Planting and Management of Red Jujube trees

Garden site selection

In principle, jujube has strong environmental adaptability and low requirements for soil conditions, and it can be planted in both saline-alkali land and wasteland. However, as an economic crop, if you want to achieve higher yield and better quality, it is best to choose a better growing environment for the plant. The garden with flat and open terrain, good drainage, fertile and soft soil and good air permeability is better. If you are in mountainous and hilly areas, you should plant jujube trees on sunny slopes with plenty of sunshine and thick soil.

Reproduction method

The propagation method of red jujube tree is mainly grafting. When grafted, sour jujube was selected as rootstock and the secondary branch scion on the head of 1-2-year-old jujube was used. Generally, the method of bark grafting is not affected by the thickness of rootstock, the utilization rate of scion is high, the survival rate of grafting is high, and the grafting time of jujube seedlings is the best before germination to the period of shoot prosperity.

Planting time

There are two suitable seasons for planting jujube, either in spring or in autumn. Spring planting should pay attention to one point, must be planted before jujube germination, jujube germination is relatively late, usually in April. Autumn is planted around November, and it is more suitable after defoliation.

Planting method

Excessively long roots are cut off before planting, and the whole dry cut is 40 cm, which reduces water evaporation and improves the survival rate. According to the pre-design, first open the ditch, the ditch depth is about 35cm, the jujube seedling is planted in one side of the ditch half waist position, dig the tree pit with 60cm in length, width and height, and gently lift the jujube seedling up to 2cm deep, so that the root system is down, and then step down for the first time, then fill the pit, and then plant it upright, and plant it in the order of one burial, two steps, three seedlings and four steps. Jujube seedlings must be irrigated with enough root water on the same day after planting to ensure the survival of jujube seedlings.

Cultivation mode

There are two main cultivation modes of red jujube, dwarfing and dense planting type and intercropping type. The results showed that the varieties with early and small tree type were suitable for the former, and the row spacing was kept at 2 m × 3 m. The varieties with larger tree type and late fruit hanging are suitable for the latter, and the suitable row spacing is 8-10 meters and the plant spacing is 3-5 meters.

Today's little knowledge about jujube planting and management is introduced here. I hope it can bring some help to you who love the cultivation of jujube trees. I also wish your jujube trees will be full of vitality and fruitful in the end!

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and management of jujube

Red jujube, also known as jujube, jujube, thorn jujube, Guanzao, etc., is a small deciduous tree of Rhamnaceae, originated in China, and is often cultivated in Asia, Europe and America, which is rich in vitamin C and vitamin P. it can be made into candied and preserved jujube, such as honey jujube, red jujube, smoked jujube, black jujube, wine jujube and tooth jujube, and can also be used as jujube paste, jujube noodles, jujube wine, jujube vinegar and so on.

Growth habits of jujube

The jujube tree grows in the mountains, hills or plains below 1700 meters above sea level. It is a temperature-loving fruit tree. The average annual temperature in the producing area is about 15 ℃. The temperature in the budding stage is 13-15 ℃, the temperature in the leaf-spreading stage is 17 ℃, the temperature in the flowering and fruiting stage is 22-25 ℃, and the temperature in the fruit-ripening stage is 18-22 ℃. Jujube has strong tolerance to drought and waterlogging, but it requires higher air humidity at flowering stage, otherwise it is disadvantageous to pollinate and set fruit. In addition, jujube has strong light preference, sensitive to light, strong adaptability to soil, barren and saline-alkali tolerance. But afraid of the wind, so we should pay attention to avoid the tuyere in the process of building the garden.

Propagation methods of jujube

1. Grafting: the main grafting methods are wood bud grafting and branch grafting, and the main technical points of grafting can be summarized as six-character essentials. "fresh", keep the scion fresh and without water loss. "flat", the scion should be cut flat. "accurate", scion and rootstock cambium should be aligned. "tight". Tie it up tightly after it is connected. The operation speed of "fast" is faster. "wet", bury the soil or cover plastic bags to keep humidity after grafting. At the same time, the rootstock nursery was irrigated 5-7 days before grafting to make it easy to peel off.

2. Root cutting: select self-rooted plants of good varieties, dig ditches with a width of less than 30 cm and a depth of about 50 cm around the crown before germination, cut off the roots less than 2 cm in diameter, apply organic fertilizer in the root-cutting ditch, and then backfill. Root tiller seedlings can be sent out in the growing season, and in the following spring, root tiller seedlings are dug out and treated with ABT rooting powder or other hormones to be planted back to the nursery to cultivate strong seedlings.

3. Root insertion: pick roots from strong jujube trees at the end of autumn combined with autumn ploughing, cut and grow 20-30 cm, 1-4 cm in diameter, and store sand in the kiln. The following spring trench seedlings, the root ear to tilt 45 angles into the ditch, exposed to the ground 2 cm, immediately watered after insertion. The root and ear is treated with rooting hormone and covered with plastic film, the effect is better.

4. Cuttage: wet the sand bed before cutting. the wetting standard is that the sand bed does not collapse after drilling holes in the sand bed. When cutting, the cuttings are punched with a small wooden stick and the cuttings are dipped in pulp at the same time. The diameter of the small hole is larger than the diameter of the cuttings after dipping, so as to prevent the medicine from being squeezed out by the hole wall and reduce the medicinal properties. Cutting depth is about 3 cm, too deep can easily cause base rot, too shallow, cuttings dumping and root exposure after rooting, cuttings should be squeezed tightly after cutting, so that river sand and cuttings are closely combined.

Planting techniques of jujube

The main results are as follows: 1. Garden selection: jujube has strong adaptability and lax requirements on soil conditions, so wasteland and saline-alkali land can be fully utilized for cultivation. However, in order to achieve higher economic benefits and produce high-quality and pollution-free products, we should try our best to choose the environment such as air, water source and soil without pollution, flat and open terrain, good drainage conditions, strong soil permeability and good aeration performance. the groundwater level is higher and the garden land with fertile soil is better. When planting jujube trees in mountainous and hilly areas, sunny slopes with deep soil layers should be selected, while shady slopes should not be planted.

2. Planting varieties: there are many varieties of jujube, and a high-quality variety must have good tree potential, strong resistance to diseases and insect pests, crack resistance, good fruit shape, good fruit color, high nutrient content and good taste. At present, the excellent varieties used for drying are Jinsifeng, Jinsi honey, seedless red, seedless No. 1, seedless No. 3, Zanhuang jujube and so on. Among the precocious varieties, the excellent varieties used for fresh food are Zaocuiwang, Jingwei fresh jujube, early maturing pear jujube and so on, and the excellent varieties used for processing are pear jujube, Zanhuang jujube and so on. Late-maturing varieties are mainly used for fresh food, high-quality varieties are Jingwei Daxue jujube, winter jujube and so on. New and special varieties, there are fruit shape peculiar Mopan jujube, gourd jujube, tree-shaped peculiar feili red, Longxu jujube and so on.

3. Cultivation mode: first, dwarfing and dense planting, which is mainly suitable for varieties with early fruit and small tree type, and the suitable row spacing is 2 m × 3 m or 3 m × 2 m. The second is intercropping cultivation, which is mainly suitable for varieties with medium or large tree type and late fruit, with row spacing of 8m to 10m. The distance between plants is 3 to 5 meters. Other crops can be planted among trees in the early stage.

4. Cultivation time: jujube can be cultivated in the whole dormancy period from defoliation to germination in the next year, which can be divided into spring planting and autumn planting. According to years of cultivation experience, if 2-year-old and more than 2-year-old root tiller seedlings are planted and immediately watered in spring, the survival rate can easily reach more than 90%, while the survival rate of autumn planting can hardly reach more than 90% even after planting. However, the survival rate of autumn planting can reach more than 70% even without watering, while the survival rate of spring planting without watering is obviously lower than that of autumn planting.

Pruning techniques of jujube trees

The main results are as follows: 1. Jujube pruning is suitable for winter. Jujube is dormant in winter, and there are many dead branches on the tree that are not suitable for existence. If it is not cut off in time, it will be very disadvantageous to the growth of jujube in the coming year. When the jujube is pruned in winter, the response of the jujube is slow, so the pruning activity will not have much effect on it, and at the same time it can stimulate the growth of the jujube in the second year. Secondly, jujube pruning can be carried out in summer, and jujube branches grow very vigorously in summer. in order to avoid the consumption of nutrients caused by excessive branch growth, jujube branches must be cut off. only in this way can the high yield of jujube be guaranteed.

2. Jujube pruning technology needs to follow some basic choices, such as the principle of "promoting forward and backward control, blocking and putting down". Specifically, it probably means that jujube trees should not be pruned as far as possible in the early growth stage, that is, 1 ~ 2 years. But when the jujube tree crown reaches the height we want, we should carry out pruning control, that is, blocking the upward growth of jujube trees and properly guiding them to develop horizontally.

3. There are many kinds of pruning methods for jujube trees, and the methods used for different pruning purposes are also different. The common pruning methods of jujube trees are supporting branches, pulling branches, ring cutting, binding, wiping buds, heart picking, bending, twisting and so on, each method or means is to achieve a certain purpose. Jujube pruning technology is a more professional technology, we only know some theories is not enough, we must also have some practical experience. The specific situation of each jujube tree will be different, and the methods we use are different. If we want to learn the technique of jujube tree pruning, we should fully combine the theoretical knowledge of books with our practical operation.

Jujube planting management

1. Fertilizer and water management: according to rainfall, water can be irrigated once in mid-May, early June and late June to ensure that the seedlings are not dry. After the slow seedling stage in late July, 150 grams of urea is applied to each plant. In addition, after the seedlings germinated and spread their leaves, 0.4% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate were sprayed on the leaves every 10 to 15 days.

2. Pest control: that is, spraying 2000 times of monocrotophos or 50% Apollo plus 50% methamidophos mixture in late May and early and mid-June can effectively control pests such as red spiders, bugs, jujube leaf ticks and so on.

3. Check the replanting: after the seedlings germinate and spread their leaves, investigate the survival of the seedlings, and replant the seedlings with soil before sprouting in autumn or the next year according to the situation of dead or missing plants. In addition, in the year when jujube seedlings were planted, there sometimes appeared the phenomenon of false death without germination. the branches of the false dead plants were soft and the skin was green and bright, so the fake dead seedlings should be watered and ploughed to promote their germination and growth as soon as possible.

4. Flower and fruit protection: if you want to make the jujube bear fruit early and bear more fruit, one is to pick the heart and top during the flowering period of the jujube tree to reduce the consumption of nutrients. The second is to spray 10-15 mg / kg gibberellin or jujube Huabao solution at flowering stage. Carefully spray 50 mg / kg naphthylacetic acid or 10 mg / kg anti-falling hormone solution 2 times 3 times 4-5 weeks before fruit ripening (white ripening period), and spray once every 10-15 days.

Control of diseases and insect pests in jujube

1. Jujube mad disease

Jujube mad disease is a destructive disease of jujube. After the jujube tree was infected, the whole plant showed abnormal growth state, such as changing flowers and leaves, clustered branches and leaves, yellowing of tender leaves, spoon-shaped curl, tufted roots and tillers, and so on. The young trees will die after 1 ~ 2 years, and the big trees will wither and die gradually in 3 ~ 6 years. The disease is mainly transmitted by grafting or piercing by leafhopper pests in the field.

[prevention and treatment] ① eradicated diseased plants and diseased roots and tillers, and eradicated the source of infection. ② selected disease-free scion and grafted to breed seedlings. ③ selects varieties with strong disease resistance, strengthens cultivation management, and promotes the healthy growth of trees. ④ control vector pests, spray 20% pyrethrin 3000 times or 10% imidacloprid 3000 times.

2. Jujube inchworm

[harm] the larva harms the tender buds, leaves and flower buds, and one generation occurs every year. The pupa overwinters in the soil 10-15 cm deep around the canopy, Eclosion into adults in late March of the following year, larvae hatch to trees from mid-late April to mid-May, and from late May to mid-June, they begin to enter the soil and pupate over the summer and overwinter.

[control] ① combined with deep ploughing soil in winter to pick and kill overwintering pupae. In early March, ② tied a film about 10 cm wide at the base of the trunk 20 cm above the ground to prevent female adults from spawning. Every morning and evening, they artificially killed adults under the tree, or sprayed pyrethroid pesticides around the trunk to kill hatched larvae. 25% diflubenzuron 2000 times solution was sprayed on ③ trees.

3. Jujube armyworm

[harm] the larvae are harmful to leaves, flowers and fruits, and the larvae often affix leaf curls and eat flesh from the stalk into the fruit. The insect has three generations a year, and the pupa overwinters as cocoons under the old warped skin and crevices, and the emergence begins in late March of the following year. The first generation larvae occur in early May, the second generation larvae occur from late June to early July, and the third generation occurs in the first and middle of August.

[control] ① did a good job in the control of the first generation of larvae, that is, when the tender shoot of jujube tree grew to about 3 cm, the effect was better by using 1000 times solution of 90% trichlorfon and 3000 times solution of 20% fenvalerate, spraying 1500,2000 times solution of 25% diflubenzuron 3, and spraying biological pesticide Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus borer during flowering and fruiting period. ② began to bind grass on tree trunks in early September to trap larvae into pupation, which were collected and burned in winter. ③ scrapes off the skin of the old warbler in winter to reduce the source of overwintering insects. ④ adults were trapped and killed by black light during the occurrence period.

How to improve the success rate of planting fruit trees?

How to improve the success rate of planting fruit trees?

1. Tidy up the roots. After the fruit trees are dug up from the nursery, their roots have been harmed. In order to reduce the injured area, they should be sorted out. Use scissors to remove part of the main root, the large lateral root from the injury cut flat, do not oblique cut, the wound is easy to recover.

two。 Sort out the branches and leaves. After the root system was dug off, it could not absorb enough water from the soil for aboveground branches and leaves to evaporate, and cut off 2 to 3 branches and leaves to reduce transpiration and improve the survival rate.

3. Plant at the right time. Spring planting should be carried out from soil thawing to seedling sprouting. Planting too early or too late is not conducive to seedling survival. Due to the characteristics of different tree species, the planting time should be different, peach, apricot, plum and so on should be early, red jujube should be late, and it is generally appropriate to plant immediately after soil freezing.

4. Select high-quality seedlings. The quality of seedlings is one of the important factors affecting the survival rate of colonization. Seedlings with high technical standards should be selected as far as possible, such as no diseases and insect pests, strong growth, well-developed roots, short internodes and so on. Before planting, we should carefully select seedlings, eliminate unqualified weak seedlings, growing seedlings, injured seedlings and so on, and carry out seedling arrangement.

5. Colonization technology. One is to apply sufficient base fertilizer. In the planting hole, 1 kg of Leili seaweed fertilizer, 2 kg of Australian bacterial fertilizer and 0.2 kg of Aoli biological organic agent were applied in the planting hole, mixed well with the soil and then planted. The second is to soak the root in nutrient solution. Before transplanting, soaking the root system in the nutrient solution prepared with the proportion of 15ml, 25ml and 10L water for 30 minutes can promote the wound healing of the root system, accelerate the recovery of root growth and improve the survival rate. The third is to remove the film at the grafting interface. If the grafting film is not released, the lower and upper parts of the grafting interface will grow thicker, but the growth at the grafting interface is not synchronous, and it is easy to break from the grafting interface when the wind blows. The fourth is to straighten out the root system. When the seedlings are put into the planting hole, the root system should be flattened and stretched to ensure that the root system grows normally. Fifth, it is drenched with enough water. Put the seedlings into the planting hole, cover a thin layer of fine soil, pour enough Anzhu water to make the root soil connect closely, and then cover a layer of soil. Sixth, pay attention to the interface of marriage. When planting citrus fruit trees, the grafting interface should be exposed, while those of bayberry, plum, peach, chestnut and other fruit trees should not be exposed in order to grow and develop normally. Seventh, the tree plate is covered. After planting, cover the topsoil with rice straw, thatch, crop straw or pig and cow manure to maintain soil moisture and help to restore growth.

6. Cover with plastic film. After planting, the surrounding rake will be made into a shallow pot with the planting seedlings as the center, and the plastic film will be covered with 80Mel 100 square meters. It can effectively increase the ground temperature, resist drought and preserve soil moisture, and promote the early growth and growth of buds.

7. Fertilizer and water management. Watering fertilizer and water once on the 10th and 20th day after planting is the key to restore root growth. 10 days after planting, the root callus began to recover, and at this time, according to the ratio of 15 ml of Root Wang, 15 ml of Ji Keshan, 0.25 kg of high nitrogen flushing fertilizer and 50 L of water, 1 liter per litre of water could improve the root activity and shorten the slow seedling stage; 20 days after planting, according to the ratio of 0.25 kg of high nitrogen flushing fertilizer, 23 grams of 3% alexanil and 50 liters of water, 1 liter of water can promote the germination of new shoots. Up to August, 0.3% high nitrogen flushing fertilizer was applied once a month, and the survival rate of seedlings reached 95%.

8. Set the dry. According to the cultivation requirements, 35 full buds were selected at the fixed dry height, and the cut was required to be smooth, non-splitting and treated with sealing agent or plastic film to prevent water loss and draining. In areas with frequent strong winds in spring, props should be set up to prevent the trees from wavering.

9. Post-planting management. According to the management principle of "promoting ahead and controlling later", the newly planted seedlings should be irrigated in time according to the growth status of fruit trees and soil moisture, and fertilized in time, and at the same time, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests at the seedling stage. Create a good environmental condition for seedling growth as much as possible.