How do banyan trees lose their leaves? what are the causes / 6 diseases and remedial measures?

The banyan tree is deeply loved by flower friends because of its developed roots and leafy upper body, and is kept at home by many people. But in the process of breeding, because of various reasons, the banyan tree will lose its leaves, which makes people have an incomparable headache. So, what if the banyan tree loses its leaves? What is the reason why the banyan tree has lost its leaves? The following will be edited by the editor to bring you the remedy for the loss of banyan leaves.

First, the banyan tree shed its leaves and looked for the cause.

As a common ornamental plant, the cultivation method of banyan tree can be said to be very simple, but there are many novices. Because they are not familiar with it or neglect it, they often lose their leaves. At this time, flower friends must be in a hurry! What if the banyan tree loses its leaves? In this regard, the editor will summarize six reasons and attach remedial measures, and we will move on to the details.

Second, what are the reasons for the loss of leaves in banyan trees and their treatment methods

1. The light is too strong

The banyan tree is light-loving. In the process of growth, sufficient light can make it grow more luxuriantly and greenly. However, it needs proper shade when it is hot in summer, otherwise the leaves of the banyan tree will turn yellow or even lose after being directed by the strong light.

Remedy: if the banyan leaves are caused by the strong light, the flower friends should move the banyan tree to the indoor semi-shade in time, pay attention to ventilation, and then water it properly after it slows down. after careful maintenance for a period of time, the plant will return to health.

2. Improper watering

To ask the banyan tree what is the reason for the loss of leaves, the most common is caused by improper watering. The banyan tree is sensitive to water. Excessive or insufficient watering will cause the plant to lose its leaves. The specific symptoms and remedial measures are as follows:

Too little watering: banyan trees like the humid environment, in its peak growing season, we should ensure that the basin soil remains moist. If it is not watered for a long time, or has not been watered thoroughly, the banyan leaves will become dim and dull because they cannot absorb water, and will fall off as soon as they are touched. Remedy: need a small amount of watering and spraying (do not add too much at a time), wait until the leaves of the banyan tree no longer fall behind before turning to normal watering.

Watering too much: although the banyan tree needs more water in the growth process, it should not be watered too much, otherwise it will lead to stagnant water in the basin and eventually cause root rot, thus affecting the water absorption and feeding of the plant, and the leaves will easily fall. Remedy: stop watering and often loosen the soil so that the soil is well ventilated, and then slowly return to normal watering.

3. Excessive fertilization

Banyan likes fertilizer, sufficient nutrients can make it grow quickly, but fertilization can not be too much, otherwise it will cause fertilizer damage and affect the growth of the plant, light falling leaves, heavy death.

Remedies: immediately stop fertilization, and increase the amount of water, dilute the fertilizer in the basin; usually fertilization, it is better to apply fertilizer with thin fertilizer, the concentration is not too high.

4. Diseases and insect pests

In fact, it has something to do with diseases and insect pests to say what is the reason for the loss of leaves in banyan trees. It is understood that in the environment of poor ventilation and dry air, banyan trees will give birth to beetles and red spiders, which are small and harmful, often causing yellow leaves or even fallen leaves.

Remedy: clean the insect body with water and spray related insecticides, which should be sprayed, you can refer to the pest control of banyan tree.

5. Move the basin too often

When raising banyan trees indoors, flower friends who are very idle sometimes often change the position of potted plants. This is actually a wrong approach, because it will lead to an unstable environment for the growth of banyan trees, thus affecting the growth of plants and causing the emergence of fallen leaves.

Remedy: if the banyan tree leaves caused by changing the basin, it is easy to remedy, we just need to put it in a ventilated semi-shade, and then do not move the position, it will return to health in a few days.

6. Normal phenomenon

What is the reason for the loss of leaves in banyan trees? in addition to the above points, we should also consider whether it is a normal phenomenon. It is understood that the newly bought banyan tree is easy to lose its leaves, and this is actually a very common thing, because although the banyan tree has strong adaptability, it also needs a process of adaptation to the new environment. During this period, it usually loses its leaves.

Remedy: in this situation, flower friends do not have to worry, because this kind of leaf loss is very normal. In this regard, we only need to put the pot in a place of astigmatism for maintenance, such as the plant slowly recover, and then normal watering and fertilization, it will slowly recover.

With regard to the treatment of the loss of leaves in banyan trees, after reading the omni-directional analysis of the above six aspects, we should know how to do it! In fact, the loss of banyan leaves is caused by one reason, but it is often caused by a variety of factors, so when we encounter this situation, we must make a correct diagnosis, so that we can prescribe the right medicine to the case.

Daquan of modeling and processing methods of tree stump bonsai

Daquan of modeling and processing methods of tree stump bonsai

(1) the method of processing

There are two main methods of modeling processing: cutting and binding. The cutting method is the main modeling method of Lingnan bonsai, which is most suitable for tree species with strong germination, such as Fujian tea, elm, Jiuli incense, June snow and so on.

During the period of pruning, we should separate tree species and deal with them. In general, deciduous trees should be pruned before sprouting after deciduous leaves, evergreen trees should be pruned when they are growing vigorously, tree species that sprout regularly should be pruned before germination, and flowering trees should be pruned after flowering. In addition, in general spring and summer seasons, it is appropriate to let trees grow naturally for a period of time before pruning.

Wire binding: that is, winding the branch with copper wire or iron wire, and then bending the branch. The thickness of the wire depends on the size of the branch. First fix one end of the wire at the base or intersection of the branch, and then make a screw-like winding, you must stick to the branch, but do not use too much force to prevent damage to the bark or twist the branch. The branches must bend slowly to prevent them from breaking.

Brown silk tie method: that is, all the brown ropes of different thickness are twisted with brown silk to tie the branches into various curved shapes. When binding, tie the brown rope with a knot and fix it on the lower end of the branch that needs to be bent, such as the base of the branch, the intersection or the petiole; then cross the two brown ropes after the knot, and put it on the upper end of the branch that needs to be bent, tie a living knot, so that the branch is placed in it. Then slowly bend the branch to make the desired Radian, tighten the knot, that is, complete a bend.

No matter using wire or brown wire ligation, it must be removed immediately at a certain time. If it continues to stay on the branch, it will fall into the cortex because of the growth of the branch, resulting in "wire injury" or "brown trap".

(2) the standard of processing

The shape of trees in nature is ever-changing, as the epitome of trees in nature, the stump bonsai shape, of course, should also be varied. Different styles and schools, different standards, viewers also have their own preferences. Therefore, it is difficult to set specific standards for the modeling and processing of trees.

First of all, trees must be natural and picturesque. In line with nature is to make people feel that they have seen this kind of tree scene in nature, so we must pay attention to non-affectation and strive to maintain the inherent posture of the trees. But it is not enough to conform to nature, it must also be picturesque. Full of painting meaning refers to the artistic processing on the basis of nature. To achieve the purpose of originating from nature and higher than nature by various means is the same as the truth of painting.

The trunk shape of the tree is the most important, and its quality determines the shape of the whole tree. The trunk is generally strong and should be able to show the posture of a big tree. The trunk should be tapered from the bottom up, not suddenly thinning, or on the contrary, there is a certain section that exceeds the thickness below. In addition, the trunk can be straight and flexible, depending on the styling needs, but all must be natural.

The root shape of the tree is also important, second only to the trunk. Root exposure can show the characteristics of an old tree, but it may not be good to expose too much, but it loses nature. It is best to show and hide, and hide in the dew. The roots come in a variety of forms, some are shaped like steel claws, clinging to the soil surface, and some are like dragons and snakes, which are wonderful. But all must cooperate with the backbone and become an integral whole.

Stem and root are the foundation, and if we have a good foundation, we must also have good branches and leaves. Generally speaking, a branch needs music in order to have a sense of beauty. The bending formed by the method of shearing is more vigorous, while the bending formed by the method of pricking is relatively soft, both of which can be chosen according to the needs of modeling. If the branches and leaves are to be dense, they should be decided according to different styles and different tree species. In addition, the size of the leaves also has a certain relationship, if it is a small or medium-sized bonsai, you should choose trees with smaller leaves in order to appear more coordinated as a whole.

(3) processing and modeling

1. Storage and breeding

Conservation and conservation are different concepts, and conservation refers to the maintenance and care of bonsai trees in the process of growth. preservation refers to the use of storage methods combined with climbing, pruning, grafting and carving to develop the shape of roots, stems and branches according to people's wishes. A good bonsai of trees has a reasonable proportion of roots, stems and branches, and it is easy to deal with the bending of branches and crown cutting in the modeling process, while the coordination of thickness, symmetry and reasonable proportion can only be completed by preservation. Conservation is like "addition", while pruning, carving and digging is like "subtraction". The shape of trees must be "added" and "subtracted" at the same time, so as to complement each other. The storage and cultivation can develop the root system, which is conducive to wound healing, so that the proportion of branch, stem and root is reasonable and symmetrical, and the tree shape is plump, natural and beautiful, which makes up for the deficiency of climbing and pruning.

(1) Root planting: roots are the main components of trees that depend on survival, which to a large extent determines the growth of trees. From the perspective of bonsai trees, the shape of roots is an important part of the beauty of bonsai. Planting good roots can not only be beneficial to the growth of trees, but also enhance the appeal of bonsai plastic art and make it more perfect. As the saying goes, "rootless" is wood cutting. without a good root plate, it cannot be called a bonsai masterpiece.

Mountain mining stumps are generally longer in age and larger in roots. Due to the natural growth, the posture of the branches is very beautiful, and there are often deficiencies in the roots. when raising the billet, the method of replenishing roots can be adopted to induce new roots. If there is no root on one side of the stump, the leaning method can be adopted, and the same kind of seedlings can be planted close to the root. In the second year, the tree stump and replanting seedlings were cut off. This root filling method can restore the vitality and renew the growth of the defective root system of the old pile. The ideal root type can be molded by the method of root accumulation with tree stump.

In addition, in the technique of root accumulation, the root system of various types (such as spreading root, hanging root, rooting, connecting root, etc.) can be cultivated by hanging root method, root cushioning method, rooting method, extruding root method, encircling method, etc., which is more suitable for the root accumulation of reproductive work.

The left root of the root pile is missing, which affects the shape.

Take the small plant of the same kind of plant, remove the right root, and trim it into a cuneus with a knife to match the gap at the base of the stump to replenish the root, and fix it.

After the grafting survived for a period of time, the upper part of the scion could be cut off, leaving only the root combined with the rootstock.

Root filling method

Lure roots and raise them.

Root cushion method: select robust bonsai trees, dig up all the roots, wash off the soil, cut off all downward roots, pay attention to retain the surrounding lateral roots, clean them into a radial type, pad the roots with flat objects such as planks and tiles, and tie the roots evenly to the cushion with brown silk or perishable rope.

Schematic diagram of root-laying method

Root-packing method: select bonsai materials with soft roots that are easy to bend, such as banyan and elm trees, dig up all the roots in spring, wash off the soil, retain the long roots suitable for disc bending, squeeze the cones into the middle of the roots, separate the roots along the brown periphery, and then arrange the long roots, which are different in thickness and natural and appropriate, so that the roots are trumpet-shaped and tied with fragile ropes. The wood treated with koji is planted in the ground or in a larger mud basin.

Schematic diagram of root method

Extrusion method: in the process of tree growth, physical treatment is constantly adopted to suppress and squeeze the main root at the base of the root to form a plate root. Extrusion should be carried out gradually in many ways, and must not be done in too much haste, otherwise it will cause irreparable wounds to the roots of plants and cause the death of plants seriously.

Schematic diagram of extrusion method

Encircling method: the method of encircling is used to control the expansion of roots, force the roots to grow downward, and cultivate different forms of overhanging roots. This method can be used to cultivate bonsai with root-lifting stump.

Schematic diagram of entrapment method

(2) dry storage: stem is an important part of tree morphology, which connects the crown and root into a whole, and plays the role of transporting nutrients and supporting the crown. From the perspective of bonsai processing, the thickness, strength and momentum of the dry play an important role in the overall shape. If you want to make a bonsai in a pot of trees, you must first plant roots and stems, and then grow branches and lateral branches according to the characteristics of the trees. The storage of tree stumps in the field should be grasped flexibly according to the habits of different tree species. Where the growth rate is slow, the cross-section is difficult to heal tree species, such as pine and cypress and miscellaneous trees such as sparrow plum, Chinese wolfberry, June snow, etc., when mining should maximize the preservation of roots, stems, branches, and seek their integrity. While some tree species with fast growth and easy wound healing are extracted, the root disc is very good, and the stem shape is not ideal, so we can make up our mind to cut off the unideal part of the cadres and re-nurture the trunk. Those with large cross-section can develop double-stem, and those with small cross-section can be trained to work alone.

Cut-dry storage method: the stumps of miscellaneous trees excavated in the field, such as Acer truncatum, elm, Fujian tea and other fast-growing tree species, the root plate is very good, but the upper trunk is not ideal, so it can be sawed off, and the dry section can be cut into double-trunk or three-trunk type. The following spring, the dry type was determined according to the situation of clockwork. The double-trunk type cuts the trunk into one high and one short, one main and one time, which varies. And let it grow, using the method of storing branches and cutting off the stem to store the trunk. When the trunk of storage is basically ideal, then use wire to fasten branches and lateral branches. After several years of dry storage and climbing, the branches of cutting cadres have become more and more plump and shaped day by day.

Schematic diagram of dry-cutting and preservation method

Single dry storage method: trees with intact roots, such as the upper trunk is not ideal, can be cut off at an appropriate height to re-cultivate branches, and those with small cross sections can be cultivated alone.

Schematic diagram of single dry storage method

(3) branching: branches are an important part of the beauty of bonsai trees. Without branches, there is no crown. In wood processing and modeling, it is often difficult to become an excellent work because of the proportion of thickness and thickness between branches and stems, branches and branches, and unreasonable arrangement. The natural growth law of trees is that the bottom is thick and fine, if the lower part is thin and thin because of improper shape, while the top branches are stout, they will lose their natural beauty. Therefore, measures must be taken to restrain the upper and lower branches, and there are enough nutrients to supply the lower branches so that they can grow thick and form a full crown.

The branch crown should be made after the root and stem modeling is basically completed. But do not rush for success, can be gradually promoted from the bottom up, the closer to the top branch crown, the faster the molding. Therefore, in order to locate and bind the top branches, we should cut off the ungrown branches and four strong branches in time, store the lower branches and let them grow and thick, and then store the side branches according to the modeling needs, or pruning or climbing, to carry out different modeling treatment, and then gradually move upward after the lower branches are basically shaped. In this way, the proportion of branch and stem, branch and branch is coordinated and reasonable, forming a beautiful crown.

Schematic diagram of branch accumulation method

(4) Storage section: the tree stump excavated in the mountain field needs to be cut off in the process of raising billet to form a section of different size. The section does not heal well and gradually fester, which not only hinders the viewing, but also affects its growth and life span. Due to the difference of tree species, section size and growth speed, their healing ability is different. The healing ability of broad-leaved trees is strong, while that of pine and cypress is poor. The wood with large cross-section is best planted with billet, and is not in a hurry to shape. After the branch is positioned, its growth is unfettered, and the cross-section healing is much faster.

The section after the oblique saw is cut off part of the surrounding area with a knife, showing a small circular arc, in order to facilitate the healing of the cut. The position of the note should be left on one side of the cut according to the needs of the shape, not symmetrically. The branch that stores the section should be placed where it needs to be thickened. When the remaining branch grows to 1.5-2 cm thick, it can be cut off. If the cut has not healed well, it can continue to remain until the section is healed.

When the section is too large and difficult to heal, the method of leaning on the joint can be used to use the branches of the tree close to the cut-off. After the grafting healed, cut off the graft and continue to store the cut on the grafted branch in the middle of the section.

2. Modelling

(1) climbing and bending: in the process of bonsai modeling, branch bending is an indispensable part of modeling, through bending to change the original form of branches, reasonable occupation of space in order to achieve formal beauty. In the traditional bonsai modeling of trees in China, brown silk and brown bark are often used to climb, bend and adjust the branches. Its brown technique is still worth learning.

The traditional brown climbing is not easy to hurt plants, neat and beautiful, but the technical requirements are high, and the working hours are long. Wire climbing is easy to operate, can be readily desired, handy, labor-saving and time-saving, and difficult to disassemble. So when bending and climbing, you can choose brown wire or wire according to the preferences and modeling needs of the maker, or you can use both gold and brown.

For the bending of branches, it is necessary to understand the habits of different tree species, according to the thickness, grasp the time season, and flexibly use different methods. In particular, we should be sure of the bending of the trunk and bend to what extent it can be bent. It can also gradually increase the curvature in stages, and pay attention to the protection of xylem and epidermis when bending. For some rough shapes can be bent but not curved, as far as possible less curved or not curved. The potted trees cultivated by young seedlings should be bent and clambered from an early age, and large bonsai stumps should be dug in the mountains, which can be reduced by changing the planting form or skillfully taking advantage of the tree potential.

① wire climbing: the commonly used wire is copper wire, lead wire and iron wire. According to the thickness, toughness and color of climbing wood, choose different thickness of wire. Because the metal wire is strong and easy to damage the plant epidermis, it can be made of Kraft paper, cotton cloth and plastic with good elasticity and soft texture to wrap the metal wire and, if necessary, also wrap the climbing trunk. Take care to disassemble in time to prevent the wire from being embedded in the xylem.

Climbing should be the first main branch, then the secondary branch, and then the twig, from the bottom to the top, from the inside to the outside, from thick to thin. Fix the beginning of the wire, either one or two, stick to the branch, climb upward according to the tangent angle of 45 degrees between the wire and the branch, and when necessary, keep the end of the wire close to the bark and do not warp up.

Miscellaneous wood climbing in the growing season, when semi-Lignification is the most suitable, when the branches are particularly vigorous, even if broken, it is easy to heal. Pines and cypresses should be climbed during the dormant period.

② brown silk climbing: according to the thickness of the branches, twist the brown silk into brown ropes of different thickness, and find out the best climbing point and knotting position according to the branch growth position and bending form. Try to choose branches, knots, or rough places at the beginning of climbing to prevent brown rope from sliding. If the climbing point is smooth, cotton fabric can be wound. The bending distance depends on the thickness of the branch, the degree of hardness and softness, and be flexible. The thin and soft spacing of branches can be shorter; hard and thick, the spacing can be longer, the inner arc of the curved part is pulled with a saw, the depth is less than 1x2 of the dry diameter, and the wound is wrapped with hemp skin. Climbing time, in addition to the traditional climbing, the natural shape can be climbed timely according to the need. When climbing harms the trunk, it can be carried out in early spring, which is conducive to wound healing. Climbing order, first tie the trunk, then tie the big branch, and then tie the twig. When pricking the branches and leaves, stick the top first and then the lower part.

Click: Brown silk climbing diagram

③ gold and brown combined with climbing: the wire can bind the twigs with fast time, good effect and strength, but it is more difficult to bend the thicker branches. And brown silk climbing can be either thick or thin. Brown silk climbing, mainly through two points of contraction, so that the branch bending, the form of bending, more soft and less rigid. Therefore, the combination of wire and brown wire can learn from each other's strengths and complement each other's weaknesses. The bending of the main branch is clambered and pulled with brown wire, and the bending of the twig is bound with metal wire.

Click: schematic diagram of gold and brown climbing

④ other climbing methods: besides climbing with wire and brown rope, branch bending can also be done by cutting, sawing, slotting, twisting, hoisting, pulling and topping. Click

The tree species whose trunk is not too thick and the wound is difficult to heal can be cut in the middle and equal to the arc length in the vertical bending direction. After cutting, wrap the incision tightly with brown skin or hemp, wrap the brown silk buckle at the base of the dry, tie the two strands of rope together and tie the upper end of the dry to tie the knot, bend in place and then tie the dead knot to fix it.

(2) pruning: in terms of modeling, pruning and climbing are to change the bending form of branches and occupy the space position, so as to achieve the purpose of tree modeling. In terms of maintenance and management, pruning is to maintain and maintain the formed tree landscape. According to the modeling order, it can be divided into positioning cutting, shrinking cutting, thinning cutting and so on.

Pruning time: miscellaneous wood bonsai can be trimmed all year round, pine and cypress should be trimmed in dormant season. There are many Rain Water in the plum rain season, the air humidity is high, and the trees grow vigorously, so they should be cut less or not re-pruned. A large number of branches and leaves will be cut off will affect the normal growth and lead to death in serious cases. In addition, close to the end of autumn can not be re-cut, after strong cutting, new buds sprout one after another, cold snap will freeze to death buds. The best time for heavy cutting and strong cutting is that the trees are dormant from January to February. However, some cold-resistant tree species should not be pruned in winter, because the wound is more difficult to heal and easy to leave scars.

Generally speaking, trees with strong and exuberant growth can be cut more, while those with thin growth can be cut less. From the needs of tree modeling, it is usually necessary to cut off cluttered cross branches, overlapping branches, parallel branches, whorled branches, opposite branches, thin branches, sick branches and so on. If the nutrients of the branches are concentrated, they can grow strong.

Click: all kinds of taboo branches

All kinds of taboo branches

Pruning method: the end face of the shearing mouth should be tangent to the branches at an angle of 45 degrees, and the leaf buds should be left on the upper side of the bevel. In the growing period, can be posted near the leaf bud pruning, conducive to wound healing. In the non-growing period, it can be pruned at the upper end of the leaf bud.

Positioning scissors: that is, the bonsai model is trimmed for the first time, making sure to retain the branches in different positions and cut off the excess branches. The stumps dug in the mountains will sprout a lot of branches after they are cultivated and survive. Most of the branches must be cut off and the bone branches needed for modeling must be retained. This is called positioning shearing. After positioning cutting, the number and position of branches and the distance between branches are determined, which directly affects the morphological beauty of bonsai trees. Therefore, before pruning, we should seriously think about it and consider the form of tree building. As the saying goes, "it is meant to write first". At the same time, we must be "confident" before we can cut it. Because the choice of branches depends on the establishment of the form of tree scenery. The retained branches should grow sturdily, coordinate the thickness of the top and bottom, avoid parallelism, symmetry and overlap as far as possible, be dense and dense, spread around the trunk, and have momentum.

Pruning: it is not only a pruning method for shortening branches, but also an important measure for tree modeling and tree landscape maintenance. In terms of modeling, the trees are dwarfed by shearing, the branches are plump, and the thickness is variable from top to bottom, so the modeling should pay attention to three points: the proportion of the transition between the thickness of ① and the upper branches is appropriate; when ② is shrunk, keep the direction and angle of the bud eye to adjust the space position of new branches reasonably; ③ pruning should be short and avoid long, the first branch is longer than the second, and the second branch is longer than the third branch. In terms of maintaining the tree landscape, most of the formed leaves and bonsai need to be shrunk in order to maintain their beauty.

Pine and cypress bonsai mainly rely on sprouting and heart-picking to control super-long branches and maintain their original appearance. On the other hand, different pruning methods should be adopted according to their different growth habits. Such as crape myrtle, pomegranate, begonia and so on, they blossom and bear fruit on the newly drawn branches in the same year, and can be shrunk in the dormant period, but not in the growing period. Yingchun, plum blossom and green peach that blossom in early spring should be pruned after flowering to promote the formation of flower and fruit branches in the following year. Foliage bonsai can be shrunk twice in early summer and early autumn and strongly cut in the dormant period to remove all kinds of taboo branches. There are many flowers and fruits on the short branches of Hippophae rhamnoides and wolfbone. In addition to strong shearing in the dormant period, the long branches of the same year can also be shrunk in late spring and early summer, and thin fertilizer can be applied frequently to increase light, promote short branches in summer and autumn, and increase the amount of flowers and fruits. Strong pruning during dormancy should keep short branches properly to ensure the flowers and fruits of the following year.

Click: positioning cutting, shrinking cutting method

Positioning scissors

Forced bud shearing

Shearing

Shearing modeling

The shearing of flower and fruit bonsai

The bending of branches in shearing

Thinning and pruning: maintain the tree landscape, increase the ability of ventilation and lighting, reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, concentrate nutrients, promote luxuriant branches and leaves, flowers and fruits.

The thinning time varies according to the difference between strong and weak shearing. During the growing period, the branches and leaves are luxuriant and can be cut weakly at any time, but not strongly. Tree species with strong germination, such as sparrow plum and elm, can avoid the rainy season and carry out strong cutting. After cutting, the amount of water should be reduced, thin fertilizer should be applied frequently, and the light should be strengthened. In general, the amount of thinning at the upper end of the tree can be larger, and the amount of thinning at the lower end can be smaller, because the lower branches are more difficult to grow. The objects of thinning are mainly all kinds of taboo branches and overdense branch crowns. When the upper and lower branch crowns are equally important, they should be cut as far as possible, so that the volume of the upper branch crown is smaller than that of the lower branch crown. After thinning and pruning, the growth of the crown is suppressed and many new branches will sprout, which should be cut off in time. Pruning methods also include wiping buds, picking hearts, picking leaves and other measures.

Sprout: bonsai tree species with strong germinating power, germinate more and faster in the growing season, take the trouble to erase all unnecessary buds in time, including root buds, dry buds and axillary buds. At the same time, attention should be paid to preserving the direction, position and density of the buds. In order to avoid sprouting forked branches, opposite branches and overlapping branches, affecting the beauty of the tree.

Heart-picking: that is, to remove the new shoots and tender heads of trees during the growing period, inhibit the overgrowth of new shoots, promote the growth of lateral branches, and make the branches shorter, so as to maintain the beauty of the tree shape. The time of coring is different due to the different germination period of different tree species. Leaf wood bonsai, when the new leaf unfolds 2-4 pieces, you can pick the heart. Bonsai of flowers and fruits should be flexibly mastered according to different flower and fruit periods. Coring can stimulate the growth of lateral branches and increase the number of flowers.

Picking leaves: picking leaves properly can reduce the leaves and improve the ornamental value of bonsai. Some people call this method "strip for brocade". Generally speaking, the new leaves that trees sprout in spring are the most attractive. With the passage of the season, when exposed to the summer sun, the original leaves are bright and bright, and they gradually become old and autumn. By picking leaves, they can send out fresh and tender new leaves again. Add the best ornamental effect. Some old piles, iron branches dry, towering iron bones, and new leaves such as green, green, spring is full of vitality. The time of picking leaves varies from tree species to tree species, and leaf trees can pick leaves in early summer or early autumn. Evergreen trees are not suitable for picking leaves. During the period of picking leaves, water should be properly deducted, and the basin soil should not be too damp. In addition, rotten cake fertilizer and water should be frequently applied to strengthen ventilation and light to promote the germination of new leaves.

(3) grafting: grafting of bonsai trees is a modeling method. Through grafting, not only excellent bonsai wood can be obtained, but also the forming speed of bonsai can be accelerated and twice the result with half the effort can be achieved. For example, big-leaf Luohan pine grafting sparrow leaf Luohan pine, white flower tree grafting safflower tree, can improve the variety and improve the ornamental effect. Grafting can also be used to replenish roots, branches and change crowns to make the shape of bonsai trees more perfect. In the process of bonsai modeling, the combination of climbing, pruning and grafting techniques will play the role of icing on the cake.

The main way to improve the survival rate of grafting is to master the technology of grafting, and the cambium of scion and rootstock must be aligned and tied tightly. The closer the relationship between scion and rootstock is, the easier it is to survive. To master the time of grafting, the general temperature is 20-25 degrees, when the cambium cells are the most active and divide quickly, which is conducive to the survival of grafting. The scion should select excellent mother trees with strong growth, no diseases and insect pests, small leaves and strong affinity, preferably vegetative branches with abundant tissue. Grafted begonia, pomegranate and other flower and fruit tree species, flower and fruit branches should be selected as scions, which can make grafted plants blossom and bear fruit ahead of time, and blossom more and hang fruit more.

Tools should be prepared before grafting, such as bud grafting knife, cutting knife, handsaw, mallet, pruning shears, as well as plastic straps and hemp skins needed for binding. When grafting, we should try to meet the technical requirements of flat, accurate, fast, strict and tight, which can greatly improve the survival rate. The commonly used grafting methods are as follows:

① branch grafting: select annual branches or new shoots of the current year as scions, which are called branch grafting on the rootstock. The commonly used branch grafting methods are split grafting, cutting grafting, ventral grafting and leaning grafting. The time of branch grafting should be within half a month when the trees have just sprouted in early spring, and choose sunny days rather than rainy days. The method adopted can be determined according to the specific circumstances. in general, when the diameter of the rootstock is larger than the scion or when the rootstock is stout, split grafting or cutting can be used, such as begonia, peach, pomegranate, wax plum, spring plum, banyan tree, sweet-scented osmanthus, etc., while pine and cypress can choose ventral grafting method, because this kind of tree species must retain branches and leaves in order to survive. However, some precious tree species which are not easy to survive by grafting need to adopt the method of relying on grafting.

② pruning: when a bonsai lacks branches, it can be planted with native branches and other species of the same genus, and the method of grafting should be adopted. In the branch-deficient part, the transverse cutting pit is lip-shaped and deep to the xylem, and the length and depth of the incision should be in good agreement with the grafting cutting surface. Then the selected T-shaped T-shaped joint is cut into a shape consistent with the cut of the rootstock, and then Ding Anzhi is leaned against the potholes of the upper pruning, aligned with the cambium and solid with ribbons.

③ root filling: digging in the mountains to find a beautiful stump, often due to the lack of roots, appears to be inadequate. The missing root can not induce the new root, so the method of connecting the root can be adopted to fill the root. In the tree growing season, the thickness, size and direction of the roots of the same kind of seedlings should basically meet the needs of the lack of roots of the rootstocks. Dig them up and cut off all the lateral roots and some branches and leaves except the main roots. Keep the bud point as far as possible on the interface, and when the upper end of the seedling is cut off after the interface is healed, keep the bud point as a branch to promote the wound healing, and when cutting off the upper end of the graft, keep the bud point as a branch to promote wound healing. The connection method is similar to the pruning method, such as the triangular maple dug in the mountains, which has a good shape, but the root plate is not perfect because of the lack of roots. The pile was planted first, and in the second year after survival, in summer, a groove deep into the xylem was opened in the missing root. Select a triangular maple whose root size is similar to that needed by the rootstock, cut the joint surface into a shape consistent with the root groove of the rootstock, and then align the two into layers. If the root is undulating and uneven, the upper branch can be cut off or the scion is fixed at the root of the rootstock with nails.

④ bud grafting: Bud grafting is a method of taking buds from scions for grafting. In the process of bonsai modeling, bud grafting can improve the crown and can also be used as a remedial measure for branch grafting. Its advantage is that several scion buds are grafted on the twigs of the rootstock. After survival, according to the density requirements of the shape, and then cut the choice. Some tree species with thicker skin can be improved by bud grafting. Such as wild peach bud grafting peach. Wild plum pile bud grafting plum blossom, wild rose old root bud grafting floret rose and so on. There are many methods of bud grafting, such as T-shaped bud grafting, I-shaped bud grafting, embedded bud grafting, nested bud grafting and so on. The best time for bud grafting is when the sap flow is exuberant and the bark and xylem are easy to peel off from July to August. Budding should be carried out in the morning and evening to avoid rainy days. 4-5 days before budding, rootstocks should be loosened, fertilized and watered to promote the flow of sap to facilitate peeling. The branches and leaves of the budding position of the rootstock need to be cut off before grafting in order to facilitate the operation. It is required that the epidermis of the bud grafting part of the rootstock is smooth and smooth, and the scion buds are not only ideal, but also full of axillary buds. Because the climate is dry when the buds are grafted, and the water in the cutting area is easy to evaporate, so take buds and take buds in one go as far as possible.

⑤ root grafting: the ideal root type can be obtained by digging tree stumps in mountain fields or when turning pots and cutting plants, and root grafting method can be adopted to change crowns. When turning the basin and transplanting in March, clean the well-shaped roots in water, cut off the antler roots and excess lateral roots, and change the crown by split or cut according to the thickness of the roots. Take 1-2-year-old branches of the same tree species as scions, retain 2-3 buds, after grafting, loosen the binding and gradually expose the roots, and get a new pile scene.

(4) carving: in the production of bonsai trees, it is often necessary to use carving to show a kind of incomplete beauty that is still alive even though it is dead, that is, the so-called dry type and withered tip type (also known as Shili dry, divine branch). This kind of crippled beauty is not an empty dry body, wood decay and exfoliation, terminally ill, but carved stems and branches such as clank iron, knock sound, rotten as iron, decaying as steel; although made by people, like Tiancheng, there is a kind of shocking artistic charm. Bonsai artists in Japan and Taiwan often use real cypress, juniper, and five-needle pine to make Shili dry and sacred branches, condensing the withered and glorious landscape of trees in nature into bonsai within reach, showing extremely high artistic attainments. The xylem of carved tree species should be tight, hard, resistant to decay, not suitable for aging and peeling off, and should be preserved for a long time.

Introduction and protection of plant species in Amazon rainforest

Human beings can not do without the tropical rain forest, people need to make use of the tropical rain forest, as long as it is developed within the bearing capacity of the tropical rain forest, the tropical rain forest can be renewed and sustainable use.

Many herbs in the Amazon rainforest have huge leaves, such as plantains, sea taros, arrow root potatoes, and so on, which are large enough to hold several people to shelter from the rain. Large leaves capture more light, which is generally thought to be the result of herbs adapting to low light in the rainforest.

The leaves of some herbs under the rainforest are not all green, but are mixed with yellow, white, red and other colored flower markings, which is called mosaic phenomenon. At present, the cause of mosaic phenomenon is not very clear. Tropical mosaic plants have long been used as flower materials and can be found in many greenhouses.

Trees, shrubs, and herbs in the lower layers of tropical rain forests, whose leaves generally have tail-shaped tips, called dripping tips. Typically, such as the leaves of a banyan tree, its curved tail-shaped leaf tip is several centimeters long. The interior of the tropical rain forest is very humid, and the water vapor in the air and the rainfall that occurs at any time often form a water film on the surface of the leaves. The dripping leaf tip can make the water film on the leaf surface gather into water droplets and dry the leaf surface quickly, which is not only beneficial to the leaf steaming, but also prevent some tiny epiphytes (moss and algae) from growing on the leaf surface and hindering its photosynthesis.

Eye-catching red leaf phenomenon

Whenever you look down at the tropical rain forest from the sky, you will find a pinch of red shining in the sun in the vast green sea. It is not flowers, but red leaves. In the seasonal rainforest, when old leaves fall off and new leaves sprout, patches of red stand out in the green sea.

Many tree species in tropical rain forests grow red and droop when their new leaves grow, and gradually turn green and firm after a few days or weeks. Trees in temperate zones are different, such as the famous maple leaves and yellowtail, which are only red in autumn when their leaves age and fall off. The former symbolizes new life, while the latter means aging.

Epiphytic aerial garden

Walking into the tropical rain forest, you can see that in addition to the trees and grass growing on the ground, different branches and vines are covered with all kinds of small plants, just like a sky garden. These hanging plants are called epiphytic lamellae.

The tropical rain forest has a superior habitat, and the competition of plant species for living space is extremely fierce. Because of the dim light under the forest, many small plants find it difficult to get enough light and have to expand into other spaces. The multi-layered structure of the tropical rain forest, coupled with the moist air in the forest, often accumulates litter in various branches and bark fissures to form a little soil, providing a hotbed for some seeds. Many small plants can gain a foothold and develop into epiphytes in these positions. The wetter the rainforest, the greater the species and number of epiphytes.

Tropical rain forests create the most efficient use of solar energy. The light that seeps through the thick tree layer is often caught by epiphytes. No wonder the forest is so dark that there is little light left to reach the ground.

The Liana of vice rises ten

In the tropical rain forest, there is a kind of plant that supports its body by winding or climbing on other trees, called lianas. The tropical rain forest is rich in large vines, sometimes lying on the ground, sometimes winding and hanging from the big trees, and their stems can only be seen under the forest but not their branches and leaves. The branches and leaves of lianas generally extend above the canopy, filling the canopy gap, which is also a form of competition for light. In some types of tropical rain forests, there are so many vines that it is difficult for pedestrians to pass through. when trees are cut down, they are often hung by big vines and cannot fall in the air. It is very difficult to cut in this kind of forest

The insatiable strangling of plants

Early European botanists and travelers were often puzzled by the strange phenomenon of growing trees in tropical rainforests. Any careful person can tell from the branches and leaves that they are two different plants, but their stems are intertwined with each other, or the stems of one plant enclose the stems of another. Gradually, it is noticed that the tree wrapped inside will eventually die, while the plant that wraps it will develop into a big tree. The entangled is called strangled plant, and the entangled is called host plant.

Most of the strangled plants are plants called banyan trees. Their fruit is a staple food for animals, and their seeds are very small. When an animal carries the seeds of a banyan tree to the branches or bark cracks of the tree, the seeds will germinate. Young banyan trees can produce adventitious roots and behave like epiphytes. With the continuous growth of the banyan tree, its adventitious roots gradually wrap around the host tree and support its body with the help of the host tree. When these banyan trees gradually grow into big trees, their roots and stems have completely wrapped around the host tree, and the host tree eventually dies because of too much weight and lack of nutrients, and these strangled banyan trees eventually become independent big trees.

A root parasite with a unique life

Under the damp tropical rain forest, from time to time, some leafless and strange flowers can be seen suddenly emerging from the soil, some as small as mung beans (leafless orchids), and some are huge, up to 1 meter in diameter, making them the largest flowers (large flowers and plants) in the world. These flowers are parasitic on the roots of other plants, usually invisible, but only emerge from the soil when they bloom, called root parasites. Large flowers and plants are a kind of root parasitic plants peculiar to tropical rain forest. their flowers are very large, red in color, fleshy in petals, and give off a strong rotten smell, like a pile of stinky meat, attracting flies to pollinate it.

The silent fungal world

Under the dark and humid tropical rain forest, on dead branches and fallen trees or fluffy humus, people often overlook a kind of small plants without chlorophyll, which have different forms and mottled colors, and make a living by decomposing litter humus to obtain nutrients. It belongs to the first class of fungi. The well-known mushroom is this kind of plant. They do not have large bodies and strong branches and leaves, but they are indispensable in the cycle of forest regeneration and nutrients.

exotic flowers and rare herbs

The humid and hot climate of tropical rain forest breeds extremely rich species and a variety of plant life types. Some flowers and fruits are strange in shape, some are like flowers and non-flowers, and some are integrated with flowers and fruits, which are indistinguishable. The largest flowers (big flowers), the smallest flowers, the strangest flowers and the most beautiful flowers in the world are hidden in the rainforest.

Orchid world

Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in the world, with more than 2000 species in the world, mainly distributed in the tropics, especially in tropical rain forests. There are more than 1240 species of Orchidaceae in China, which are mainly distributed in the tropics. There are 334 species of Orchidaceae in Xishuangbanna, which are mainly distributed in the tropical rain forest. Tropical rain forest is the differentiation and formation center of Orchidaceae.

The habitat of rare and endangered species

Tropical rain forest is the forest type with the richest species, the most complex structure, the most diverse plant life types and the most special ecological phenomena in the world. Because the tropical rainforest is not affected by Quaternary glaciers, it has become a refuge for many ancient species. Tropical rain forests are also rich in rare and endangered species. There is no doubt that the tropical rain forest is the essence and the most precious wealth of our planet. The protection and research on it is becoming the focus of scientific and technological development, and it is also the greatest project that determines the survival of mankind and our planet.

Postscript

Yesterday and today of the tropical rainforest

Today, the tropical rainforest still covers a vast area of the earth, especially in the Amazon basin in South America, there is still an endless area of tropical rainforest, compared with other types of vegetation in the world, it is still the largest type of vegetation. However, compared with hundreds of years ago, the tropical rain forest today has been greatly reduced, and in many places it has become small fragments or even disappeared.

Since the 19th century, with the rapid development of capitalist industry, the demand for wood and forest products has increased sharply, which led to the crazy exploitation of tropical rain forests. Especially in recent years, the population has skyrocketed, and the population in tropical rainforest areas has also increased significantly, and large areas of tropical rainforest have been transformed into agricultural land, plantations and towns in an instant. In tropical Africa and tropical Asia, large areas of rainforest have disappeared and fragmented. Even in the Amazon basin of tropical America, with the opening of crisscross roads, large numbers of immigrants from densely populated areas pour into the rainforest, where they settle, thrive and erode the rainforest.

The boundless rainforest seen decades ago now looks limited and fragile. At present, the rate of destruction of tropical rainforests is still increasing, and if we do not step up effective protection, they will soon disappear from the earth.

Reasonable protection of tropical rainforest is to protect human beings themselves.

More and more discoveries reveal that human beings originated in the tropical rain forest, which nurtures human beings. Even today, there are still many various human races that depend on tropical rain forests for their livelihood.

Tropical rain forest is the largest covered forest in the world. In human life, it has been selflessly dedicated to wood and forest products to meet people's food, clothing, housing and transportation. At present, the world consumes 3,350 million square meters of wood every year, half of which is used as fuel wood, and 84% of the fuel wood is tropical wood. The annual trade volume of Tengmi in the rainforest is more than 15,000 tons, worth 1.5 billion pounds. Many of the main food crops of human beings, such as rice, corn, Ganzhu and so on, originated from the tropical rain forest. Tropical fruits famous for their unique flavor also come mainly from tropical rain forests. Rubber, an industrial raw material, is a riparian tree species from the rainforest of the Bathia Mason River Basin. Today's botanical drugs 2gamma 3 come from tropical rain forests, such as the anti-malaria drug quinine is extracted from the bark of tropical tree species cinchona; the anesthetic cocaine is extracted from coca leaves; the antihypertensive drug reserpine is extracted from rove wood root; oral contraceptive ingredient diosgenin is obtained from dioscorea root.

Tropical rain forest is the most abundant plant community in the world, which contains an infinite variety of genetic genes. People now rely on and utilize only a very small number of rainforest species and their genetic products. The development of modern science and technology is clearly turning to tropical rain forests to uncover new resources and drugs.

Plants in tropical rain forests are usually distributed in a narrow range, and some species are only unique to a community or a local habitat. Plants in temperate regions are generally widespread and widely distributed. For example, broad-leaved forests in England have been reduced to only 4% of its land area, but no woody plant species have become extinct. If the area of tropical forest decreases, there is no doubt that a large number of plant species will become extinct.

The reduction of tropical rainforest will also lead to the reduction and extinction of rainforest animals. Rainforest plants provide food for animals, which in turn help plants pollinate and spread seeds, and they have formed a very complex dependence on each other. There is a rough rule that maintaining the existence of an animal species in a short period of time requires the retention of 50 adult individuals; maintaining the long-term existence of an animal species requires the retention of 500 individuals. Research in the Malaysian rainforest shows that 500individuals are needed to preserve the helmet rhinoceros species, and 100sq km of rainforest is needed to preserve the species; 186sq km of rainforest is needed to preserve the Siamang species; and 90 sq km of rainforest is needed to maintain the long-tailed macaque species.

The destruction of tropical rainforest not only leads to environmental deterioration and soil erosion, but also the extinction of a large number of animal and plant species. The environmental benefits of rainforest can be mitigated and partially replaced by a variety of artificial vegetation (artificial forests, plantations, etc.) and secondary vegetation, but it takes tens of thousands of years to form a species. The extinction of a large number of animal and plant species is irreparable.

Man himself is also an animal species, which has an extremely close and complex dependent relationship with other biological species. The disappearance of rainforests and the breaking of the balance between species are entirely possible to destroy human beings themselves.

Fortunately, there is still a large area of rainforest, the protection of tropical rainforest has aroused the concern of people all over the world, and many international non-governmental and government organizations are actively and continuously making efforts to raise funds and train personnel. establish nature reserves. Since 1970, more than 3000 national parks and nature reserves have been established in tropical areas around the world, with a protected area of 400 million hectares. Eco-tourism is also gradually carried out in nature reserves to arouse people's interest and awareness of biodiversity conservation. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a specialized institution for studying the conservation and sustainable utilization of tropical rain forest biodiversity. Their scientists are working day and night to explore new ways to protect and develop tropical rain forests reasonably.