Pest control of Cuiyun grass, 3 common pest removal techniques / prevention and conservation methods

The ornamental value of Cuiyun grass mainly lies in its stems and leaves, especially those who are farmed by water hanging, hoping that its leaves are green and its branches are strong, but sometimes because it belongs to management, it will lead to the occurrence of some diseases and insect pests, not only the leaves will dry up, but the plants may also die. today, we introduce several common pest control methods of Cuiyuncao to avoid this kind of tragedy.

Control methods of diseases and insect pests of Cuiyuncao

1. Aphids

Symptom: because aphids are closely related to ants, there are often ants around the plant when aphids appear. Aphids will pierce the epidermis of plants with mouthparts in their mouths, then absorb nutrients from the tissue, and then secrete honeydew to attract ants, which is very harmful.

Prevention and control: when a small number of aphids are found, they can be scraped off with a brush, but here the editor advises flower friends to use drugs for control, such as 1000 times of 50% marathon emulsion or 1000 times of 50% fenitrothion emulsion. In addition, soapy water can be added to improve the control effect.

2. Leaf spot

Symptoms: the leaves of Cuiyun grass begin to appear black spots, it will be round to nearly round, the edges of the black spots will become dark brown, the middle will become gray-black and there will be particles, and finally the disease spots will expand to the whole leaves, causing the leaves of the plant to dry up and die.

Prevention and treatment: control environmental humidity should not be too high, usually watering should not be too frequent, because one of the main causes of leaf spot disease is caused by too much humidity and too much watering. The initial use of 50% Dysenamine aqueous solution 300,400 times solution, and later with 50% methyl topiramate 1000 times solution for spraying.

3. Powdery mildew

Symptoms: yellow-green disease spots appear on the leaves, the shape is usually irregular, and the edges will not be particularly obvious, but the disease spots will slowly expand, and show that there will be powdery spots, and finally the disease spots will become gray, and the leaves will be deformed and curled. Very beautiful.

Prevention and control: in the pest control of Cuiyun grass, powdery mildew is common, but it should be dealt with in time after it happens. if there is alcohol at home, it can be diluted to 1000 times solution and sprayed until the leaf powder disappears. Of course, the most effective way is to use drugs for prevention and treatment, such as 15% trimethoprim 1000 times solution and so on.

Culture methods of Cuiyun grass for prevention of diseases and insect pests

1. Environmental ventilation

When raising Cuiyun grass, we should pay attention to maintain environmental ventilation, good ventilation environment can maintain air circulation, can avoid humidity is too low or too high, it can play a good role in the prevention of leaf spot disease, and it is also beneficial to the growth of Cuiyun grass.

2. Remove weeds or fallen leaves

Some old branches and leaves will fall naturally in the flowerpots, although they wither, they may still become parasitic targets of fungi and pests, so the fallen leaves and weeds in the flowerpots should be removed during conservation. Keeping the soil clean can effectively prevent diseases and insect pests.

3. Proper pruning

Diseases and insect pests tend to target weak branches, but rarely appear on branches that grow stronger, just as frail people are more likely to get sick than people with good physical fitness, and when we raise Cuiyun grass, we should cut off some thin branches, which can not only make other branches healthier, but also reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.

Common methods for prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in orchids

Today, the editor of Flower Bonsai style wants to share with you an article about the common methods of orchid pest control. Let's take a look.

Orchidaceae (scientific name: Orchidaceae) is commonly known as orchid, also known as Huji flower, is a worldwide distribution and diversity of flowering plants, and flowering is often colorful and often fragrant, often commonly known as orchidaceae.

Orchids are herbaceous plants. In the case of artificial culture, the incidence of orchids is much higher than when it grows naturally in the forest. In the case of artificial culture, orchids are most prone to anthracnose, black spot, sheath blight, rust and other easily occurring orchid leaf diseases due to the difference of temperature, humidity, light, gas and unclean ambient air.

Add meaning? Orchid this is a polysemous word, please choose to browse in the following meanings (a total of 6 meanings):

One of China's Top Ten famous Flowers the role in the second part of the traditional Chinese painting the Melody of the Mermaid 2006 American Bryce Dallas Howard directed the film 2010 Royal Horticultural Society edited the book Zuo River Poetry

Orchid-one of the top ten famous flowers in China to edit and modify the name of the item free of charge

Category: plants

Orchid (scientific name: Cymbidium ssp.): epiphytic or terrestrial herbs, with several to many leaves, usually on the base or lower nodes of pseudobulbs, distichous, banded or rarely oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, base generally with broad sheaths and enclosing pseudobulbs, articulated. Racemes with several or many flowers, the colors are white, pure white, white-green, yellowish green, yellowish brown, yellow, red, cyan, purple.

Orchids in traditional Chinese flowers only refer to several species of terrestrial orchids distributed in Chinese orchids, such as Chunlan, Huilan, Jianlan, Mulan and Hanlan, which are commonly referred to as "Chinese orchids". This kind of orchid is very different from the tropical orchid with large and colorful flowers, there is no eye-catching gorgeous state, no huge flowers and leaves, but it has a simple, quiet, elegant and elegant temperament, which is very in line with the aesthetic standards of the Oriental. It has been cultivated in China for more than a thousand years.

Chinese people have always regarded orchids as a symbol of nobility and elegance, and juxtaposed with "plum, bamboo and chrysanthemum", collectively known as "four gentlemen". "Lanzhang" is usually used to describe the beauty of poetry and prose, and "Lanjiao" to describe the truth of friendship. There are also orchids to express pure love, "gas such as orchid Xi long does not change, the heart if orchid Xi eventually does not change", "find a bosom friend of the orchid newspaper, a chat gift dream Xiaoxiang". In May 1985, the orchid was named as the fourth of the top ten famous flowers in China.

Basic information

Chinese name

Orchid

Alias

Chinese orchid, spring orchid, orchid grass, Lanhua, quiet orchid, mountain orchid, national fragrance, empty valley fairy, Xiangzu

Door

Angiosperm phylum

English name

Orchid

Species

29 species

Boundary

Plant kingdom

Family

Shulan nationality

Eye

Neoptera

Section

Orchid

Latin scientific name

Cymbidium ssp.

Class

Monocotyledon

Subfamily

Lanyaceae

Named person and age

Sw.,1799

Genus

Cymbidium

Subclass

Lilium subclass

Catalogue

1 basic introduction

2 morphological characteristics

3. Distribution area

4 introduction of value

5 Commercial value

6 the hometown of orchids

7 cultivation related

8 History of Orchid Art

9 other related

Edit the basic introduction of this paragraph

​ Orchidaceae (scientific name: Orchidaceae), commonly known as orchid, also known as Huji flower, is the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants, with more than 25000 genera and 25000 species (some data list more than 30000 species), and more than 100000 mating species and varieties cultivated by horticulturists. The World Orchid comparison Table of the Royal Botanical Gardens lists about 24000 recognized species names and adds about 800 new species each year. Orchidaceae has more species than all vertebrates including bony fishes, accounting for about 1. 4% of all species of Monocotyledons. In the early classification system (Cronquist taxonomy), Orchidaceae and hairpin family were classified into Neoptera, and were classified into Cymbiformes in the APG classification published in 1998, while in 2003, the improved APG II taxonomy based on genetic relationship was classified under the order Tian Men, and it was considered to be close to that of Cymbiaceae. Due to the extreme complexity of the flora of orchids, all the characteristics of flowers fully show a high degree of adaptability to insect pollination and establish a symbiotic relationship with fungi, which is considered to be the pinnacle of plant evolution.

Orchidaceae plants are perennial herbs with a life style of terrestrial (such as red gate orchid, Bletilla striata, sage grass, etc.), epiphytic (or lithophytic, most orchids have epiphytic habits) and the strangest saprophytes (such as Gastrodia, mountain corals, Cymbidium, Cymbidium, etc.), and a few are climbing vines (such as vanilla), with whisker roots and epiphytic air roots; stems erect, overhanging or climbing. Simple leaves alternate and sheathed; flowers specialize in labellum due to pollination pattern with insects, and flower organ structure is complex; pseudobulb is a unique organ of Orchidaceae, mainly found in epiphytic orchids. Some varieties of flowers are large and beautiful, and have different colors and shapes, so they are often cultivated as flowers.

Edit the morphological features of this paragraph

Orchids are easy to live herbs. The root is fleshy, hairless and symbiotic [2]. With false bulb, commonly known as Reed head, wrapped with leaf sheath, often connected with multiple pseudobulbs, existing in rows at the same time. Leaves linear or sword-shaped, leathery, erect or pendulous, flowers solitary or in racemes, pedicels bearing numerous bracts. Flowers bisexual, fragrant. Corolla consists of 3 sepals, 3 petals and core column. The middle one of the sepals is called the main lobe. The next two are the sidelobe, and the extension of the sidelobe is called household. The upper 2 petals are upright, fleshy, and the apex is curled inward, commonly known as holding. Left and right symmetry, labellum, pollen block and gynostemma are the basic characteristics of Orchidaceae: there are some exceptions to the characteristics of pollen clumping, except for the subfamily Orchidaceae and Orchidaceae, most other Orchidaceae plants have pollen stalks. The ancients took "one stem and one flower as orchid" and one stem with more flowers as Christine.

Cymbidium and Cymbidium can be divided into plum valve, daffodil valve, lotus valve, butterfly valve, odd species and vegetarian heart according to the shape and texture of their main lobe, side lobe, holding lip and lip. The plum petal is short, round, fleshy, slightly curved inward, the base is narrow, the fleshy end of the petal is curved into a pocket, the lip is short and hard, and the flower is slightly upward at the beginning of flowering, famous varieties such as Song Mei and Xi Shenmei. Narcissus petal is slightly longer than plum petal, apex acuminate, holding petal texture thick, apex also into a pocket, lip slightly drooping or anti-curl, famous species are Wang character, Cui Yipin and so on. Tea petal for sepals broad, thick, narrow base, apex wide and pointed, holding petals not into a pocket, lip more moist, micro-rewind, famous species are big rich, Cuigai flower and so on. Butterfly petals are the inside of the two downward sepals, thickened in texture, wavy crepe, and red patches, sometimes a sudden increase in the number of whole sepals or petals (such as green clouds, Corolla is often about 8), or a special change in flower shape. Vegetarian heart for perianth, flower stem, bracts of the same color, pure green, yellow-green, no mottled green, yellow-green, no mottled markings, valuable varieties are Zhang Hesu, Lao Wen Tuansu and so on.

Orchid like shade, afraid of direct sunlight, like moist, avoid dry, like fertile, rich in humus, suitable for ventilation environment [2]. The climate and environment of different places can affect the growth of orchids, so the way of choosing plant materials is different. For example, in southern Fujian, the weather is warmer in the four seasons and will not be too cold. Orchids grow fast and are suitable for growing with pebbles. First, save resources. Second, pebbles are good for ventilation and no stagnant water.

Edit the distribution area of this section

As most of the varieties of local orchids are native to China, orchids are also known as Chinese orchids and are listed as the top ten famous flowers in China. Chinese orchids are mainly spring orchids,

There are seven categories of cymbidium, Jian orchid, cold orchid, cymbidium, spring sword and lotus petal orchid, with thousands of horticultural varieties.

Chunlan is also known as grass orchid and mountain orchid. Cymbidium is widely distributed and rich in resources. The florescence is from February to March of a year, and the time can last about one month. The scent of the flowers is rich and pure. Valuable varieties have various colors of lotus, plum, daffodils, butterflies and other petals. In terms of petal shape, Jiangsu and Zhejiang famous products are the most typical.

Sample Huilan Da Yi Pin

Sample Huilan Da Yi Pin

The roots of Cymbidium are thick and long, the leaves are narrowly banded, the quality is rough, hard, pale green, the leaf margin is serrated obviously, and the midrib is prominent. The florescence is from March to May, the fragrance of the flower is overflowing and lasting, and the color of the flower is yellow. White, green, light red and complex colors, mostly colorful flowers, but also vegetarian flowers and butterfly flowers.

Jianlan is also known as Sijilan, including summer flowering Xialan, Qiulan and so on. Four seasons orchid strong and straight, green flowers numerous, fragrant flowers beautiful, not afraid of summer, not afraid of cold, strong vitality, easy to cultivate. The florescence of different varieties was different, and the flowers could be seen from May to December.

Ink orchid, also known as orchid, fengshi orchid, etc., originated in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Taiwan, Hainan and so on. Orchid farmers in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Yunnan, are most fond of cultivation and ornamental.

Spring Jian is often called authentic Sichuan orchid. Although there are famous products in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, Sichuan orchid is the most expensive. There are red, yellow, white, green, purple, black and complex colors, gorgeous and dazzling, slim appearance, elegant charm, pure fragrance, often the first choice for orchids.

Hanlan is distributed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong and Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places in the southwest. Cold orchid leaves than the four seasons orchid slender, especially the leaf base is thinner, the leaf posture is elegant and unrestrained, green and beautiful, there are large, medium, thin leaves and edge and other varieties. Flowers and colors are rich, there are yellow, green, purple, dark purple and other colors, there are generally miscellaneous veins and spots, but also clean and flawless plain flowers. Sepals and holding petals are narrow, unique style, elegant and lovely, aroma.

Lotus petal orchid is a kind of geophytic orchid which is mainly produced in northwest Yunnan Province. It is in full bloom during New Year's Day Spring Festival every year. The petals of this orchid are oval-shaped, similar to the blooming lotus root petals, which are named as "lotus petal orchids".

Edit the value introduction of this paragraph

Medicinal use

According to records, orchids are known as "after flowers". The roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of orchids have certain medicinal value [1]. The root can treat tuberculosis, lung abscess and sprain, as well as bone. Jianlangen decoction is said to be a holy medicine for birth. The leaf treats pertussis, the fruit can stop vomiting, and the seed cures the eye. Huilan whole grass can treat women's diseases, Chunlan whole grass can treat neurasthenia, Ascaris lumbricoides and hemorrhoids and other diseases. Jianlan leaf can treat deficiency of lung qi (one for liver qi). Orchid pedicel can treat ringworm. Vegetarian orchid petals can be spawned. The dry petals of the vegetarian heart of Cymbidium can also be spawned.

In some rural areas of Sichuan, orchids are called "spawning flowers". It is said that if a woman is in difficulty in childbirth, she will quickly move a pot of "birth flowers" into the delivery room. If a pregnant woman smells the fragrance of orchids, she will give birth smoothly. Whether this is scientifically reasonable or not remains to be verified by obstetrics and gynaecology experts.

Chinese traditional orchids are precious flowers with beautiful posture and fragrant fragrance (the scent of kings). However, there is little summary of its medicinal value by physicians of all ages. The whole herb of orchid can be used as medicine. Its nature is flat, the taste is pungent, sweet and non-toxic. It has the effects of nourishing yin and moistening the lungs, promoting diuresis and wetting, clearing heat and detoxification and so on. It can be applied to clinical and gynecological diseases. The summary is as follows:

1. Nourishing Yin liquid, invigorating body and moistening dryness, to treat the sequelae of dry mouth and thirst caused by malignant tumor after radiotherapy.

[Ming] Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica: "Bluegrass has a pungent, flat, sweet and non-toxic smell." "its breath is fragrant, invigorates the body to quench thirst, moistens the muscles, and treats thirst and gallbladder." ". To treat thirst and drink, use orchid leaves to cover this. " In modern medical science, radium (cobalt-60) was used to treat some malignant tumors or cancers after surgery, which achieved a certain effect, but caused some damage and functional effects on the tissues and organs near the tumor. For example, radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, malignant tumor of salivary gland (epidermoid carcinoma of mucosa), carcinoma of upper and middle esophagus, etc., causes damage to all kinds of glands of oral cavity, especially parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland to the cells of large salivary gland and mucous gland of upper digestive tract, resulting in a great decrease in the secretion of glands, such as burning hot pharynx, tongue dryness and lip scorching, thirst leading to drink and other symptoms of thirst. Orchid can be used to treat malignant tumor after radiotherapy, and the curative effect is very good.

According to clinical experience, radiotherapy for malignant tumors in different parts and organs has a good effect with some Chinese herbal medicine. For example, radiotherapy patients with laryngeal cancer should be used in combination with soya bean root, white thatch root and dandelion; patients with esophageal cancer should be used with Scutellaria barbata, Hedyotis diffusa, Prunella vulgaris, Lingxian and so on.

2. Clear heat and cool blood, nourish yin and moisten the lungs, treat dry cough and hemoptysis.

According to the research of modern traditional Chinese medicine, Jianhua whole herb has the effect of clearing heat and cooling blood, nourishing yin and moistening the lungs. It is often used for pulmonary tuberculosis hemoptysis and treatment of chronic cough.

The patients with mild to moderate hemoptysis of pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with 50-100g fresh roots of orchids, mashed and squeezed juice or water decoction, twice a day for 4-6 days.

For the treatment of patients with dry cough, 30-50 orchid stamens are used, fried in water and put in rock sugar, twice a day, taking 3-5 days for remarkable effect. In line with the "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the "orchid treatment of blood, regulating qi, nourishing camp, in addition to phlegm in the chest" theory.

3. Shunqi and blood, dampness and detumescence, treatment of urethral infection, leucorrhea in women.

According to the Compendium of Materia Medica, it is recorded: "the yellow orchid name Milan can stop diarrhea and leucorrhea, benefit waterways, kill poison, reduce carbuncle swelling, regulate menstruation, take long-term service, benefit qi and light body, not old, and pass the divine piano with high skill." Modern Chinese medicine believes that orchid root has the effects of smooth qi and blood, dampness, detumescence and so on. Treatment of urinary tract infection, excessive leucorrhea in women.

50g of orchid root, 30g of thatch root and 30g of wax gourd peel were used to treat urethral infection.

Women with leucorrhea often used orchid root 50g, Tianmendong 30g, lily 30g, and one native chicken raised in farm powder, which was stewed and eaten meat in soup, once every 2 to 3 days, for 3 times in succession.

4. Soothing the liver and relieving depression, reconciling qi and blood, treating dizziness and neurasthenia.

Modern pharmacological research, the fragrant ingredient of orchids-aromatic oil, makes people relaxed and happy, removes the old spirit, relieves depression, refreshes the mind.

The treatment of dizziness (Meniere syndrome) is effective. Prescription: 30 g of orchid stamens, 15 g of chrysanthemum, 15 g of Ophiopogon japonicus, 20 g of Herba Euphorbiae, 1 dose a day. For 4 weeks and 6 days in a row. According to the Compendium of Materia Medica, "Su Xin Jianlan removes the old spirit and relieves depression." "Honey-stained blue orchids to drink tea, to reconcile qi and blood, wide in sober up" records.

50g of orchid root, 20g of banana head and 20g of Xu Changqing were used to treat neurasthenia.

5. Other medicinal uses

According to "the orchid leaf endowment water gas but seems to have the fire, people know its flower fragrance is expensive." But do not know its leaf has a prescription, cover its leaf can be scattered for a long time to accumulate stagnant qi is very powerful, that is, the record of "to treat constipation, large and small intestine stagnation, thick and greasy tongue coating, dry pharynx and lung dryness, bad breath, using 20-30 autumn orchids, 50g orchid leaves, after water frying, take 30g honey at a low temperature for 2 times." This is in line with the theory that the lungs and the large intestine are on the inside and outside.

With fresh Langen 50g 100g, wash, smash and apply to the affected area to treat injury caused by fall, subcutaneous bleeding and muscle tumor.

Edible

(1) Flower-scented smoked tea

The fragrance of orchids is clear and mellow, which is used to smoke tea and has the highest quality. In orchid producing areas or large-scale orchid gardens, orchid tea has a bright future.

It is reported: "Flowers can help tea, ointment can drink instead." In Fujian Province, villagers use Jianlan flowers to honey stain, and then drink. There are also records that "dried salted plum is drunk with juice named Rimei oil, and fresh flowers are soaked as spices". On the east side of Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan, there is an old shop that has sold ancestral "orchid tea" for decades. This is the spring orchid flowers produced in the northern mountains of Kyoto, picked, dried in a special way, and then salted in a small soil bottle. When using, take two and put them in a teacup, rinse with boiling water and drink. After soaking in water, the orchid returns to its original shape, which is not only beautiful but also has a special aroma and special flavor when drinking. Flowers are also edible.

(2) Flowers are edible

Flowers can make soup. According to Zaihua can order soup, before the soup, first with hot water, the design and color is new, the soup is delicious. Orchids can be used as dishes, is the famous Sichuan cuisine at the feast, fragrance, wreathed around the table, the food is unforgettable. The famous dishes in Sichuan cuisine are "shredded belly of orchid", "shredded meat of orchid" and so on, as well as "orchid steamed buns" with endless flavor.

Edit the commercial value of this paragraph

Singapore merchants have produced a very unique souvenir, that is, Huji flowers are dyed in 18K or 22K gold solution and condensed into corsage, small clasps, earrings, plates and other ornaments. Because Huji flowers are raw materials for natural growth, every flower cannot be exactly the same, so every gold-plated Huji flower jewelry is also different. In addition, Hu Jihua is also put into a special wax to make small alarm clocks, penholder and other souvenirs. Singapore is a multi-ethnic country, so souvenirs are diversified. Walk into Chinatown (Chinatown), Huale leisurely, all kinds of small souvenirs with Chinese characteristics can be found everywhere. Stepping into "Little India", people will find that its "Indian flavor" is very rich, with sari, spices, garlands, peacock feathers and so on everywhere. The "Dutch Village" sells souvenirs from Westerners, such as Dutch clogs.

In addition to tourist souvenirs for viewing and wearing, Singapore now makes some high-quality food into tourist souvenirs for tourists to choose from. Such as Singapore specialty pork jerky, rock candy bird's nest and so on, are very popular with tourists.

Edit the hometown of orchids in this paragraph

Luotian, Hubei

On the morning of April 2, 2013, the licensing ceremony was held in Luotian County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province. The award ceremony was sponsored by China Wildlife Conservation Association, Hubei Wildlife Conservation Association, Luotian County Committee of the Communist Party of China and Luotian County people's Government.

Luotian has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, dense mountains and dense forests, and the forest coverage rate is 68.8%, which provides good ecological conditions for the growth of orchids and promotes the coexistence of various communities of orchids. Cymbidium, fan vein dipper orchid and centipede orchid are abundant in high-altitude forest areas, and sword orchids, cold orchids and cymbidium are abundant in middle and low altitude mountain forests. There are 18 genera and 25 species of Orchidaceae found in China, with a growth area of 1.32 million mu. [5]

Edit the cultivation related to this section

Chinese orchid

Shaoxing orchid

Shaoxing is one of the earliest places to plant orchids in China, known as "the hometown of orchids". Southern Song Baoqing "Huiji continuation" contains: "Lan," more unique book "said: sentence practice kind of Lanzhu Mountain." The Old Sutra said: Lanzhu Mountain is the land where orchids are planted. " Lanzhu Mountain, in today's dripping Zhulan Pavilion, is still famous at home and abroad for its rich spring orchids. Shaoxing orchid has a wide variety, and its flower shape, color and fragrance are unique. One in the room, fragrance overflowing, refreshing. Xu Wei, a painter and calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, chanted the poem "Orchid": "Mo Jun Chunguang does not belong to non-farmers, one incense is enough to press a thousand red." The commander-in-chief picks the sleeves of fragrant Han Niang, not like a musk in the human brain. " The traditional names of orchids, such as "Song Mei", "Lou Mei", "Global Lotus Ding" and "Hosta Butterfly", all come from Shaoxing. Shaoxing odd species "Green Cloud" is a national protection of rare resources. In 1959, a famous orchid in Shaoxing was named "Zhongshan Butterfly Lotus" by Zhongshan Park in Beijing. In 1982, the standing Committee of the Shaoxing Municipal people's Congress designated the orchid as the Shaoxing city flower, and established the first orchid association in the country, that is, the Shaoxing Orchid Association.

Chanlan County

Yifeng County in Jiangxi Province is a large orchid-producing county, which is rich in orchid resources. Chunlan, Huilan, Jianlan and Hanlan are all distributed, especially Hanlan, which is famous all over the country. In recent years, the cultivation and cultivation of Tanshan and Tianbao orchids in this county have developed rapidly, and a number of large orchids such as Heping Orchid Garden and Baiyi Orchid Garden have emerged, and the orchid industry has taken shape. In order to guide and support the orchid industry to become bigger and stronger and form a scale, the County Orchid Association meticulously organized Lan you to participate in the second China Hanlan (Chongqing) Expo. In this exhibition, the county won a total of three awards. The sacred cat presented by Yang Heping, a big orchid in the county, won the special gold award, the downhill Chunlan line art won the silver award, and the side petal butterfly won the bronze award.

Distribution and collection

In addition to Ningxia, Qinghai and Ningxia in the north, northeast and northwest of China, there are different species of orchids in different provinces and regions. Generally speaking, terrestrial orchids are born in temperate and subtropical regions, such as Jiangsu and Anhui, while epiphytic orchids are born in tropical and subtropical regions, such as Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan and so on.

Going up the mountain to collect wild orchids is of great significance for discovering new varieties and selecting excellent hybrid parents. In the process of collection, the selection of florescence, the improvement of survival rate, the local climate and the dry and wet soil of local orchids should be considered. Local growth environment is different and other factors, at the same time, we should pay attention to safety, fire prevention, do not accidentally break into the forbidden area, do a good job of mining records and so on.

In the process of orchid cultivation and management, due to the crazy hype of some novel orchid varieties by orchid merchants, the price of orchids once rose abnormally, resulting in the emergence of "sky-high orchids". Driven by huge economic interests, there has been a mass destruction collection of wild orchid resources, and led to the extreme destruction of many orchids in the wild. To this end, the state has taken protection measures such as setting up no-mining reserves, establishing the level of variety protection, improving the legislation of wild resources, and severely punishing those who collect illegally.

From the point of view of long-term and effective use of orchid resources, respecting and advocating environmental protection, orchids should establish a scientific, reasonable, environmentally friendly and law-abiding consciousness of orchid collection.

Guiyang city flower, Shaoxing city flower, Zhejiang province flower.

Cymbidium chinensis

Orchids are famous flowers in the world, there are more than 15000 species in the national orchid family, Asian Chinese orchids are cymbidium, Oceania and Africa are mostly Phoenix.

Orchid, Singapore Wandai orchid, Finnish lily of the valley, Yugoslav lily of the valley, Seychelles-Phoenix orchid, Zimbabwe-Jialan, South American countries designated as the national orchid: Cartland, Brazil, Cartland, Costa Rica. Ecuador, Guatemala are Ricateran, Colombian Cartland, Ecuadorian white orchid.

Chinese Cymbidium usually refers to a part of the terrestrial species of the genus Cymbidium. The pseudobulb is small, with linear leaves and fleshy roots; the flower stem is erect, with more than 1-10 flowers, small and fragrant flowers, usually light green with purplish red spots. The morphology and florescence of leaves and flowers varied greatly among different species. Produced in the south and southwest of Qinling Mountains. With a long history of cultivation, at least more than a thousand years, it is one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China. Since ancient times, orchids have been regarded as a symbol of nobility, elegance, patriotism and indomitable chastity. To form an orchid culture with strong Chinese characteristics. To propagate by ramet, sowing, or tissue culture. Humus potted plants require good ventilation and drainage; like semi-shady and humid environment, the overwintering temperature of Cymbidium and cold orchid is about 10 ℃, and the other species is about 5 ℃.

Today, the so-called Chinese orchid was called "Hui" in ancient times. As Huang Tingjian (1045-1105) of the Northern Song Dynasty described the orchid in "Youfang Pavilion": "one dry and one Chinese but more fragrant orchids, one dry five or seven flowers but not enough fragrance."

Ornamental and cultivation

We Chinese watch and cultivate orchids much earlier than western orchids. As early as 2400 years ago in the Spring and Autumn period, Confucius, the forerunner of Chinese culture, said: "Zhi Lan is born in a valley, and it is not unfragrant because there is no one. A gentleman practices morality and does not change it for the sake of poverty."

Orchid, vanilla. -- Shuo Wen

Henglan Zhi Ruo. The Biography of Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty

The root of Lan Huai is Zhi Zhi. Xunzi persuades students to learn

The root of Chinese orchid is Angelica dahurica, which symbolizes the people. Huizhi is the essence of the traditional virtues of benevolence, righteousness and civil affairs since ancient times. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "you Orchid fragrance is far away, Cymbidium grass flows fragrant roots". Huilan root is the people.

History of Chinese Orchid Art

Chinese orchid

Confucius "Confucius Family language in Erer" Zhilan was born in the deep forest, not because everyone is fragrant; a gentleman practices morality and does not change his character for the sake of poverty. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of Chinese art and orchid history, and there were many books and descriptions about orchid art. For example, the "Erya wing" of Luo Ya in the Song Dynasty has "orchid leaves such as sand, which are issued in the first spring. Flowers are very fragrant, probably born in the forest, breeze over, its fragrance up to the outside, so it is called Zhilan. It is said that Jiangnan Orchid is only in spring labor, Jing Chu and central Fujian in autumn and summer. Jin Zhang Orchid Spectrum, written by Zhao Shigeng in the Southern Song Dynasty in 1233, can be said to be the earliest work on orchids in China, and it is also the first orchid monograph in the world. The book is divided into three volumes and five parts. It briefly describes the morphological characteristics of more than 30 varieties of Magnolia (mainly Cymbidium) and Magnolia (Suxin Jian Lan), and discusses the taste of orchids. Following Jin Zhang Orchid Spectrum, Wang Guixue wrote Wang's Orchid Spectrum in 1247, in which more than 30 orchid varieties were described in detail. In addition, there is a book "Lanpu Austrian method" in the Song Dynasty, which is mainly described by the cultivation method, which is divided into seven parts: planting method, planting method, settling irrigation method, watering method, planting fertilizer and mud method, removing ant lice method and miscellaneous method. As for Wu Zun's book "planting skills must be used", it also introduces the cultivation of orchids. In 1256, Chen Jingyi's "Quan Fang Beizu" described the orchids in more detail. The complete engraved copy of the book was collected in the library of the Imperial Palace of Japan, and the photocopy was returned to China in 1979. In the Song Dynasty, orchids as the theme of traditional Chinese painting, such as Zhao Mengjian's "Spring Orchid painting", has been considered to be the earliest existing orchid painting, and is now treasured in the Palace Museum in Beijing.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Lan Yi entered a period of prosperity. With the continuous increase of orchid varieties and increasingly rich cultivation experience, orchid cultivation has become a public ornamental. At this time, there are a large number of books, picture books, poems and orchid patterns printed on porcelain and some handicrafts, such as Luo Lizhai Orchid Spectrum by Zhang Yingmin in the Ming Dynasty and Zunsheng eight Notes by Gao Lian. The Compendium of Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen, a pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty. There is also a relatively complete discussion on the name, category and use of orchids. Many Yilan monographs also emerged in the Qing Dynasty, such as the record of Lan Hui in 1805, written by Xu Shi, a native of Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. He was addicted to orchid, was good at painting orchid, and had rich experience in Yilan. The book is divided into two volumes, volume one is about the knowledge of orchids, and volume two describes the identification and classification of orchid varieties. There are 57 varieties recorded in the book, with white drawings drawn by him. Others, such as Yuan Shijun's "Lan Yan outline", du Wenlan's "Yi Lan Si Shuo", Wang Xiang's "Lan Yan", Zhu Kerou's "the first fragrant Notes", Tu Yongning's "Lan Huijing", Zhang Guang's "Xinglan Spectrum", Yue Liang's "Yanglan Theory", Wang Hao's "Guangqun Fang Spectrum", Wu Qijun's "Plant name Map", and ou Jinze's "Ling Hai Lan Yan" in the late Qing Dynasty, still have certain reference value.

Lan Yi

With the development of Orchid Art in modern times, Lan Hui Xiao Shi, published in 1923, was written by Wu Enyuan, a native of Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province. Based on the Lan Hui Tongxin Records, he made a comprehensive introduction to the orchid varieties and cultivation methods at that time in three volumes. a total of 161 famous Orchid products in Zhejiang Province were recorded in the book, with photos and illustrations, which were fascinating. In addition, Orchid planting by Xia Zhibin in 1930, Orchid by Yao Yumu and Zhu Youren in Hangzhou in 1950, Orchid in Sichuan by Chengdu Garden Bureau in 1963, Xiamen Orchid by Yan Chujiang in Fujian in 1964 Orchids, written by Wu Yingxian in 1980 and Chinese Orchids in 1991, as well as books and magazines introducing Chinese orchids published in Hong Kong and Taiwan, can be said to be one of the great achievements in the study of orchids in modern China.

Orchid Art originated in China and spread to Japan and Korea. Nowadays, Japan is very interested in Chinese orchids, and its historical origin begins in China. Nowadays, Japanese orchid has formed its own system and developed into a base known as "Dongyang orchid". As for North Korea, orchid art has also become an indispensable thing advocated by the Korean people, and make orchids become elegant flowers displayed in rooms, apartments and lobbies. What is even more commendable is that they give orchids as a high-end gift.

Man is the soul of all things. Orchid is the beauty of all flowers. May Lanhui naturally enter the world of people's hearts and carry forward the traditional quintessence of the Chinese nation, and make common progress.

Ancient formula for nourishing orchid

The December Formula is based on the lunar calendar and is recorded as follows:

The first month is arranged in the east, where the light is opposite to the sun, and the morning and dusk sun is off, so that the complexion will not change.

As a matter of fact, it is difficult to cultivate in February, it is necessary to prevent the leaves from making partridge spots; the bamboo is planted around to prevent the wind from folding, and cherishing the leaves is like cherishing the jade ring.

When the new strips come out of the old bushes in March, the flowerpots must bear in mind the westerly wind; beware of lice in wet places, and there is still too much dung under the roots.

In the April court, the soil in the basin is immediately dry, and the fresh well water is not watered, but it tastes sweetest when it is bored.

In May, Xinfang was full of old cases, and the depths of the shade were the most peaceful. At this time, Ye retreated from his nature, and when he cut it, it became more and more.

With the scorching sun and summer heat in June, the fragrant branches and leaves are blooming; the water pavilion in the pavilion can be settled, or make a shelf in front of the eaves.

In July, although the summer is gone, it is only appropriate to water it in three days. I most dislike the fact that earthworms hurt the root, and bitter soap soup is mixed with urine.

It doesn't hurt to feel a little cool in August, and it doesn't matter if it's windy. Over the years, sewage has to be changed, but it's soaked in water with chicken feathers.

There is a thin frost in September, hide carefully under the eaves in front of the steps; if ants prevent yellowing and swelling, the leaves will not be hurt by sprinkling oil and tea.

If the sun is warm in spring in October, the bamboo shoots will have embryos in the coming year; it is a strange way to keep your roots unexposed, especially when the pots are full.

It should be sunny in November, and be careful to collect it at night. It is often taught that the soil surface is slightly wet and the leaves turn yellow when dry.

December wind, cold snow and flying, strict warm place to protect Sun branches; directly teach the commander of freeze-thaw spring, move to the front of the court to the sun.

Mode of reproduction

Orchids are commonly used in ramet, sowing and tissue culture.

Ramet propagation: it can be carried out in both spring and autumn, usually every three years. All plants with dense pseudocorms can be ramified, and at least 5 connected pseudocorms should be preserved in each clump. Irrigation should be reduced before dividing plants to make the basin soil drier. When putting on the basin after ramet, first cover the bottom hole of the basin with broken tiles, then cover the basin with coarse stones, occupy the basin depth of 5cm, 1ax, 4pm, then put coarse-grained soil and a small amount of fine soil, and then plant it with sandy loam rich in humus. Planting depth to the false bulb just buried in the soil strength, the edge of the basin left 2cm along the mouth, covered with green cloud grass or fine stones, finally watered thoroughly, placed in the shade for 10 to 15 days, keep the soil moist, gradually reduce watering, and carry out normal maintenance.

Sowing and propagation: the orchid seed is very fine, there is only one underdeveloped embryo in the seed, the germination power is very low, and the seed coat is not easy to absorb water, so it can not germinate by conventional sowing, so it needs to use orchid or artificial medium to supply nutrients to germinate. Sowing it is best to choose uncracked fruit, after the surface is sterilized with 75% alcohol, take out the seed, soak it with 10% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes, rinse it with sterile water for 3 times, sow it in a culture bottle containing culture medium, then place it in a dark culture room, keep the temperature about 25 ℃, germinate and move to light to form protocorm. It takes half a year to a year from sowing to transplanting. Tissue culture has been successful, and this method can be used to propagate where possible.

Breeding technology

Site selection: it is required to be surrounded by open space, good ventilation, and close to the water surface, moist air, no soot pollution. In the southwest of the site, evergreen broad-leaved trees can be planted, and the canopy density should be about 0.7, which can reduce afternoon sun exposure and adjust humidity and temperature.

Watering: it is appropriate to use Rain Water or spring water, not saline-alkali water. If tap water is used, the water should be shelved for several days. Watering depends on the air temperature, the amount of water should be less in spring and more in summer; the plum rain season is when the orchids sprout leaves, and the basin soil should be slightly dry; the weather turns cool after autumn, and the amount of watering should be reduced to keep it moist. It is suitable to dry indoors in winter, reduce the watering times, and be watered at noon. Orchids can be caught in light rain, but continuous rain or torrential rain is prone to rotten hearts and rotten leaves, so pay attention to rain prevention.

Fertilization: plant orchid should use cake fertilizer, mix well with 4 parts of plant ash, 10 parts of bean cake and 10 parts of bone powder, put them in the jar, add water several times, soak the bean cake until it is soaked, then cover and seal, after one year of ripening, and then make into dry grains. Just put it on the basin when you use it. If whole dung is used, it should also be matured for one year and diluted with water. Generally began to fertilize in May, to the Beginning of Autumn stop fertilizer, master more thin fertilizer. Fertilization should be carried out in the evening, and fresh water should be watered again the next morning.

Sunshade and cold protection: except in early spring and winter, all should be placed under the open shed. The shade shed is required to be well ventilated. Orchids can bask in the sun when they just come out of the room from March to April, and the shade time will increase gradually. In winter, orchids should be moved indoors against cold and kept at room temperature for 1-2 ℃. In addition, after the orchid leaves the house in spring and before entering the house in autumn, you should also pay attention to frost prevention.

Planting method

Separate orchid clumps, do not be too fragmented, each clump has at least 3-5 seedlings, preferably one-year, two-year and three-year plants in the same cluster.

Cushion basin

The bottom of the basin is covered with a tile, and then gradually filled with bricks, tiles or shells, in which the large gap is filled with mud or pea stone, which is generally about the height of the basin. The remaining net height is about 10~15cm, which is reserved as a culture soil layer. Its specific height should be determined according to the type of orchid, the length of the orchid root and the height of the basin. The bedding should not be filled too close and too solid, and a little hole should be retained. Practice has proved that some new roots can grow well in the pores of the cushion layer.

Planting

On the cushion layer, fill the 2~3cm culture soil first and compact it slightly with your hand, and the orchid can be placed upright on it. According to the size of the plant and flowerpot, several individual plants, 2 clumps, 3 clumps or more clumps can be planted in one pot. 3 clusters should be planted into a tripod. Four clumps can be planted in a square, and five clumps should be arranged in the shape of plum blossoms. Langen should stretch naturally, and the leaves should be covered in all directions. To slowly put the Langen into the basin, so that the Langen naturally stretch, try not to rub with the inner wall of the basin. After the orchid plant is put into the basin, the posture of the orchid plant is gradually fixed. When potted in a clump, the old false bulbs should be deviated to one side, so that the new buds have room for development. If several clusters are planted in a pot, the old false bulbs of each cluster should be relatively gathered in the middle of the pot, so that there is enough room for new roots and buds to develop outward.

Fill soil

When planting, hold the leaves in one hand and add nutritious soil in the other to hold the base of the orchid plant up slightly to stretch the root system and shake the orchid basin at the same time. Let the culture soil go deep into the rhizosphere; continue to add soil, shake the orchid pot, and adjust the position and height of the orchid plant. Press along the edge of the basin by hand, but do not overweight and hurt the root, continue to add soil and squeeze until the basin soil is higher than the basin mouth 2~3cm, slightly in the shape of steamed bread. The culture soil should cover all the orchid roots and cover them to the base of the pseudobulb. The traditional view is that Chunlan should be shallow and Huilan should be deep, but it is generally based on the leaf base that is not buried and on the pseudobulb. When the new orchid grows in the mountains, it leaves a clear mark on the soil surface, which can prevail. The size of the flowerpot should also be commensurate with the size and number of the plant, neither the pot is large and the plant is small and small, nor should the pot be small and the plant is large and many. In general, the number of plants is expected to be full in 2-3 years. The plant size is commensurate with the height of the basin. It is not only conducive to growth, but also in line with ornamental requirements.

Shop surface

After planting, you can spread a layer of small stone grains or moss on the surface of the basin soil, preferably high-quality moss under the forest, which is not only beautiful, but also can adjust moisture, but also can protect the leaves from being polluted by mud and water, and the new buds will not be infected with bacteria in the soil. In addition, it can also slow down Rain Water's erosion of the basin soil and keep the basin soil loose.

Watering

After the planting is completed, water must be watered for the first time, so that the basin soil must be soaked, the water droplets should be small, and the impulse should be avoided. If immersed in a basin, do not soak for too long. As soon as the basin soil is soaked, move the orchid basin out immediately, and then move it to a shady place for maintenance.

Test tube cultivation

With the continuous development of orchid tissue culture and aseptic sowing technology, the phenomenon of orchid flowering in test tube is getting more and more attention. The main reason why this phenomenon attracts the attention of breeders is that new artificial hybrids, which used to be routinely cultivated for many years to bloom, can now be artificially promoted to blossom in test tubes through 1 or 2 culture cycles. in this way, individuals with good characters can be selected purposefully according to the flowering situation, and relatively poor individuals can be eliminated, thus shortening the whole breeding cycle. And greatly reduce the workload of cultivating a large number of unflowered varieties, so that the breeding work is more targeted.

As we have long been engaged in the development and research of several conventionally cultivated terrestrial orchid species in orchids, the orchids mentioned below all refer to these orchids, including Chunlan, Jianlan, Chunjian, lotus petals, cymbidium, cold orchid and so on.

The way orchids bloom in test tubes can be divided into three types according to current observations. The first is the development of flower buds from the axillary buds of orchid seedlings, which is the same as that of orchids in conventional cultivation, except that the conventional cultivation is a cluster of seedlings and a single seedling in the test tube, which is more common in Jianlan. Chunlan Chunjian and other varieties are relatively rare. The second type is that the terminal bud of the orchid seedling develops into a flower bud, which is similar to the so-called arrow in the grass (grass heart arrow). The flower grows from the center of the orchid seedling, which occurs in all orchid species, especially in the spring orchid. The third type is the direct differentiation of flower buds from the top of the protocorm, which is completely controlled by the hormone level in the culture medium, which is the main way to induce flowering at present.

The basic characteristics of orchids blooming in test tubes will not be changed. for example, vegetarian flowers will never blossom in color. All fragrant varieties, the flowers in the test tube are also fragrant, and the fragrance is no less than that of potted orchids, which may come as a surprise to many people. Due to the temperature in the test tube and other environmental conditions, the flowering period is usually only a few days, which is not as long as that of potted orchids, and can be greatly prolonged at low temperature. The proportion of abnormal flowers in the test tube of orchids is relatively high, and some varieties can reach 10-20%. Generally speaking, these abnormal flowers are usually caused by physiological causes and external culture conditions, such as hormone levels, inorganic salts and other physical and chemical factors, rather than corresponding genetic changes, so the emergence of these abnormal flowers is of no significance in genetics and breeding. We have tracked and observed a lot of strange flower lines, hoping to select new and excellent varieties from them. As a result, most of them blossomed normally, and very few of them were really stable.

A very useful phenomenon for orchid breeders is that in most cases, the gynostem can develop normally and have normal pollination and fruiting ability. we have examined the development of microspores under microscope. it is found that the process of meiosis and the formation of pollen grains are basically normal. In particular, the flowers blooming in the way of axillary buds, the fruits produced after pollination are easy to develop normally until the seeds mature, and the seeds produced in the test tube have a certain germination ability, although the germination rate is lower than that of potted orchids, but it is enough for breeders.

With the continuous progress of technology, people's ability to control orchid blooming in test tube is getting stronger and stronger, which will undoubtedly have a positive and far-reaching impact on orchid cross breeding. Because the main appreciation point of orchid is in flower art, an unknown variety can hardly be judged from its leaves before flowering, so breeders should not only select suitable good parents to cross and cultivate seedlings, but also have to plant these seedlings, good or bad, in a greenhouse and wait for several years to blossom in order to select excellent individual plants. The workload of this process is very large. Even if an excellent single plant is obtained, unfortunately, the number of each single plant is very small, usually only a few seedlings, which can not meet the market demand at all, and this excellent single plant must be used as an explant to do tissue culture from the beginning. From the beginning of the hybrid work to the final supply of commercial seedlings to the market, this process goes through two tissue culture cycles, two cultivation cycles from bottle seedlings to flowering, which usually takes more than ten years. With the improvement of the flowering technology in the test tube, we can select excellent lines in the test tube without going through the cultivation process, and once selected, we can directly carry out rapid propagation without having to go through the induction process of protocorm. The whole breeding cycle is nearly doubled.

Another convenience brought by orchid flowering in test tube is to make in-bottle hybridization of orchids possible, which is a new field of applied research. Some breeding work requires repeated crossing, backcrossing and self-crossing in order to achieve the purpose of breeding and select excellent new varieties. For example, in the cross between a vegetarian variety and a plum petal variety, the offspring are usually plum petals, but definitely not vegetarian petals, so it is necessary for the first generation to backcross with their parents, or the first generation to self-cross once, and then choose the vegetarian plum petal from the second generation. Using conventional methods, this process must take more than ten years, and now that there is a way to promote orchid flowering in the test tube, we can let the offspring blossom in the test tube and carry out self-pollination or mutual pollination among the offspring in the test tube. and cultivate seeds. These seeds are directly sown on the culture medium without disinfection, the second generation is obtained, and then the flowers are induced, and the desired variety can be selected from the second generation. Compared with the conventional method, this process can save at least two cultivation cycles from bottle seedling to flowering.

In addition, because the flowering in the test tube is not limited by the season, it can be induced at any time, which provides great convenience for the hybridization between orchid varieties flowering in different seasons or orchid varieties with rare flowering period. In other words, orchids blooming in test tubes provide a stable pollen source for cross breeding. According to this idea, we have largely got rid of the restrictions on the flowering season and the number of provenances (for some small varieties, it may take many years to see a flower). And flowering does not necessarily have very suitable other parent materials to bloom at the same time), we have successfully realized the hybridization between orchid varieties flowering in different seasons.

At present, the research work in the field of orchids is still in its infancy, and there are still many unsatisfactory aspects. Not every variety can induce flowers, and not every variety can achieve the required flowering rate. What's more, there is no ready-made procedure to make all varieties blossom, and each variety needs a lot of experiments and explorations. However, these are basically technical problems. I believe that with the progress of technology, as more people of insight join the research and development in this field, these problems will be solved step by step.

Watering method

Watering orchid plants should be based on various natural factors affecting transpiration of orchid plants, such as humidity, temperature, light, wind, season, weather and so on, so as to make different water management measures.

First of all, it depends on humidity. If the humidity in the air is low and the transpiration is strong, it is necessary to water more; on the contrary, the humidity in the air is high or even saturated, and transpiration almost stops, so it is necessary to water less or even without watering.

Secondly, it depends on the temperature. When the temperature is high, the transpiration is accelerated, the water demand is large, and the watering times are increased accordingly; on the contrary, at the bottom of the temperature, the activity of water molecules is slow, the diffusivity is weak, and the water demand is less.

Third, it depends on the light. Strong light transpiration accelerates the diffusion of water molecules and requires more water; on the contrary, less water is needed, so the light is different, the shade is different, and the management of water is also different.

Fourth, it depends on the wind. When the wind is strong, the water evaporates quickly; when the wind is weak, the water evaporates slowly; the dry southwest wind will enhance evaporation, on the contrary, the moist southeast wind will cause the transpiration to be relatively weakened; the orchid basin located at the tuyere will evaporate quickly by the wind, while the water from the leeward will evaporate slowly.

Fifth, it depends on the season, the temperature, humidity and light are different in different seasons, and the transpiration of orchid plants is also very different. There is more watering in hot and dry summer; less or no watering in plum rainy season; no watering in cold and cold winter; less watering in early spring with lower temperature; more watering in late spring when the climate is mild; more watering in dry autumn.

Sixth, depends on the weather, the natural weather is changeable, different weather light, temperature, humidity are different, the transpiration of orchid plants is also different. The basic practice is: more watering in sunny days, less watering in cloudy days, no more watering in rainy days, and no watering in rainy (snow) days.

According to this, it is difficult to have an accurate and unified management method for watering orchid plants, and the so-called "watering every few days" is lack of scientific basis.

Matters needing attention

The wound should be protected against bacteria-when changing pots or ramets, if there is a wound in the root, you should first smear the wound with fungicide to prevent the invasion of germs.

Pots should not be too large-small plants grow in large pots, the amount of plant material is large, it is easy to lead to poor ventilation, watering is not easy to control. If watering absorbs too much water, the plant material is not easy to dry, and bacteria invade and cause rotten roots.

Orchids should be planted shallowly-do not plant orchids too deep, otherwise long-term moisture will rot. When planting, filling the root, base, or pseudobulb must be exposed.

The roots should be unfolded-when planting orchids, the roots should be spread evenly and should not be squeezed together, so that each root can touch the plant material and ventilation is good.

No watering for several days-newly planted orchids may hurt their roots, and the wound is coated with fungicides and left unwatered for 3-5 days in order to achieve efficacy and promote the growth of new buds and roots.

Avoid bright light-newly planted orchids must avoid direct sunlight to prevent dehydration, should be placed in a warm and shady place, and spray can be used to increase the humidity in the air until the orchids return to normal growth.

Lighting requirement

Orchids are mostly semi-negative plants, and most species are afraid of direct sunlight and need proper shade. Orchids can shine more sunshine to promote their growth in the first and middle of April, and should be properly shaded after late April. The upright varieties of Cymbidium and Jian Orchid had better be placed at the south gate of the shade, so that they should be properly exposed to sunlight; for the vertical-leaf Cymbidium and Chunlan, it would be better to have 2 hours of light every day. From June to September, every day should be put in the shade early, can be used sunshade net or curtain. After October, the weather turns cool and the sun is weak, but we still need to pay attention to shading work around noon.

Matters needing attention for maintenance of orchids in spring

The weather is cloudy and rainy in spring, the temperature changes greatly, and it is prone to cold wave. If the orchid is not properly maintained and managed, it will rot roots and buds, seriously affecting its normal growth.

Family balcony-type orchid-raising places should have cold and rain-proof facilities. Orchids and spring orchids must be placed indoors for protection and management, and Jianlan and cold orchids can be placed outdoors, but they must pay attention to the hydrophobic and moistureproof orchid basins, preferably with plastic film above the orchid pots to cover the rain when it is sunny and close when it rains to prevent cold wind, cold rain and frost and snow.

Orchids should be well ventilated everywhere. The orchid seedlings in the greenhouse and greenhouse should be installed with suction and exhaust fans to change the air and adjust the humidity. General simple greenhouse and ground planting low shed covered with plastic film against freezing and rain should also often open windows or lift part of the film to let the air convection to ensure that the air in the shed is fresh and the temperature is moderate.

After the Spring Festival, orchids and other pedicels are cut off and do not let them bear fruit. Gently wipe the surface and bottom of orchids with 0.1% omethoate or dichlorvos, and spray the balcony, around the site and potted orchids every 7 days and 10 days respectively with sterilization and insecticide. 2 hours after the use of insecticidal drugs, spray clear water on the leaves of potted orchids once to remove the remaining drugs.

Before the orchid is divided into pots, the water supply should be stopped for 3-5 days, and when there are 70 or 80 thousand plants in the basin, carefully pour out the orchid plants and plants so as not to break the orchid root as far as possible. Rinse with disinfectant or clean water to dry, wait for the orchid root to soften and whiten before serving. The upper basin should use aseptic new plant material, root paste plant material, new plant outward, old plant inward, orchid exposed soil surface 1/3. After planting, it was placed in the shade shed, sprayed on the leaf surface in the morning and evening, poured enough root water after 24 hours, and transferred to normal management after 15 days.

Orchids planted with new plant materials are applied light and thin fertilizer every half a month to a month. Big seedlings, strong seedlings should be frequently applied nitrogen fertilizer, can be once every three or five days. Rejuvenated orchids can be fertilized once a month to once a week, depending on whether the orchids can be absorbed. On the other hand, weak grass, rootless grass and leafless bulbs should definitely be educated and should not be fertilized, otherwise haste makes waste, and they will suffer from it.

Cold area

In order to grow orchids well in northern areas, we should try to create suitable environmental conditions for their growth and development and meet the requirements of their biological characteristics in order to make them grow and bloom well. It is necessary to do the following work well.

Choose good use basin and culture soil

In general, when families raise orchids, the choice of basin is better than mud basin. If you add beauty to the decorative effect, you can set a porcelain basin with colored glaze on the outside of the mud basin. The size of the basin is suitable for the orchid root to fully stretch in the basin. It is best to use orchid paste in potted soil. It can also be made by itself. It can be prepared with 6 parts of rotten leaf soil or peat soil, 3 parts of sandy soil, 1 part of cake fertilizer, or 5 parts of rotten leaf soil, 3 parts of compost soil and 2 parts of coarse sand. Pot method see: common sense and cultivation techniques of orchid selection.

Watering should be moderate.

Watering orchids is not only a regular work, but also an important link in the success of orchid cultivation. The potted soil of orchids should always be kept moist, but avoid too much water content. In cultivation, the amount of water should be determined according to different seasons and different growth stages of orchids. Generally, starting from spring, with the rise of temperature, orchids turn to the vigorous growth period, and the amount of water should be gradually increased, watering every 1-2 days; the summer temperature is high, and the orchids are growing vigorously, so it is usually appropriate to water them in the early morning and evening, and never water them at noon. With the advent of the rainy season, we should flexibly control the amount of watering according to the number of Rain Water and the dampness of the basin soil, and avoid the accumulation of water in the basin soil and cause root rot; at the end of autumn, the temperature begins to drop, and the amount of water should be gradually reduced and irrigated every 2-3 days; the winter temperature is low, most orchids enter the dormant period, and watering should be controlled at this time, but the watering of flowering ink orchids and cold orchids in winter should be more appropriate.

Thin fertilizer should be applied skillfully.

Fertilize orchids to apply thin fertilizer, do not apply thick fertilizer, there are "clear orchids, turbid jasmine" said. The newly planted orchid plants should not be fertilized in the first year, and fertilized after the Qingming Festival in the second year until the Beginning of Autumn. Fertilizer and water of fully mature thin pancakes can be applied once or twice a month. As orchids are fleshy roots, do not apply unripe fertilizer to avoid rotting roots. The water should be controlled for 1 or 2 days before each fertilization, and then applied after the basin soil dries a little. Water should be watered once in the morning after application to prevent the root system from being contaminated by something unclean in the fertilizer solution. Attention should be paid to avoid splashing leaves when applying liquid fertilizer. For the orchid plants which have reached the flowering age after several years of cultivation, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied in the early stage to promote new bud germination and rapid growth, while phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is mainly applied in the later stage, which is beneficial to the enlargement of pseudobulbs, broad and thick leaves, and provide sufficient nutrients for flower bud differentiation. Specifically, liquid fertilizer dominated by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied twice every autumn before flower bud differentiation; during the budding period, the leaves should be washed with clean water in the evening on a sunny day, and then 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution should be sprayed on the leaf surface and back with a small sprayer, or plant ash water should be applied to the root. At this time, extra-root fertilization is beneficial to promote the development of roots, stems and flowers of orchids. Do not apply fertilizer on cloudy and rainy days, and stop applying fertilizer during winter dormancy. Two more liquid fertilizers or compound chemical fertilizers dominated by nitrogen fertilizer could promote plant growth about 20 days after flower shedding.

There are two commonly used fertilization methods for orchids, one is soil fertilization, the other is foliar fertilization. Foliar fertilization can make up for the lack of trace elements in orchids, but not too many times, once every 15 days in the peak growing season. And soil fertilization is divided into two cases, the fertilizer applied in the soil is the base fertilizer, and the fertilizer applied on the soil surface is called topdressing. Do not have too much base fertilizer to avoid heat damage to the roots.

The light should be suitable.

Orchids like shade, cool environment, avoid direct sunlight. Therefore, the north can see more sunshine before 9 am from April to the first ten days of May, and shade is needed after the middle of May. At this time, it needs to be cultured in a cool and ventilated place and placed near the south window in winter to receive more light to enhance its vitality and promote flower bud differentiation. Especially for winter flowering Mulan, cold orchid should be put indoors in the sunny place in winter, it is not good to bloom without light. In short, orchid cultivation should do "spring not out, summer not day, autumn not dry, winter not wet", meaning that spring bogey cold wind attack, do not move outside; summer fear of direct sunlight, should be placed in a cool ventilated place; autumn bogey basin soil dry, at this time is the orchid bud period, should appropriately increase the amount of water; dormant in winter, water is more perishable roots, in order to dry dry as the principle.

Pest control

The main diseases and insect pests of orchids are:

(1) White silk disease: it mostly occurs in the plum rain season. Should pay attention to ventilation and light, basin soil drainage is good to prevent, after the disease can be removed with bacteria basin soil, sprinkled with pentachloronitrobenzene powder or lime can be.

(2) anthrax: it occurs all the year round, especially in the high temperature and rainy season. In addition to improving environmental conditions, during the onset period, 50% methyl topiramate wettable powder 800-1500 times solution can be sprayed for 7-10 days, and then supplemented with 1% equal volume Bordeaux solution, once every semimonthly.

(3) scale insects: the reproduction is the fastest under the condition of high temperature and humidity and poor air flow. Use the routine method to prevent and cure.

(4) Root rot is also called nematode disease. Nematodes are parasitic on the roots of orchids, causing root rot, poor growth of aboveground leaves, turning green and yellowing, and even causing plant wilting. Nematode damage caused a large number of wounds, but also caused the infection of other soil-borne bacteria, resulting in plant disease and accelerated plant death. The cultivation substrate should be disinfected and can be sterilized with 100 degrees steam to kill insect eggs. If the harm is serious, change the basin immediately, soak the diseased plant in the medicine solution for 20-30 minutes, fish it out to dry, and replant it with a new substrate. To sum up, in order to raise orchids well, we must grasp the natural growth environment, take reasonable measures and strengthen maintenance and management. According to the "recipe for Orchid cultivation": "Spring does not come out, summer is not the day, autumn is not dry, winter is not wet", this is the summary of our country's orchid cultivation experience.

Pollution-free prevention and control of diseases and insect pests:

Here are some folk prescriptions for pollution-free prevention and control of orchid diseases and insect pests. "small" prescription, often may be able to solve the "big" problem, orchid friends might as well give it a try.

Tea bran

Tea bran, also known as tea withered, tea seed cake, is the residue left after tea seed oil extraction, which is often used by farmers to wash clothes. Tea bran contains saponins and glycosides, and its aqueous extract is alkaline, which has a good stomach toxicity and contact killing effect on pests.

Prevention and control methods: 1. the tea bran mashed into powder and boiling water were soaked in the proportion of 1:5 for one day and night, and the orchid basin was irrigated with it, and the place where the orchid pot was placed and other orchid pots were drenched at the same time, which had a good control effect on snails. 2. Spraying orchid plant with tea bran water has a good control effect on aphids and red spiders, up to 90%. 3. Tea bran water can also kill earthworms. Pour the pot soil with tea bran water, and after a while, the earthworms will drill out the soil surface and pick it out. Earthworms have different views on the merits and demerits of orchids. One view is that the earthworms in the basin will destroy the hyphae of some orchids and the root tips of orchid roots. They are pests and must be removed. Another view is that the earthworms in the orchid basin can eat many decaying substances in the orchid basin and the rotten roots of orchids, the activity of earthworms can play a role in loosening the soil, and their feces can also be used as fertilizer for orchids. Which is right and which is wrong, we need to weigh the pros and cons and judge them according to their own practical observation.

2. Odorous vegetables (green onion, garlic, leek, ginger, onion, etc.)

Odorous vegetables have their own peculiar smell, and their odors can play a role in insecticidal and sterilization.

Control methods: 1. Take 25g garlic, mash and squeeze juice, dilute it in 10L water, spray orchid plant immediately, can cure aphids, red spiders, shell insects and Botrytis cinerea. The peeled garlic was pressed into small pieces and placed on the orchid topsoil at equal distances. Earthworms and ants disappeared after a few days. (2) the chopped green onions and water were soaked in the proportion of 1:30 for one day and then filtered, and the orchid plants were sprayed with them for several times a day for several days, which had a good effect on the control of aphids, soft pests and powdery mildew. 3. Use 1 jin of ginger, add half a jin of water, mash and take juice, add 6 jin of water per jin of juice, and spray orchid plants to control aphids. 4. The black spot disease can be cured by spraying the orchid plant with the mixture of leek juice and clear water at the ratio of 1:60, twice a day and repeatedly for several days. 5. 15g chopped onion bulbs were put into 2 jin of water for 7 hours, then filtered and sprayed with filtrate to cure red spiders and aphids.

3. Cigarette butts

Tobacco leaves contain about 3% nicotine. Nicotine has a strong contact and stomach toxic effect on pests. Take about 20 leftover cigarette butts and a portion of quicklime, stir and filter with water, and then add 30 parts of water to spray the orchid plant, basin soil and basin bottom, which can eliminate ants and other waxless pests.

Washing powder and detergent

The washing powder can dissolve the cornea of the shell worm and form a layer of foam to wrap it around the worm, causing the shell worm to suffocate to death. Washing powder solution can control some diseases and insect pests.

Control methods: 1. Dissolve laundry powder with a small amount of warm water, then dilute it to 1000 times with water, and spray orchid plants, which can kill aphids, whiteflies and red spiders. Diluted to 600 times, sprayed once every three days, and sprayed three more times, all the scale insects died. 2. Anthracnose and soft rot can be prevented and cured by mixing pig bitter bile and clear water at the ratio of 1: 100, adding a small amount of washing powder and spraying orchid. The orchid plant was sprayed with detergent solution, and after the pest died, the leaves must be washed with clean water several times. so that the orchid plant can grow normally.

Fifth, liquor

Mixing liquor and water at 1:2, spraying orchid plants once a week and spraying three more times can kill scale insects.

VI. Citrus peel

Putting the citrus peel at the bottom of the basin can prevent ants and other pests from entering the pot soil to harm orchids. Citrus peel can also be cut into pieces, scattered on the surface of the basin soil, not watered for a few days, can treat aphids, shell insects and so on.

Brown sugar

The powdery brown sugar and boiled water were mixed at the ratio of 1 to 100. After cooling, the orchid plant was sprayed with brown sugar solution once every 3 days for three times, which had a good effect on the control of downy mildew, powdery mildew, black spot and leaf blight.

VIII. Diesel oil

Diesel oil and water are mixed into emulsions according to the proportion of 1:60, and then diluted with 100x water, orchid plants can be sprayed to treat scale insects.

IX. Plant ash

Plant ash and water are soaked in the proportion of 1:50 for two days and then filtered. Spraying orchid plants with filtrate can not only cure aphids, but also increase potash fertilizer.

10. Vinegar

Mix vinegar and water at a ratio of 1:8 and spray the orchid leaves evenly on the front and back of the orchid leaves to treat scale insects. If the scale insect has become an adult, it can slightly increase the acidity of the mixture and spray it once every three days for three more times, which can kill the scale worm of its own adult. Foliar spraying vinegar can also eliminate black spot, powdery mildew, leaf spot, chlorosis and so on. Do not use sour vinegar for industrial use.

. For the prevention and control of orchid leaf diseases, I take three control methods:

First, foliar spraying. Carbendazim methyl 1000 times solution can be used, or carbendazim 800x solution can be sprayed to sterilize and prevent disease. Dimethoate 1000 times solution can be added to kill insects, but carbendazim methyl and carbendazim can not be mixed together, because the combination of the two drugs will produce resistance and lose the control effect. In the season of high temperature and humidity, the prevention and treatment effect is better according to the proportion of medicine solution every 10 or 15 days.

Second, root irrigation sterilization. The diseased plants with serious occurrence of black spot and anthrax can take root sterilization measures. Specific practice, can use carbendazim 1000 times liquid irrigating basin soil or soaking basin, at the same time, foliar spray solution sterilization, once a week, the effect is very good.

Third, the method of eliminating disease by injection. The diseased leaves of orchid diseased plants which have seriously occurred black spot disease and charcoal disease are usually cut off. If the rare art grass is sick, it is a pity to cut off the leaves. We can imitate the principle of medicine and give injections to the diseased leaves of orchids to get rid of the disease.

Specific practice: the pre-configured methyl thiophanate 800 times liquid, using a disposable 20 ml syringe, inhaling 18 ml liquid, inserting a needle on the diseased spot of the orchid leaf and injecting human medicine solution at the same time. Put an injection on each spot, and the effect is obvious. Use a piece of sterilized styrofoam at the bottom of the injection to prevent the needle from getting stuck in the hand.

Control measures of pteridophyte diseases and insect pests

Pteridophytes have relatively few diseases and insect pests, but most pteridophytes like to grow in the environment of high temperature and humidity, and the harm of diseases and insect pests is inevitable. Prevention and control should also be carried out in the process of cultivation and management in order to improve the ornamental effect.

First, infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, resulting in a variety of disease spots in ferns, affecting ornamental. Serious damage can also lead to death. There are mainly anthrax, brown spot, nematode disease, rust, coal pollution, quenching disease and so on.

1. Anthrax. Fungal disease is characterized by pink sticky substance on the spot, which mainly harms the tender leaves of the plant. The injured site began to show small dark brown spots with waterlogging shape or near circle at the leaf edge or tip, and then gradually expanded from several disease spots to irregular patches, the color became scorched yellow, some disease spots became cloud patches, and there was a light red halo on the edge. in the later stage, the middle part of the disease spot became gray-white, there were many tiny black spots, and the whole leaf died in severe cases. The soft growing point of the Boston fern is affected by the pathogen, turning brown at the top and wilting, damaging the commercial appearance of the plant. The pathogen wintered on the diseased leaves with mycelia, conidia or ascomycetes. The disease began when the temperature rose to 20 ℃ and the relative humidity exceeded 75%. The pathogen spread through Rain Water and spread rapidly at 25 ℃ and humidity of 80% ~ 90%. Prevention and treatment: the disease is mainly prevented, and should be prevented by spraying in the rainy season of new leaves and the season of high temperature and humidity. The occurrence of the disease can be prevented by adjusting the temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions of the greenhouse, keeping the leaves dry, putting an end to the introduction of diseased plants, and thoroughly removing the nearby diseased bodies. Before or at the initial stage of the disease, spraying once every 7 days for 2 or 3 consecutive times can achieve good results. The effective agents are 75% chlorothalonil 500 times liquid, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times 1000 times liquid or 70% Topurazin wettable powder 800 times 1000 times liquid. Dasheng, Lideke, Shibaoke and other fungicides also have good control effects.

two。 Brown spot. The brown spot of pteridophytes, also known as leaf spot or leaf blight, often occurs at the top of the leaves. The damaged leaves are round black spots at the beginning, then expand into round or near round ones, the edges of the disease spots are dark brown, the center is gray and black with small black spots, and then the disease spots expand rapidly, and the leaves finally become black, dry and die. The main route of transmission is defoliation, which can occur in spring, summer and autumn, and is easy to be popular in high temperature and humid season. Prevention and treatment: diseased plants should be isolated and sprayed immediately, or cut off and incinerated centrally, and protected by spraying at the same time. 50% carbendazim 1000-fold solution, 50% methyl topiramate 1000-fold solution, 200-fold Bordeaux solution and other pesticides can be used for control. Too much watering or too much humidity is also prone to brown spot. At the initial stage of the disease, 50% Dysenamine aqueous solution 300 × 400 times, 70% topiramine wettable powder 800 / 1000 times, and other agents can be sprayed for prevention and treatment.

3. Nematode disease. Also known as root nodule nematode or root knot nematode, the pathogen is a white linear soft worm at both ends. The diseased plant developed brown spot wilting and gradually withered. Many kinds of greenhouse ferns are attacked by nematodes and can be identified by reddish brown or black bands extending from the middle rib to the edge of the leaf. Put a small brown patch into the water and observe it under a microscope. You can clearly see the small worms moving around. Control: remove the damaged leaves and eliminate their growth conditions, which is helpful to reduce the damage of nematodes. The population density of root-knot nematodes could be significantly reduced by covering fresh loess with insecticides such as 10% gram line phosphorus, gram line Dan or 25% C line phosphorus and irrigation with a small amount of water. Some plants were treated with hot water to control nematodes of nest fern. Soak the plants in 43 ℃ hot water for 10 minutes and 15 minutes before planting.

4. Rust. Rust can occur in pteridophytes and other species. It produces basidiospores on the reverse veins at the base of young leaves from March to April every year, invading the plants and producing sexual spore organs and rust spore organs. In May, there are yellowish powdered summer spores on the leaves, and then brown winter spores are produced. If a large number of spore organs invade the plant, the plant will grow poorly.

Prevention and control: 65% Dysen zinc wettable powder 500x liquid, 1:1:50 Bordeaux solution, etc., spray once every 10 to 15 days, even 3 times for 4 times, can achieve certain results.

5. Coal pollution. The leaves of ferns are covered with spores and mycelium of black mold and usually grow on honeydew secreted by scale insects and other piercing insects. Nicotine and soap should be sprayed repeatedly to control shell insects and other stinging insects.

6. Sudden collapse. The disease is caused by two or three different fungi, which softens, blackens and disintegrates the original leaves, and often occurs when sowing and propagating ferns. Pteridophyte spores should be sowed on the soil treated with steam disinfection, or irrigated with cortisone solution, which is also helpful to resist the disease.

Second, physiological diseases 1. Sunburn. Most ferns like warm semi-shade and are not tolerant to strong light. 1000~6000Lx is suitable for light intensity. Strong direct light will make the leaves dry and dehydrated, withered or scorched. Prevention and treatment: in the semi-overcast state, supplemented with 2-3 hours of sunlight, fern leaves can be kept evergreen; already scorched fern leaves, in addition to timely cutting to keep the leaves neat, should be carefully maintained to avoid being stimulated by strong light.

two。 Humidity imbalance. The air is too dry, it is easy to cause leaf crimping, so more watering is needed in the peak growth period of spring and summer. However, the fern cultivation soil in summer should not only be moist, but also should not be too wet, so as not to cause poor root growth; watering should be controlled at the end of autumn to keep slightly moist; water spraying should be reduced during the overwintering dormancy period to avoid rotten leaves.

3. The temperature is uncomfortable. ① high temperature hazard. Most ferns require an optimum temperature of 18-25 ℃. The short-term high temperature in midsummer can also make fern leaves wilt and scorch. Therefore, starting from late April, it is necessary to reduce the temperature by covering sunshade, ground sprinkling and ventilation measures. ② low temperature hazard. The temperature of semi-hardy ferns such as Dryopteris should not be lower than 5 ℃, while that of non-hardy ferns such as Dryopteris, bird's nest fern and tumor fern should not be less than 10 ℃. When the temperature is too low, the leaves are damaged, causing wilting, blackening, and even plant death. Measures such as covering, smoking and applying more warm fertilizers can be taken to ensure safe overwintering.

4. Malnutrition. ① deficiency. The lack of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and other elements in the soil is easy to cause abnormal growth and development of ferns. Calcium-loving ferns such as Dryopteris Dryopteris, Dryopteris przewalskii, etc., can be mixed with a small amount of lime, bone powder or broken egg (shell) shell in the cultivated soil. Acidophilic ferns such as Osmunda Osmunda, dog-ridged fern, bird's nest fern and black fern should be sprayed regularly with 0.1% ferrous sulfate solution or combined with fertilization. ② excess. It mainly refers to the excess of nitrogen, phosphorus, manganese, boron and other elements. When the fertilizer damage is serious, flushing water can be used to save the soil. The specific method is to loosen the soil and wash it with long-running tap water for half a day. Generally, it can be effective after flushing for 1 or 2 times. In production, attention should be paid to fertilization times and fertilizer concentration, and farm manure with long-lasting fertilizer effect should be used as far as possible, such as barnyard manure, bone meal, cake fertilizer, plant ash, etc., in order to maintain the vigorous growth of ferns.

III. Common insect pests

The main pests of pteridophytes are shell insects, aphids, red spiders, slugs and so on. 1. Shell worms. Among many kinds of shell insects, brown soft scale and oleander scale are the most serious, while other scale species are rare. Scale insects are parasitic on the edge or back of the leaves of ferns. The larval stage is very short and moves slowly. When they move to the back of the leaves, they begin to shell and suck the sap from the plant with piercing mouthparts. The propagation rate of scale insects is faster, when there are more insects, it will inhibit plant growth and cause plant wilt, and in serious cases, the whole plant will wither and die, and coal fouling disease will be induced at the same time. There are spots on the injured leaves, which affect the growth and ornamental. The female adults can produce larvae continuously, and the larvae can grow into adults after two months, and the drug resistance of the newly hatched young nymphs is poor, which is the key period of chemical control. There is no specific drug for prevention and treatment, generally give priority to prevention. Attention should be paid to inspection to keep the environment ventilated. When planting ferns, the leaves should not be too wet, and the positive and negative sides of the leaves should be checked frequently. Manual brushing can be taken when a small number of pests occur; the peak incubation period of scale insects is in late May. At this time, 1000 times of omethoate emulsion, 50% malathion, 25% imidophos and 80% dichlorvos emulsion can be used to control. Malathion spray is very effective against crustaceans in the crawling stage. Repeated spraying of nicotine and soap can also remove shell insects. When the pest is serious, cut off the whole leaf and burn it. A small number of ferns are allergic to organophosphorus, which should be tested before application. We should also pay attention to and make use of scale natural enemies such as red mold.

two。 Aphids. The common aphids are black and green, which usually appear in early spring and early summer, and often live in the young stems of ferns. When doing harm, use stabbing mouthparts to suck the juice from the plant, so that the growth of the plant is stagnant and the leaves turn yellow. In addition, the secretion of aphids often leads to the parasitism of various molds, which is easy to produce coal fouling disease. For prevention and control, you can first wash it with soapy water, and then spray 40% dimethoate or omethoate 1000-1500 times, fenvalerate 2000-1500 times, 2.5% tripterex 1000-1500 times, trichlorfon 1000 times and so on.

3. Red spider. Red spider is a mite with small size and fast reproduction speed. It can reproduce about 10 generations a year. Red spiders use stinging mouthparts to suck the juice of ferns, stagnating plant growth and yellowing leaves. Because of its small size, fast reproduction, and difficult to detect with the naked eye, if the prevention and treatment is not timely, the harm will be very serious. In the continuous season of high temperature, dicofol 800 × 1000 times solution and 50% omethoate 1000 times solution were used to control alternately.

4. Slugs. Slugs, also known as slugs, are gastropods, slugs family, shaped like shell-removed snails. The shell is usually degenerated and the mantle covers the entire back. Two pairs of antennae, the second pair of apical eyes. Lungs open on the right side of the front of the body, the body can secrete mucus, crawling after leaving silver-white stripes. White eggs are laid under bark and stones in early summer. Slug is one of the main pests that harm ferns. It often hides in the inner wall of pots, leakage holes at the bottom, or under the mulch at the base of plants and soil surface. It likes to come out at night and bite the tender branches and leaves of ferns. 70~100 times ammonia can be sprayed at 22~23 o 'clock at night to control, and the purpose of fertilization can be achieved. Artificial capture can also be used. Slug regeneration ability is strong, caught slugs to throw into hydrochloric acid solution to kill. In a warm and humid environment, in addition to slugs, there are snails, mice and other small animals breeding in large numbers, eating fern leaves; earthworms eat fern young roots, making their growth stagnate. It can be sprayed with Miewuling, snail enemy powder, Mieda snail killing or lime, ammonia water, high concentration salt water, copper sulfate and other prevention and control, but also can be artificially killed.

IV. Harm of mosses and lichens

These plants do not harm ferns directly, but they can shade and affect the prothallus and plantlets of ferns. They spread quickly and cover the ground quickly, preventing moisture and nutrients from entering the soil and affecting fern growth. Treatment: Disinfect the soil with distilled water before sowing spores to prevent contamination by other spore plants. In addition, unclean watering utensils are also one of the sources of pollution. Providing suitable temperature and fertilizer to make the prothalli of ferns grow and mature quickly, so as to reduce the influence of other sporophytes, is a better way to avoid harm.