements for light at different stages of growth and development. positive chrysanthemums are required to form buds under short-day conditions. 6. What is the effect of light on flower bud differentiation? The purpose of cultivating flowers is to make them produce more flowers, and light is the most effective external cause to promote flower bud formation. On the same flower, there are many flower buds on the branches that are fully exposed to light, and there are few flower buds on the branches that do not receive enough light. When there are many sunny days in summer, flowers receive plenty of light, and there will be more flowers in the coming year. Generally speaking, flowers and plants can carry out photosynthesis at a temperature of 10-35 ℃, and the most suitable temperature is 20-28 ℃. According to the requirements of sunshine time, flowers can be divided into three categories: (1) long sunshine flowers. Generally speaking, the sunshine time every day needs more than 12 hours to form flower buds, which is called long sunshine flowers. Many flowers that bloom in spring and summer, mostly belong to long sunshine flowers, such as iris, chrysanthemum, impatiens and so on. (2) short sunshine flowers. Flowers that spend less than 12 hours of sunshine every day to form flower buds are called short-day flowers. Poinsettia and chrysanthemum are typical short-day flowers, they can only grow under long sunshine in summer, but can not carry out flower bud differentiation. After autumn, flower bud differentiation begins when the light is reduced to 10-11 hours. (3) medium Rizhao flowers. Flowers whose flower buds are not strict with the daytime sunshine are called Zhong Rizhao flowers. Such as calla lily, carnation, hundred-day grass, rose, Fusang, etc., they have no obvious response to the length of light time, as long as the temperature is appropriate, they can blossom all the year round.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 7. What is the effect of water on the growth and development of flowers?

Water is a necessary condition for the growth and reproduction of flowers. It has a great influence on the growth and development of flowers. Because water absorption exceeds consumption, too much water in the flower body, the plant is extra-long and weak, cold resistance decreases, and stress resistance weakens. If there is too much water for a long time, it will cause rotten roots, fallen leaves, and even death. Water absorption is less than consumption, due to lack of water, flowers wilt phenomenon, serious lack of water will make flowers die. There are many kinds of flowers, and the water demand is also different, that is, the same kind of flower has different water requirements in different periods of its growth. According to the different water demand of flowers, flowers can be divided into three types: xerophytic, aquatic and mesophytic: (1) xerophytic flowers. Such as plum blossom, crape myrtle, Xifu begonia, hollyhock, southern bamboo and succulent flowers are more drought-resistant. (2) Aquatic flowers. Such as lotus, water lily, calamus, water bamboo and so on. (3) mesophytic flowers. Flowers that grow well in moist soil. Most flowers belong to this type, such as magnolia, magnolia, wax plum, peach blossom, camellia, bauhinia and so on.

8. What is the effect of air humidity on flowers?

Most of the water needed by flowers comes from the soil, but the air humidity also has a great influence on the growth and development of flowers. If the air temperature is too high, it is easy to cause branches and leaves to grow, petals moldy, falling flowers, and easy to cause the spread of diseases and insect pests. The humidity in flowering period is too high, which hinders flowering, affects fruiting and so on. If the air humidity is too small, the florescence will be shortened and the color will be lightened. If the air is dry for a long time, it will grow badly and affect flowering and fruiting. Northern winter climate is dry, indoor flower cultivation, such as do not often maintain a certain humidity, some like wet flowers, often appear yellowish leaves, leaf edges dry and so on. According to the different requirements of air temperature for different flowers, methods such as spraying and washing branches and leaves or covering with plastic film can be adopted to increase air humidity and create humidity conditions suitable for their growth. Orchids, begonias, tortoise-backed bamboos and other wet flowers require that the air relative humidity is not less than 80%; jasmine, white orchids, mulberry and other medium-wet flowers require air humidity not less than 60%.

9. Why do too many flowers die?

When the potted flowers are watered too much, the water fills the soil gap, and the air in the soil is replaced by water, so the external air can not enter, which results in soil anoxia, hindrance of root respiration, decrease of physiological function and hindrance of root water and fertilizer absorption. At the same time, due to the lack of oxygen in the soil, a large number of aerobic bacteria with the function of decomposing organic matter in the soil multiply and move, which increases the acidity of the soil. Due to the extensive activities of butyric acid bacteria, a series of toxic substances such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia were produced, which directly poisoned the root system. At the same time, because the anoxic plants consumed a large amount of soluble sugar and accumulated too much alcohol and other substances, the photosynthesis was greatly reduced, and finally the flowers died of hunger. In the practice of flower cultivation, we can often see examples of flowers being "drowned" due to overwatering, resulting in blackening and decay of flowers' roots. Therefore, we should pay attention to the right amount of watering when cultivating flowers.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 10. What is the harm of insufficient watering of potted flowers? Potted flowers due to less soil, water storage is not much, in the flower growing season need to pay attention to often replenish water, in order to ensure the normal growth of flowers. If the water supply is insufficient, the leaves and petioles will shrink and droop, and the flowers will wilt. If there is a long-term insufficient water supply to the flowers, the leaves of the older and lower parts of the plant will gradually yellowing and dry up. If most grass flowers are in a state of drought for a long time, the plants are short, the leaves lose their bright green luster, and even the whole plant dies. Some flower growers are afraid of excessive watering, watering "half-waist water" every time, that is, the amount of water can only moisten the topsoil, while the lower soil is dry, this watering method will also affect the root development of flowers, and there will also be the above-mentioned bad phenomena. Therefore, watering should be dry and wet, and it should be watered thoroughly.

11. How to judge whether potted flowers are short of water?

Watering is a regular management of flower cultivation, and it is difficult to grasp whether the potted soil is short of water, so many flower friends often feel distressed about it. Here is a brief introduction to the experience of flower growers in judging whether there is a shortage of water. (1) percussion method. Gently tap the wall of the upper and middle part of the flowerpot with your fingers, if you make a crisp sound, it means that the pot soil is dry and needs to be watered immediately; if you make a dull dull sound, it means that the basin soil is wet and can not be watered temporarily. (2) visual method. Use your eyes to observe whether the surface color of the basin soil changes, such as when the color becomes lighter or grayish white, it means that the basin soil is dry and needs to be watered; if the color becomes dark or brown, it means that the basin soil is moist and can not be watered temporarily. (3) finger measurement. Gently insert your finger into the basin soil at a depth of about 2 cm to touch the soil. When you feel dry or rough and hard, it means that the basin soil is dry and needs to be watered immediately; if it is slightly moist, delicate and soft, it means that the basin soil is moist and can not be watered temporarily. (4) pinching and twisting. Twist the basin soil with your fingers, such as the powdered soil, indicating that the basin soil is dry and should be watered immediately; if it is sealed into flakes or aggregates, it means that the basin soil is wet and can not be watered temporarily. The above test methods are all based on experience, which can only tell people the general situation of the dry and wet basin soil. If you need to know the dry and wet degree of the basin soil accurately, you can buy a soil thermometer and insert the thermometer into the seal. You can see that the words "dry or wet" appear on the scale, and you can know exactly when to water. 12. Why not use cold water to water flowers at noon in midsummer? At noon in midsummer, the temperature is very high, and the temperature on the leaf surface of flowers can often be as high as 40 ℃. The transpiration is strong, and the water evaporation is also fast. The root system needs to absorb water constantly to supplement the loss of transpiration. If cold water is poured at this time, although water is added to the basin soil, due to a sudden drop in soil temperature, root hairs are stimulated by low temperature, which will immediately hinder the normal absorption of water. At this time, due to the lack of any preparation in the flower body, the foliar stomata were not closed, and the water lost the balance of supply and demand, which led to the thin foliar surface from tense state to wilting, resulting in "physiological drought" of the plant, scorched leaves, and serious death of the whole plant. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in herbaceous flowers, such as geranium, pineapple, chrysanthemum and so on. For this reason, it is appropriate to water flowers in the morning and evening in summer.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 13. What kind of water should be used to water the flowers? Water can be divided into hard water and soft water according to the condition of salt. Hard water contains more salt, and it is used to water flowers, which often produces brown spots on the leaves of flowers and affects the ornamental effect, so soft water is suitable for watering flowers. Rain Water (or snow water) is the most ideal in soft water, because Rain Water is a kind of near neutral water, which does not contain minerals and has more air, so it is very suitable to water flowers. If Rain Water can be used to water flowers in rainy days, it is beneficial to promote flower assimilation, prolong cultivation years and improve ornamental value, especially flowers that like acid soil, prefer Rain Water. Therefore, Rain Water should store more of the best part of the rainy season for use. In northeast China, snow water can be used to water flowers, and the effect is also very good, but we should pay attention to put aside the ice and snow until the water temperature is close to room temperature before using it. If there is no Rain Water or snow water, you can use river or pond water. If tap water is used, it must be stored in a bucket (tank) for 1-2 days, so that the chlorine in the water can be volatilized and then used. Do not use washing water containing soap or washing powder or dishwashing water containing oil to water flowers. For mildly alkaline cactus flowers, it is not suitable to use slightly acidic leftover tea. In addition, attention should be paid to the temperature of the water when watering the flowers. Whether watering flowers in summer or winter, the difference between water temperature and air temperature is too big (more than 5 degrees) is easy to harm the root system of flowers. Therefore, watering flowers with water, it is best to put it in a bucket (jar) to dry for a day, and then use it when the water temperature is close to the air temperature.

14. How to control the amount of water for potted flowers? Whether the watering amount of potted flowers can be timely and appropriate is the key to the success or failure of flower cultivation. According to the local experience, the watering amount of potted flowers is determined according to the flower variety, plant size, growth and development period, climate, soil conditions, flowerpot size, placement location and other aspects. In general, wet flowers should be watered more, drought-loving flowers should be watered less; bulb flowers should not be watered too much; herbaceous flowers should have more water content and transpiration, and more water should be watered than woody flowers; flowers with large, soft, smooth and hairless leaves should be watered more than woody flowers; flowers with small leaves with waxy layer, hairy and leathery leaves should be watered less; they should be watered more in the peak growth period and less in the dormant period; the seedlings with large pots should be watered more, and those with small pots should be watered less. Water more in hot days, less in cold days, more in dry days, less in cloudy days, etc. For general flowers, the water supply of the four seasons is: the temperature rises gradually after the beginning of spring every year, flowers enter the peak period of growth, the amount of water is gradually increased. Watering in early spring should be carried out before noon. The summer temperature is high, the flower growth is exuberant, the transpiration is strong, the watering water should be sufficient. Summer watering should be carried out in the morning and evening. After the Beginning of Autumn, the temperature is getting lower and lower, and the flowers grow slowly, so less watering is appropriate. Winter temperature is low, many flowers enter dormancy or semi-dormant period, to control watering, pot soil is not too dry, do not water, so as not to water too much and rotten roots, leaves. Watering in winter should be carried out at 1-2 p.m.

15. What is the effect of spraying water? Spraying water can increase air humidity, lower air temperature, wash off dust from plants and wash away pests, avoid scorching of young leaves and early withering of flowers, and keep plants fresh; especially some flowers that like shade and humidity, such as camellia, rhododendron, orchid, tortoise back bamboo, etc., often spray water on the leaves, which is very beneficial to their growth and development. If it is sunny or muggy after rain in summer, you should pay attention to spraying water to cool down and prevent disease. The amount of water sprayed should be determined according to the needs of flowers. Generally speaking, the water can evaporate soon after spraying water, and the amount of water sprayed is the most suitable. Seedlings and delicate flowers need more water spray, new pots and cuttings that have not yet taken root also need more water spray, tropical orchid flowers, Araceae and pineapple flowers need to be sprayed more often. However, some flowers are very sensitive to moisture, such as Tripterygium przewalskii, Baobao flower, begonia, etc., whose leaves have thick villi, and the leaves are not easy to evaporate after the water falls, so it is not suitable to spray water on the leaves. For blooming flowers, it is not appropriate to spray more water, otherwise it is easy to cause moldy petals or affect fertilization and reduce fruiting and fruiting rate. In addition, the leaf buds at the top of cyclamen tubers, the flower buds in the leaves of African chrysanthemum, and the false bulbs in the middle of the leaves of Cymbidium are all afraid of being wet. These parts are vulnerable after spraying water.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 16. How to save flowers after wilting? Potted flowers, due to less water in the basin, forget to water, especially in summer leakage watering, often cause leaf wilting, if not saved in time, the time will often lead to plant wilting. If it is not saved properly, it will sometimes cause plant death. The right thing to do is to immediately move the flowerpot to the shade when you find the leaves wilting, spray some water to the leaves, and pour a small amount of water. Later, as the stems and leaves gradually return to straight and straight, and then gradually increase the amount of water. If too much water is poured at this time, the plant may die. This is because a large number of root hairs of flowers are damaged after wilting, so the water absorption capacity is greatly reduced. Only after giving birth to new root hairs can the original water absorption capacity be restored. At the same time, wilting makes the cells lose water. After meeting the water, the cell wall absorbs water first and expands rapidly, and the protoplast absorbs water after it, and the expansion rate is slow. If a large amount of water is poured suddenly at this time, the plasmolemma will be separated and the protoplast will be damaged. Thus causing the death of flowers.

17. What role does soil play in flower growth and development?

Soil is an important matrix for the cultivation of flowers, the material basis for the survival of flowers, and the main source of water, fertilizer, gas and heat for the growth and development of flowers. This is because soil is made up of minerals, organic matter, soil moisture and soil air. Minerals are the most basic substances that make up the soil, and they can provide a variety of nutrients for flowers. Organic matter can not only supply nutrients for flower growth, but also play an important role in improving soil physical and chemical properties and soil aggregate structure, as well as water conservation, water supply, ventilation, temperature stability and so on. Soil moisture is an indispensable material condition for flower growth. Soil air is not only the source of oxygen needed by flower root absorption and microbial life activities, but also an important condition for soil mineral further weathering and organic matter transformation to release nutrients. Scientific experiments have proved that the soil suitable for plant growth accounts for about 38% of the soil by volume, 12% of organic matter, 15% of soil air and 15% of soil moisture. According to data, the most suitable water content for the growth of general flowers and plants is 25% of the soil volume, and air also accounts for 25%. Because some people do not understand the above truth, when cultivating potted flowers, they do not change pots and soil for a long time, resulting in the deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, poor ventilation and permeability, and lack of nutrient elements, resulting in poor growth of flowers, yellowing leaves, less flowering, or even no flowering. therefore, in order to raise potted flowers, we should pay attention to changing pots and changing soil at the right time. 18. What kind of soil is good for potted flowers? Potted flowers have more stringent requirements on soil than open-field flowers because their roots can only move in a very small range of soil. On the one hand, nutrients are required to be as comprehensive as possible, and the limited basin soil contains nutrients needed for flower growth; on the other hand, it requires good physical and chemical properties, that is, loose structure, strong water-holding capacity, suitable pH and good fertilizer retention. Because of this, when growing flowers, we should try to choose neutral or slightly acidic soil with good aggregate structure, loose and fertile, good water retention and drainage performance, and rich humus. This kind of soil is light in weight, large in porosity, well ventilated and rich in nutrition, which is beneficial to the root development of flowers and the healthy growth of plants. If flowers are planted in clayey soil with poor ventilation and permeability, or in pure sandy soil with poor nutrition and poor water and fertilizer conservation, or in alkaline soil, for the vast majority of flowers, it is easy to cause growth weakness or even death. But the soil conditions mentioned above are not available in any kind of natural soil. Therefore, it is necessary to choose artificial culture soil for potted flower soil. This kind of culture soil is made by mixing more than two kinds of soil or other matrix materials according to the different growth habits of flowers and plants, in order to meet the needs of different flowers. A practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I)

19. How to prepare culture soil? There are many materials suitable for the preparation of culture soil, and the following are commonly used at present. (1) plain sandy soil. Most of them are taken from the beach. The drainage performance is good, but it has no fertility, so it is often used to mix with other culture materials to facilitate drainage. (2) Garden soil. Soil taken from the surface of a vegetable garden, orchard, etc. It contains certain humus and has good physical properties, so it is often used as the basic material of most cultured soils. (3) rotten leaf soil. It is made of fallen leaves, withered grass, etc. It is one of the main materials for preparing culture soil because of its high content of humus, strong water retention and good permeability. (4) Mud. There are two kinds of black mountain mud and Huangshan mud. It is formed by the long-term accumulation of fallen leaves of trees in the mountains. Black hill mud is acidic and contains more humus, while Huangshan mud is also acidic and contains less humus. (5) Peat soil. It is carbonized from peat moss. Due to the different stages of formation, it can be divided into brown peat and black peat. Brown peat is rich in organic matter and shows acidic reaction, while black peat contains more minerals and less organic matter, showing slightly acidic or neutral reaction. (6) Rice chaff ash. It is ash made from rice husk after combustion, slightly alkaline, containing potassium, good drainage and air permeability. (7) stable fertile soil. It is made of animal faeces, fallen leaves and other substances mixed with garden soil, sewage and other accumulation and retting, which has rich fertility. In addition, there are pond mud, river mud, coniferous soil, turf soil, rotten sawdust, vermiculite, perlite and so on, which are good materials for preparing culture soil. The preparation of culture soil should be flexibly mastered according to the growth habits of flowers, the properties of culture soil materials and local conditions. For general potted flowers, the commonly used proportion of culture soil is rotten leaf soil (or peat soil): garden soil: River sand: bone meal = 35RV 30vet 5, or rotten leaf soil (or peat soil), plain sand soil, rotten organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, etc., after sieving according to 5RV 3.5Vue 0.5. Most of the above culture soil is neutral or slightly acidic, which is suitable for most flowers. It is used for cultivating acidic flowers and trees such as camellia and rhododendron, which can be mixed with about 0.2% sulfur powder; flowers such as cactus can be cultivated, and about 10% of the peeling soil from the lime wall can be added. 20. How to make rotten leaf soil? Rotten leaf soil is a commonly used material for cultivating potted flowers. Where there are conditions. The rotten leaf soil which has been weathered for many years can be dug directly under the mountain forest. Self-made rotten leaf soil can also be made. The method is to collect fallen leaves and weeds of broad-leaved or coniferous trees in autumn and pile them into rectangular pits. When stacking, first put a layer of leaves, and then put a layer of garden soil, so repeatedly stack several layers, and then irrigate a small amount of sewage, and finally cover the top with a layer of garden soil about 10 centimeters thick. Open it at the end of spring and the height of summer next year, turn and mash the deposits, and then pile them as they are. In warm climates, most of these deposits can mature in late autumn. At this time, it can be dug up, further mashed and screened for use. When stacking, we should pay attention to two points: first, do not press too tight, in order to facilitate air penetration, create conditions for the activity of aerobic bacteria, so as to accelerate the decomposition of deposits. Second, do not make the accumulation too wet. If it is too wet, the ventilation is not good. Under the condition of anoxia, a large number of anoxic bacteria multiply and move, resulting in serious loss of nutrients and affecting the quality of rotten leaf soil.

21. How to determine and change the acidity and alkalinity of cultured soil?

The pH of culture soil directly affects the physical and chemical properties of culture soil and the growth of flowers. Most flowers grow well in neutral to slightly acidic culture soil (PH value 5.5-7.0). Because within this limit, the nutrients absorbed by flowers from the soil are soluble. Above or below this limit, some nutrient elements become non-absorbable, so it is easy to cause nutritional deficiency in some flowers. Because of this, it is necessary to determine the pH of the cultured soil before planting flowers. The pH of soil is usually expressed by PH value. PH value 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and more than 7 is alkaline. If the soil is too sour or alkaline, it needs to be improved in order to grow flowers. The easiest way to determine the pH of cultured soil is to buy a box of litmus test paper with a standard colorimetric plate in the chemical reagent store. In a glass in which a small amount of culture soil was put clean, cold boiled water was added according to the ratio of soil to water at 1:2. After fully stirring and precipitating, the litmus test paper was put into the solution. About 1 or 2 seconds, the test paper was taken out and compared with the standard color swatch. The color swatch number similar to it is found, which is the PH value of this kind of culture soil. According to the results, the cultivated soil with unsuitable acidity and alkalinity can be adjusted by the following measures. If the acidity is too high, a small amount of lime powder can be added in the basin soil, and if the alkalinity is too high, a small amount of sulfur powder can be added in the basin soil.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 22. What are the advantages of soilless cultivation?

As the name implies, soilless cultivation is the cultivation of flowers without soil, but with a variety of culture substrates and nutrient solutions. Soilless cultivation is also known as nutrient solution cultivation because it uses nutrient solution to directly provide necessary nutrient elements for the growth and development of flowers. It is a new technology of flower cultivation in recent years, which has many advantages: (1) fast growth and good quality. Because the nutrient solution used in soilless cultivation is carefully prepared according to the needs of flower growth and development, which is conducive to the rapid growth of flowers, so there are many flowers, large flowers, colorful flowers, long flowering period, strong aroma and long green leaves. It can not only improve the ornamental value, but also have short flowering cycle and high flower yield per unit area. (2) it is clean and hygienic with few diseases and insect pests. The purpose of growing flowers is to beautify the indoor and outdoor environment and give people spiritual enjoyment. The fertilizer used in soilless cultivation is a nutrient solution prepared with inorganic elements, and the matrix is sterilized, which is not only clean and hygienic, but also can greatly reduce diseases and insect pests. Therefore, at present, many countries have formulated relevant laws to restrict the import of flowers with soil. If our country wants to export a large number of flowers, we must also adopt the new technology of soilless cultivation. (3) save fertilizer and water. Soilless cultivation due to fixed containers. Therefore, the loss of fertilizer and water is very small. About half of the nutrients and most of the water in soil cultivation are lost. (4) low labor intensity, saving labor and time. Soilless flowers do not need to carry heavy flowerpots. The containers used are mainly plastic, and the substrates used, such as vermiculite and perlite, are very light and weigh only one-tenth of the weight of the soil. In the management, as long as regularly replenish the pre-prepared nutrient solution and constantly replenish water, the operation is simple and the effect is very good. (5) it is free from many restrictions and is suitable for indoor use. Soilless cultivation is more flexible, as long as the general site has air and water, light, temperature and other conditions, this method can be used to cultivate flowers. 23. What is the best substrate for soilless cultivation? The function of soilless culture substrate is to replace soil to fix flower plants in containers, and can retain nutrient solution and water for the growth and development of flowers. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose substances with good water retention, good drainage performance, no harmful substances, cleanliness and certain strength. At present, the main soilless culture substrates commonly used in family flower cultivation at home and abroad are sand, gravel, vermiculite, perlite, glass fiber, foam, rock wool and so on. (1) vermiculite. It is a mica mineral with light and porous texture, good air permeability, water absorption and certain water holding capacity, and contains magnesium, potassium and other elements for flowers to absorb and utilize. (2) perlite. It is a siliceous mineral with stable, strong, light texture, clean and aseptic, good drainage and ventilation, but poor water and fertilizer retention, so it should be mixed with vermiculite at 1:1. (3) foam. The texture is very light and can hold a lot of water per unit volume. Generally can not be used alone, often mixed with sand and so on. (4) glass fiber. Clean and hygienic, strong water absorption, can store a lot of air, long-term use does not rot, and can support the roots of plants so that they do not lodge. The long-term use of the substrate of soilless cultivation, especially continuous cropping, is often easy to cause bacterial breeding and harm to flowers and seedlings, so attention should be paid to disinfection after each cultivation. 1% concentration of bleach solution can be used to soak on the substrate for about 30 minutes, and then rinse with clean water to eliminate chlorine, and its germicidal effect is good. After disinfection, the matrix can be reused.

24. How to prepare nutrient solution?

The various elements and dosage used in the preparation of nutrient solution should be determined according to the varieties of cultivated flowers and their different growth periods, different areas and so on. At present, there are many formulations of nutrient solution used at home and abroad. The formula of Hanpu nutrient solution suitable for general potted flowers is introduced as follows: a large number of elements are added to each liter of water: potassium nitrate 0.7 g, calcium nitrate 0.7 g, calcium superphosphate 0.8 g, magnesium sulfate 0.28 g, ferric sulfate 0.12 g, trace element boric acid 0.6 mg, manganese sulfate 0.6 mg, zinc sulfate 0.6 mg, copper sulfate 0.6 mg ammonium molybdate 0.6 mg. The pH value of this formula is 5.5 ml 6.5. When preparing, it is best to dissolve the inorganic salts listed in the above formula with a small amount of warm water of about 50 ℃, then pour them into the water one by one in the order listed in the formula, stir while stirring, and finally add the water to the full amount (1 liter) to become a prepared nutrient solution. In the preparation of the above solution, the type and dosage of elements can also be increased or decreased appropriately according to the different requirements of different flowers. Do not use metal containers when preparing or storing nutrient solutions, but use ceramic, enamel, plastic or glass containers to avoid chemical reactions. When the amount of nutrient solution used in family flower cultivation is small, in order to reduce the trouble of preparing nutrient solution, we can buy long-term flower fertilizer from flower and tree shops, such as plastic compound series flower fertilizer, vermiculite compound flower fertilizer, particle compound flower fertilizer and so on. In northern China, a simple nutrient solution containing 0.22 grams of ammonium phosphate, 1.05 grams of potassium nitrate, 0.16 grams of ammonium sulfate, 0.16 grams of ammonium nitrate and 0.01 grams of ferrous sulfate can also be used in 1 liter of water.

Practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I) 25. How does the family carry out soilless cultivation? Family soilless cultivation can be cultivated in common pots such as plastic pots and plain baking pots. When planting, all kinds of substrates are mixed in proportion or put separately into a plastic basin, and then the seedlings with 3-5 leaves are planted in the center of the pot. Before planting, put the root system with soil in clean water, wash the root mud gently, and then soak the root in a solution 5 times thinner than the normal concentration of nutrient solution for about 10 minutes, so that it can fully absorb nutrients. After planting, cover it with a layer of quartz sand or pebbles to fix the plant, and immediately pour 0.5 times of the nutrient solution from around the container until there is a nutrient solution flowing out of the drainage hole at the bottom of the basin. After that, water was irrigated every 1-3 days, dilute nutrient solution was irrigated once in 7-10 days, and normal concentration of nutrient solution was poured after the plant returned to normal growth. The number of times and number of nutrient solution irrigated depends on the type of flowers, plant size, different growth stages, seasons and placement locations. In general, during the growth of indoor potted flowers, large seedlings are irrigated with nutrient solution every 7 to 15 days, seedlings are watered every 15 to 20 days, and flowers are watered once a month during the dormant period. The number of nutrient solution each time, the general flowerpot inner diameter of about 20 cm of positive flowers, each time about 100 ml, the amount of negative flowers should be reduced. If long-acting flower fertilizer is used, its dosage should refer to the provisions of the product manual. For beginners, pay attention to the right amount when pouring nutrient solution, preferring less than too much. If it is applied too much, it is easy to cause harm such as scorched leaves. Soilless cultivation of flowers, in addition to pay attention to grasp the time and amount of nutrient solution, but also according to the water requirements of different kinds of flowers timely watering, in order to keep the matrix often moist, in order to make flowers grow healthily. In order to avoid the loss of nutrient solution, it is best to choose a watertight container. The container that is more suitable for family use consists of two parts, the top is a flowerpot with a substrate (the bottom is porous), and the seedlings are loaded into it, and the top is a watertight container containing nutrient solution. When planting in this kind of container, the root system of the plant should be watered properly before extending into the nutrient solution, and a small amount of dilute nutrient solution should be irrigated every 5-7 days, and then transferred to normal management after the root system extends into nutrition. According to the growth habits of flowers, add nutrient solution and water regularly, generally change the nutrient solution thoroughly once a month, and wash the container containing the nutrient solution. At ordinary times, the amount of nutrient solution in the container is about 2 to 3 of the depth of the container. If you install too much, do not leave gaps, so that all the roots are soaked in the nutrient solution, the air is insufficient, and it is often easy to cause rotting roots due to hypoxia. The maintenance and management of flowers cultivated in soilless culture is basically the same as that of soil cultivation, and it is also necessary to give suitable environmental conditions such as light, temperature and humidity according to the habits of flowers. 26. What are the commonly used fertilizers? There are two types of fertilizers commonly used: (1) organic fertilizers. It is usually divided into animal organic fertilizer and plant organic fertilizer. Animal organic fertilizer includes human feces and urine, feather hoof horns and bone meal of livestock, wastes of fish, meat, eggs and so on. Plant organic fertilizer includes bean cake and other cake fertilizer, sesame sauce dregs, weeds, leaves, green manure, Chinese herbal medicine dregs, distiller's grains and so on. These two kinds of fertilizers are late-acting fertilizers with complete nutrients and long fertilizer effect, which can only be applied after fermentation and ripening before use. (2) Inorganic fertilizer. It is a fertilizer rich in mineral and nutrient elements, which is made by chemical synthesis or processed by natural ore. For example, nitrogen fertilizer includes urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and so on. Phosphate fertilizer includes calcium superphosphate, phosphate rock powder and so on. Potash fertilizer includes potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and so on. The fertilizer effect of chemical fertilizer is fast, but the fertilizer content is simple; the fertilizer is violent, but not long-lasting. Except for phosphate fertilizer, general chemical fertilizer is used as topdressing. 27. How to make your own fertilizer? In daily life, there are many wastes that can be used to make fertilizer. (1) soaking liquid fertilizer. Put waste vegetable leaves, melon peel, chicken and fish into the water, fish scales, waste bones, eggshells and moldy food (peanuts, melon seeds, beans, bean powder *) in a small jar (or small jar). Add water and sprinkle a little trichlorfon and cover it strictly. After high temperature fermentation, it can be used. When in use, the supernatant is diluted with water before it can be applied. The above waste can be mixed with some old culture soil, add some water, put it in a large plastic bag, place it tightly for a period of time, and use it after fermentation. (2) waste composting. Choose a suitable place to dig a pit with a depth of 60 cm ~ 80 cm and cover with 10 cm furnace ash. Put rotten vegetable leaves, livestock offal, fish scales, chicken and duck droppings, eggshells, meat waste and broken bones into the pit, sprinkle some pesticides, and cover it with a layer of garden soil about 10 cm thick. Keep the pit moist to promote fertilizer maturity. It is best to compost it in autumn and winter, and when it is heated and mature without malodorous gas in spring, it can be mixed into culture soil as base fertilizer; 4mm sieve can also be used to sift and rub into pellets while wet, fine as topdressing and coarse as base fertilizer.

A practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I)

28. How to avoid and reduce the stench from composting and fertilization? When there is accumulated fertilizer in retting, it often gives off an unpleasant smell and pollutes the environment, which is very unsanitary and unpleasant. Here is a brief introduction of some experiences to avoid or reduce the stench when retting fertilizer. (1) put a few pieces of orange peel (both dry and fresh) in the retting fertilizer container to reduce the odor. Because orange peel contains a lot of essential oil, the smell can be reduced by constantly volatilizing the fragrance with the fermentation process of fertilizer. When the effect of orange peel decreases, you can continue to put in a few new pieces of orange peel. Orange peel is also a good fertilizer after fermentation, which can increase fertilizer efficiency. (2) use kimchi altar to rett fertilizer. Put household non-staple food waste, such as rotten eggs, animal offal, bad milk, soy milk, etc., into the pickle jar, add an appropriate amount of water, pay attention to fill the jar sink with water, add some insecticidal drugs, and buckle the lid to prevent the stench from spreading. It can mature in about 2-3 months in summer. When it is used, the supernatant is added 10 times to 20 times of water, and a little trichlorfon and other pesticides are added to the fat water to prevent maggots. According to a material introduction, adding an appropriate amount of 500 × 600 times rice vinegar diluent before fertilizer and water application can alleviate the odor of liquid fertilizer. twenty-nine。 How to make fertiliser and water?

Huanling flower growers in Henan Province have used "alum fertilizer water" to irrigate flowers that like acid soil, and the effect is good. Common preparation methods: 20 kg-25 kg of water, 1 kg-1.5 kg of cake fertilizer or hoof slices, 250 g-300 g of ferrous sulfate (black alum), put the above materials into the tank and place them in the sun for about 1 month. The supernatant can be diluted with water. The soil irrigated with this kind of water shows a slightly acidic reaction, and the PH value is about 5.8-6.7.

A practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part I)

thirty。 How can we achieve reasonable fertilization? The so-called rational fertilization means that we should pay attention to timely and appropriate amount. The so-called timely, refers to flowers when needed, if found that the color of flower leaves become light, plant growth is weak, fertilization is timely. As for when to apply what fertilizer, it depends on the different growth and development stages of flowers, such as more nitrogen fertilizer can be applied at the seedling stage to promote the rapid and robust growth of seedlings; more phosphate fertilizer can be applied at the bud stage to promote large flowers and seeds; fertilization can be properly controlled at the initial stage of fruit setting to facilitate fruit setting. No matter what period of fertilization should be paid attention to the right amount, if the application of too much nitrogen fertilizer, easy to form overgrowth; too much potassium fertilizer, hinder growth, affect flowering and fruiting. When applying fertilizer, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) We should pay attention to the kinds of flowers when applying fertilizer. Different kinds of flowers have different requirements for fertilizer. For example, sweet-scented osmanthus and camellia like pig manure and avoid human feces and urine; southern flowers such as rhododendron, camellia and gardenia avoid alkaline fertilizers; flowers that need to be re-cut every year need to increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to facilitate the germination of new branches; flowers dominated by foliage can pay more attention to nitrogen fertilizer; flowers with large flowers (such as chrysanthemum and dahlia, etc.) need to apply an appropriate amount of complete fertilizer during flowering in order to make all flowers bloom and look beautiful. For flowers that mainly watch fruit, fertilizer and water should be properly controlled in the flowering period, and sufficient complete fertilizer should be applied in the strong fruit stage in order to achieve the desired effect; bulb flowers, apply more potash fertilizer to enrich the bulb roots; fragrant flowers, enter the flowering stage, apply more phosphorus and potash fertilizer to promote the strong smell of flowers. (2) fertilizing should pay attention to the season. Winter temperature is low, plant growth is slow, most flowers are in a state of stagnant growth, generally do not apply fertilizer; spring and autumn are in the peak period of flower growth, root, stem, leaf growth, flower bud differentiation, young fruit expansion, all need more fertilizer; summer temperature is high, water evaporation is fast, it is also a peak period of flower growth, the concentration of topdressing should be small, the number of times can be more. (3) the application of organic fertilizer must be fully mature, and raw fertilizer should not be used. In addition, there are many valuable opinions on how to fertilize potted flowers. For example, data from Jiangsu and other places point out that fertilization depends on growth, fixed amount, and adhere to the "four more, four less, four no", that is, more application of yellow and thin, more application of pregnant buds before germination, more application of pregnant buds, more application after anthesis, less application of sturdiness, less application of germination, less application of flowering, less application in rainy season, no application of only growth, no application of new planting, no application of summer heat, no application of dormancy. At the same time, it is also pointed out that there are three taboos in potted flower fertilization: first, avoid thick fertilizer, second avoid hot fertilizer (high soil temperature at noon in summer, fertilization is easy to hurt roots), third avoid sitting fertilizer, apply basic fertilizer at the bottom of the pot when planting flowers, and not put the root directly on the fertilizer, but add a layer of soil to the fertilizer. Then plant the flowers in the pot.

Recommended Reading: a practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part two)

A practical Collection of Family Flower cultivation (part two)