What diseases and insect pests are potted plants susceptible to?

The common diseases and insect pests of green pineapple cultivated indoors are leaf spot and root rot.

The prevention and treatment methods are as follows: remove the diseased leaves, pay attention to ventilation; spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times during the disease period, and irrigate the roots. After planting soilless cuttings, root rot will not occur.

Culture methods:

First, environmental conditions: it is best to have indoor and indoor environments for the cultivation of rhododendron. The indoor environment is used in winter. Outdoor site, used in summer and autumn, it is better to use clay land, and avoid cement land. The site should be spacious, ventilated and shady, with shade sheds, covered with Reed curtains or protected by natural trees, with a light transmittance of about 30%. Avoid sunning at night.

Second, basin soil requirements: azaleas like loose, strong permeability, good drainage, humus-rich acid soil, the PH value is 5.0-6.0. If you use clay or alkaline soil, it is difficult to live. Summer cuckoos and rhododendrons, in particular, must be mountain soil. The mountain soil needs to be reformed. at present, three kinds of culture soil are usually used.

Third, flowerpot selection: cultivated rhododendron flowerpots, generally choose mud pots and purple sand pots. The mud basin is well ventilated and permeable, and it is used in the cultivation of production units. The molded azaleas, especially the modeled azaleas, are furnished for indoor and outdoor furnishings, generally planted in a beautiful and quaint purple sand basin with delicate texture, rich color and beautiful shape, which can double the ornamental value.

Fourth, improve water quality: it is best to use Rain Water to water azaleas, followed by river and pond water. If tap water is used, it is appropriate to store the water for 1-2 days and let the chlorine volatilize and then use. Add 0.2% ferrous sulfate when you use it, and water it every 10 days during the growing season. Use it frequently to ensure that the soil is acidic.

Fifth, fertilizer and water management: azaleas like yin and dampness, should not be too dry. More moisture is needed during flowering. The azaleas have entered a dormant period in winter and do not require much water. They are generally watered every 4-5 days, and should be carried out around noon on sunny and warm days.

6. outdoor shading: there should be more sunlight before leaving the room and before civilization; during flowering, shading should be carried out for a short time at noon, with a light transmittance of 60%.

7. Shaping and pruning: azaleas grow slowly and are generally allowed to grow naturally, only after flowering, cutting off long branches, diseased and weak branches, deformed branches and damaged branches.

Eighth, disease prevention and pest control: military insects (also known as crown net bugs) are sprayed 1500 times of dimethoate during the damage period, once every 7 days for 3 times in a row. The control methods of terminal bud leaf rollers are mainly killed by artificial capture, and the larvae or pupae can also be sprayed with 2000 times of dimethoate EC or 1500 times of dichlorvos. Note:

1. The roots of azaleas are as thin as hair, and there are few thick taproots. They are afraid of both dry and wet, especially heavy fertilizer. If too much watering, the root is soaked in water, too dry, branches and leaves atrophy, leaf petal fall off, a great threat to the plant, as for watering heavy fertilizer, it will be life-threatening.

2. after the flower fade, the residual flowers must be cut off to avoid fruiting and wasting nutrition. after the new branches germinate, they should be thinned properly and stay according to the growth of the plant.

3. Rhododendron is most suitable to be planted in a muddy basin, because the mud basin absorbs water and breathes air, which is beneficial to the growth and development of roots and luxuriant branches and leaves.

4. Potted azaleas should be placed on the southeast balcony and should be ventilated and moved as little as possible. If it is not ventilated, it is easy to suffer from black spot disease and a large number of fallen leaves.

5. Azaleas should also have moderate requirements for light, and avoid direct light in summer.

6. timely thinning of buds and leaves, removing part of the buds and leaves that have grown too much and too dense, so that the air is well ventilated and nutrients are concentrated on the buds. After the formation of buds, it is necessary to increase nutrition and apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, otherwise the buds will be transformed into leaf buds.

7. The main reasons for azaleas falling leaves and not blooming are: too much direct light in summer, frostbite, too much watering, too thick fertilization, too long indoor time, poor air circulation or dark and humid places, acid rain, and so on. so these situations should be avoided in the process of maintenance.

8. Turning the basin and changing the soil do not need to be carried out every year, usually once every 2 to 3 years, with as little damage to the roots as possible. The time should be after the blossom fade or in autumn, and topirazine should be sprayed at the same time to prevent diseases.

9. The pests of azaleas are mainly red spiders and aphids, which can be sprayed with permethrin, and the effect is better, such as not dying after three days, spray again.

10. The propagation method of rhododendron is mainly cutting. Before and after Grain in Beard, select new branches, 5 cm to 10 cm long, cut off at the bifurcation point, peel off the lower leaves, leave 3 to 4 top leaves, insert the 1x3 of the branches into the soil, spray enough water, and cover with plastic film. It is necessary to strengthen the management at ordinary times and transplant a year later. [conclusion] Bai Juyi said: "if you take a closer look at the two branches in your hand, it doesn't seem to be in the world. This thing in the flower is Xi Shi, and the whip Rong peony is the mother." More Plant Information > > | touch incense | marigold planting | Happiness tree conservation method | Flower picture and name | the function of green radish flower | Wanlian | | Jiuli fragrant bonsai | crab claw orchid culture method | cactus culture method | how to raise gardenia | the role of lavender |

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Treasure Book of Conservation of potted foliage plants

Araceae foliage plants have unique leaf shape and leaf color, and they are the most common indoor ornamental plants.

(1) White crane taro: it has a large white flower bud, and the main cultivated varieties are Hulk and white palm.

(2) Dai fan leaves: native to tropical America, plant height 30-90 cm, flowers erect, internodes short, leaves long oval, slightly wavy margin, leaves covered with a variety of milky white or milky yellow markings or spots, shade-resistant, green and beautiful. The main cultivated varieties are Marianne, KIKI, Golden Sun, Baiyu, Duozi zebra, Golden Baoyu, Paradise evergreen and so on.

(3) coarse rib grass: native to tropical Asia, the plant height is about 30-50 cm, the shade tolerance is the strongest, and the leaf shape is changed. the main cultivated varieties are Silver Queen, Black Beauty, Galaxy, Silver Emperor and so on.

(4) Vine green velvet: native to tropical America, most of them are vine or semi-vine, the stem can grow, the air root can grow and grow, and the leaf shape varies according to breed, such as round heart shape, long heart shape, egg triangle, pinnate lobed leaf, palmately lobed leaf, green, brown, red, golden yellow, etc., adult flowering Buddha inflorescence, spring onions, green, strong negative tolerance, potted plants are advanced indoor plants. Stem and branch can also take root by water cutting. the main cultivated varieties are green emperor, green apple, apricot leaf vine, Olido, Qinglongli. Sunshine vine green velvet, golden kudzu hanging basin, etc.

(5) synthetic taro: native to Central and South America, the leaves are mostly arrow-shaped, the stems are vine-shaped and can be grown with other things, and are often cultivated into column-climbing potted plants. In addition to the above categories, the common varieties of foliage plants in Araceae include Guanyin lotus, sea taro (dripping Guanyin), tortoise back bamboo and so on.

Araceae foliage plants are succulent, herbaceous, stems and leaves with special calcium oxalate milk, which has a serious stimulation to the skin and stomach, so special care should be taken in cutting propagation. In the production base in Hainan, a local pig broke in and ate Marianne and died suddenly. The most obvious feature is that it has a fleshy inflorescence and an abnormal bract or spawn, which is a fleshy spike filled with numerous florets, which can be divided into bisexual flowers or single flowers. The female flowers are distributed in the lower part and the male flowers in the upper part. In general, in addition to the white crane taro, we break off the inflorescence of other foliage plants when they bloom, so as not to consume nutrients and affect the leaf color. The root tissue of Araceae foliage plants can develop into three different forms: aerial root, attached root and ground root, in order to adapt to different growth environment.

I. Lighting

Green plants produce nutrients by means of photosynthesis for plant growth and development. The stronger the luminosity within the allowable range of light, the higher the photosynthetic efficiency, the faster the growth. In order to absorb light effectively, plants adapt to the change of light by changing the shape, color and growth of stems and leaves. When the light is weak, the growth of leaves becomes thinner, smaller, lighter, mottled less, stems and leaves grow too long. For example, green velvet grows under 80% shading net and has larger and thinner leaves and slender stems than under 40% shading net. The leaves of rib grass and Dai powder leaves grow upright in strong light. When the light intensity of Pueraria lobata is less than that of 43000Lux, the yellow mottle of its leaves becomes less, and the green ratio increases. Therefore, under a single light intensity, Araceae plants will show different appearance and quality. (see Table 1)

Light intensity required for pot production of Araceae plants:

Amorphophallus przewalskii

Light intensity (1ux) 15000-2500025000-3500015000-2500025000-3500025000-35000

Most of Araceae is native to tropical rain forest and can adapt to the change of light. Shade nets with different shading percentages are often used to build horizontal shading scaffolding in Guangdong. The shading percentage of the shade net only indicates the degree of light, and the luminosity in the facility varies with the change of external luminosity, and the luminosity of each area often changes due to the change of climate, geographical location and the difference of the surrounding environment, so it is impractical to quantify the shading rate as light intensity, so it is more practical and convenient to express it in Lux.

The demand for luminosity should be adjusted according to the changes of plant growth stage and other environmental factors. Seedlings or cuttings have poor tolerance to the environment, and the luminosity should be low, and gradually adjust the luminosity to an appropriate range with the growth of seedlings. For example, the light in the mother area is generally strong, so that the mother plant can accumulate more nutrients and produce strong and high quality cuttings.

Second, temperature

Araceae foliage plants are native to the tropics and subtropics with good high temperature. the daytime temperature is below 35C, the optimum daily temperature is 28mer 32C, the night temperature is above 18C, and the optimum night temperature is 22-25cC. However, the temperature varies throughout the year, coupled with the differences in geographical environment and climate in different regions, the ideal temperature conditions can be achieved through the improvement of facilities to avoid damage caused by temperature discomfort:

(1) low temperature harm: Araceae foliage plants are sensitive to low temperature. when low temperature comes, light plants will cause slow growth or standstill, severe leaf frostbite or even death of fallen leaves. Different species of foliage plants have different tolerance to low temperature and its duration. The limit low temperature of coarse rib grass, white crane taro, vine green velvet and daifen leaves is above 10C. when the cold current comes, a short low temperature (below 10C) is enough to cause cold damage to rough ribbed grass, Pueraria lobata and Daifen leaves, and physiological obstacles will be caused if it is lower than 15C for a long time. Therefore, cold protection measures must be taken, especially the seedlings should be cultivated in a closed greenhouse.

(2) High temperature barrier: Araceae foliage plants prefer high temperature environment, fumigated leaves and white taro can obtain good quality under 32C conditions, and rough ribs can tolerate 42C high temperature at most. But on the whole, it should not exceed 35C, because the plant will increase the rate of evapotranspiration in order to eliminate too much heat in a short time, and the plant will show the sign of water loss. If the high temperature persists, it will cause the growth rate to slow or stop. In general, the problem of high temperature barrier can be improved by increasing watering times to increase air humidity. But the most basic method is still to cool down by shading. Within the allowable range of luminosity, the shading net can effectively isolate most of the heat sources and enhance ventilation to make the air fully convective.

(3) medium temperature: the soil temperature mainly affects the absorption capacity of the plant root. In the case of large temperature difference between day and night in late autumn or early spring, the air temperature gradually rises during the day, and the leaf temperature increases, which leads to too strong evapotranspiration. At this time, the soil temperature is still low, resulting in root water absorption too slow to catch up with the aboveground needs, thus showing the symptom of water loss, which will lead to malnutrition for a long time. The temperature of the medium also affects the rooting ability of plants. generally, the optimum cutting temperature of Araceae foliage plants is 24 ~ 30C.

Third, moisture

Araceae foliage plants native tropical rain forest, sexual like high temperature, the best relative humidity is 70ml / 90%. Increasing air humidity can increase the opening degree of stomata, increase the rate of gas exchange, increase the absorption of CO2 and increase photosynthetic efficiency, especially at high temperature, which can reduce the rate of water loss and the injury of high temperature.

The medium should always be kept moist, but not stagnant water, which can easily cause rotten roots. It is fully watered twice a day in summer and once every three days in winter.

Water quality requirements: do not contain too much calcium, iron and other mineral elements, when water permeates into the medium, the physical and chemical properties of the medium change, salt scale is easy to form on the leaf surface, resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, and hinders the appearance, it has little effect on plant growth in a short time, but long-term accumulation will cause physiological obstacles. Therefore, the electrical conductivity of water quality should not exceed 0.75mmho/cm.

IV. Media

The cultivation medium of Araceae foliage plants requires strong water retention, good air permeability and rich organic matter. Potted Araceae foliage plants should have a medium that can meet their growth characteristics because of their small basin volume and the buffer capacity of medium chemical and physical properties is not better than that of field soil. The comprehensive factors such as economy, chemical properties and physical properties of the matrix should be considered when selecting the medium. Generally, it requires low price, light texture, non-toxic, high utilization, easy to obtain materials, uniform properties, simple and convenient operation, strong cation exchange capacity, low nutrients, moderate pH, appropriate ratio of inert carbon to nitrogen and so on. The medium standard of foliage plants is: ph 5.5 Mel 6.5, water retention 20 Mel 60%, total porosity 5Mel 30%, overall density 0.6-1.2g/cm2, cation exchange capacity 2-40meg, soluble base 400-1000ppm. The pH value of the medium can be adjusted by bitter soil lime and light calcium carbonate.

The raw materials often used in medium preparation are peat soil, coconut shell, coconut bran, pond mud, pearlite, sand bark, etc. The reference formula is as follows: A. Peat soil: perlite: coconut shell = 2: 1: 1: B. Peat soil: perlite: borers = 1: 1, 1: 1. Peat: coconut bran: sand = 2:1:1

The PH value will decrease in use, resulting in the immobilization of nutrients and the toxicity of trace elements. Pay attention to the change of pH value of the medium at any time. When the pH value is too low, it can also be adjusted by watering light calcium carbonate water.

5. Fattening

Foliage plants focus on leaf performance, more emphasis on nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, generally recommended that the N-P-K ratio of 3:1:2 is more suitable, but the 1:1:1 ratio of fertilizer is also acceptable. At present, there are many long-acting solid fertilizers (such as secret fertilizer) and solid organic fertilizers (such as peanut bran) on the market, which can be mixed with the medium when potting or supplemented after planting.

Liquid fertilizer is widely used in foliage potted plants, usually combined with watering. The suitable N:P:k ratio is 3:1:2. The preparation of liquid fertilizer usually uses calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea and so on.

The application time and amount of fertilizer should be based on the results of medium or plant analysis. Due to the environmental condition and crop growth stage, the nutrient demand is larger when the luminosity is stronger and the temperature is higher. The areas with more irrigation times lose more fertilizer and must be replenished at any time.

VI. Methods of reproduction

The propagation methods of foliage plants in Araceae include cutting, ramet, tissue culture, etc., mostly by cutting, and all kinds of plant propagation methods are listed in the table:

Tissue culture of genus cuttings

Rough rib grass OX

White crane taro OO

Daifen leaf OXO

Green velvet OO

Guanyinlian XO

Synthetic taro XO

Note: O means commonly used methods in production; X means less commonly used methods.

The cutting of Araceae foliage plants is easy to root, as long as there is intermittent spraying equipment and well-drained medium. The cutting medium generally adopts the ratio of coconut bran to perlite = 1:1, the cutting temperature requires daily temperature 25-35C, night temperature not less than 22 ℃, especially in winter low temperature period, temperature control is more important, winter golden kudzu cuttings require night temperature above 18 ℃. Tissue culture method can be used to propagate a large number of virus-free seedlings, with the exception of rough ribs, can be propagated by tissue culture method.

VII. Disease and pest control

The main diseases of Araceae foliage plants are as follows:

1. Epidemic disease:

Blight is a kind of fungal disease with more harm. The optimum temperature for soil-borne diseases caused by Phytophthora phytophthoraspp is 20Mel 25C, especially in the rainy season. The injured site was flooded at first, and the tissue faded and browned. In the early stage of infection, the diseased tissue still maintained considerable toughness, but in the later stage, the affected part rotted, collapsed and disintegrated. Those invaded by the intercontinental part mainly cause wilting diseases, such as white crane taro blight, while the damage caused by leaves is leaf withering or stem withering. When the humidity continues, white mycelium can be seen in the affected part, which can be distinguished from bacterial soft rot. Such as Pueraria lobata, vine green velvet, rough rib grass blight. Water is an important factor affecting the occurrence of the disease. Phytophthora hyphae or thick film sporozoites latent in the root or medium of foliage plants form cysts and release wandering spores within a few hours when the medium is high humidity. by running water, Rain Water or splashing water droplets spread to the nearby plants, there is not a wound to be infected, but the wound helps the pathogen to invade the plant tissue.

Prevention and control methods: the most effective and simple measure is to strengthen field health management, remove diseased plants, diseased leaves and weeds at any time, and take them away from the park to burn. Do not accumulate plant remains in the park to avoid the breeding of pathogens and avoid rain, watering and splashing as far as possible. Even after being drenched in the rain, you must be given medicine in time to prevent it. Strengthen ventilation and cooling in the park, and nitrogen fertilizer should not be excessive. The chemical control can be controlled by 58% Metalaxyl-Zinc-Manganese 400 Mel 600 times, 72.2% Pulic Water Agent 800 Mel 1000 times, 50% Metrandrine wettable Powder 1000 Mel 1500 times, 64% Zinc-Manganese wettable Powder 400% 500 times, 80% Zinc Manganese Naipu wettable Powder 400 times in turn.

2. Root rot:

Root rot is a kind of fungal disease, the pathogen is Cylindrocladiumspadphyi, which mainly harms taro and Daifen leaves, and causes gangrene of leaves, stems and roots. When harming leaves and stems, brown spots are caused at first, and there are yellow halos around them. finally, plant leaves wither and cause fallen leaves, resulting in plant death, while damage to roots will cause root rot and affect plant water and nutrient absorption.

Prevention and control methods: in addition to strengthening field management, 1000 Mel 1500 times can be used to avoid 50% powder or methyl topiramate spraying or irrigation treatment.

3. Bacterial soft rot:

The pathogens were ErwiniaCarotovorasubsp.carotovora and E.chrysanthemi, and the optimum temperature was 22 ~ 28C. The pathogens could be transmitted by Rain Water, irrigation water, medium, tools and people when immersed through water pores, stomata and wounds. The main symptoms are flooding, soft rot to whole plant withering, and foul smell in the late stage. Dai pink leaves and green velvet are very prone to this disease.

Prevention and treatment methods: the initial stage of the disease can be sprayed with agricultural streptomycin, carbendan (Gepudan), noble copper, can kill 2000, Wang copper and other prevention and treatment, once it occurs, the diseased plant must be removed.

4. Bacterial leaf blight:

The pathogen is XanthomonasCampestrispv.dieffembachiae, which is harmful to almost all Araceae foliage plants. 28 ℃ is the optimum temperature for the disease. At the initial stage, the disease was immersed in water, followed by the formation of yellowish brown necrotic spots, with obvious yellow halos around, partial or complete yellowing of the leaves, dark brown spots in the later stage, gradually withered, the disease spread to the petiole, spread to the base, resulting in deciduous leaves, and finally the whole plant died. Bacteria invade through water pores, stomata and wounds, and can be transmitted by Rain Water, irrigation water medium and so on.

Control method: same as bacterial soft rot.

5. Virus disease DMV (Dasheenmosaicvirus):

The growing rosette virus belonging to the Potyviruses group is transmitted by mechanical or aphid vectors to foliage plants which are mainly produced by asexual reproduction, posing a potential threat. Mosaic, deformity, dwarfing and a few punctate spots were the main symptoms.

Prevention and control methods: (1) to control aphids and thrips to avoid snails and slugs from crawling or biting; (2) to select virus-free seedlings; (3) to control with virus grass, virus and so on.

The main pests of Araceae foliage plants are aphids, which can be controlled by quick culling, kung fu, omethoate and so on. Slugs and snails are also harmful to foliage plants, and the commonly used control agents are 8%.