High-yield planting techniques of buckwheat

Buckwheat is an annual herb of the genus Fagopyrum of Polygonaceae, which originated in China. It has a very long cultivation history and rich planting experience. The earliest buckwheat was unearthed in the No. 4 Han Tomb in Yangjiawan, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, more than 2000 years ago. In addition, Maquan in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province and Wuwei Mozuizi in Gansu Province also unearthed objects from the former Han Dynasty and Wuwei Mozuizi in Gansu Province. Let's take a look at the high-yield planting techniques of buckwheat.

Growth habits of buckwheat

1. Temperature: buckwheat likes cool and humid, can not bear high temperature and dry wind, and is afraid of frost. the accumulated temperature of 1000 ~ 1500 ℃ can meet its heat requirement. The seeds can germinate in about 4-5 days when the soil temperature is above 16 ℃, and the optimum temperature for flowering and fruiting is 26-30 ℃. The flower dies when the air temperature is-1 ℃, and the leaf or even the whole plant dies when the temperature is-2 ℃.

2. Rizhao: buckwheat is a short-day crop. When the sunshine length is reduced from 15-16 hours to 12-14 hours, the growth period is shortened, and late-maturing varieties are more sensitive than middle-maturing and early-maturing varieties. Each plant can blossom more than 2000, but the seed setting rate is very low. Only about 10%, coupled with the weak assimilation ability of leaves, serious shedding of flowers and fruits.

3. Moisture: buckwheat is a crop that needs more water. When seeds germinate, they need to absorb about 50% of their own dry weight, and they need to consume a lot of water during flowering and fruiting. The peak period of water demand is in the peak flowering period. Its transpiration coefficient is generally 450-630, which requires that the air relative humidity should not be less than 30-40%.

4. Soil: buckwheat is not strict on soil. The weak root system and poor soil force at the top of the seed require loose soil to facilitate the emergence of seedlings and promote the development of root system. It has rapid reproductive growth and strong fertilizer absorption, so it is suitable for planting in newly reclaimed land. The acidity of soil is required to be pH6~7, and the soil with heavy alkalinity is not suitable to be planted.

5. Fertilizer: buckwheat is a kind of crop sensitive to fertilizer. Sufficient fertilization can produce a large number of branches. Phosphate fertilizer can promote grain formation and increase the secretion of nectaries. Use bees to assist in pollination so as to increase yield. There is a large demand for potash fertilizer, but potassium salt containing chlorine is easy to cause leaf spot disease.

Cultivated varieties of buckwheat

1. Buckwheat: sweet buckwheat, also known as common buckwheat, aseptic root, slender stem, often angled, reddish color, large achene, triangular shape, smooth surface and edge, good quality, is one of the most cultivated in China.

2. Tartary buckwheat: Tartary buckwheat, also known as Tartar buckwheat, has mycorrhiza, the stem is often smooth green, achene is small, trigonous, the edge is not obvious, some are wavy, the surface is rough, more cultivated in southwest China.

3. Wing buckwheat: wing buckwheat, also known as winged buckwheat, light red stem, large leaves, mostly self-pollination, achene thin and winglike, poor quality, a small amount of cultivation in the north and southwest of China.

4. Rice buckwheat: Rice buckwheat is distributed in almost all the main producing areas of buckwheat in China. Achene is like sweet buckwheat, full and ready to crack between the two edges, but smooth without deep concave lines, blunt edges and wrinkles, so named because the seed coat is easy to burst.

Sowing techniques of buckwheat

1. Stubble selection: buckwheat is not strict in stubble selection, no matter what stubble can grow, but avoid continuous cropping. In order to obtain high yield of buckwheat, it is best to choose a good stubble among the rotation crops, and the better stubble are legumes and potatoes, which are land-raising crops. Followed by corn, wheat, vegetable stubble, these are land crops.

2. Soil preparation: buckwheat has strong adaptability to soil. As long as the climate is suitable, any soil, including barren land and newly reclaimed land which is not suitable for the growth of other cereal crops, can be planted. However, the soil with rich organic matter, good structure, sufficient nutrients, strong water retention and good ventilation can produce buckwheat with high quality and high yield.

3. Sowing: there are great differences in topography, soil quality and planting system, so the sowing methods are also different, including strip sowing, on-demand sowing and sowing, scientific planting of buckwheat should advocate strip sowing, sowing because of uneven seed sowing, irregular emergence, poor ventilation and light transmission, but the yield is not high, on-demand sowing is too laborious, strip sowing quality is high, which is conducive to the overall coordinated development, so as to improve the yield of Tartary buckwheat.

① broadcast: the box is 167cm / 200cm and the broadcast area is 13cm / 17cm. The advantages are uniform depth, uniform falling seeds, neat emergence, sowing in deep soil moisture when the spring drought is serious and poor soil moisture, timely sowing, ensuring the whole seedling, but also convenient for ploughing, weeding and topdressing.

② on demand: it is not easy to control the number of seeds on demand, and the number of holes per mu is also difficult to grasp, which is more labor-intensive. The box was opened with 167 cm to 200 cm, the row spacing was 27cm to 30cm, and the litter spacing was 17cm to 20cm. 8 seeds were planted in each litter, and 5 seedlings were left after emergence.

③ sowing: after wheat harvest in some areas, cultivated land is first cultivated and then seeds are sown. Because there is no row spacing in sowing, the density is difficult to control, the field population structure is unreasonable, there is a pile in the dense place, and there are no seedlings in the sparse place. And the field management is difficult, and the yield is generally low.

Field management of buckwheat

1. Seedling management: active seedling protection measures should be taken after buckwheat sowing. When sowing in case of drought, it is necessary to suppress and stabilize the soil in time, reduce the gap, and make it virtual and solid on the soil tillage layer, so as to facilitate the rise of groundwater and the germination of seeds. When there is rain or high soil water content after sowing, it will cause surface slabs, large buckwheat cotyledons and poor top soil capacity, and ground hardening will affect seedling emergence. Harrow can be used to break the hardening and loosen the surface.

2. Reasonable close planting: the main factors of buckwheat yield are plant number per mu, grain number per plant and 1000-grain weight, all of which are related to density. Reasonable close planting is to make full and effective use of light, water, air, heat and nutrients to coordinate the contradictions between groups and individuals, and to ensure the robust growth and development of individuals on the premise of maximum development of the group. the number of grains per plant and grain weight per unit area were increased to the maximum and high yield was obtained.

3. Rational fertilization: buckwheat is a crop that needs a lot of fertilizer. in order to obtain high yield, sufficient fertilizer must be provided. for dry and barren land and alpine mountains, the application of fertilizer, especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is the basis of high yield of buckwheat. Fertilization should be based on base fertilizer, supplemented by planting fertilizer, topdressing as supplement, organic fertilizer as main, and inorganic fertilizer as auxiliary. The application rate should be scientifically mastered according to soil fertility basis, yield index, fertilizer quality and planting climate characteristics.

3. Weeding by mid-tillage: it can loosen soil, increase soil permeability, store water and preserve soil moisture, increase soil temperature, promote seedling growth, and eliminate the harm of weeds. The times and time of weeding in mid-tillage depend on the area, soil, seedling condition and the number of weeds. The first intertillage weeding was carried out in combination with inter-seedling thinning when the seedlings were 6-7 cm high. The second intertillage was carried out before the ridge closure of buckwheat, combined with topdressing and soil cultivation, with a depth of 3cm to 5cm.

4. Irrigation and watering: buckwheat is a typical dry farming, but its drought resistance is weak in the growth process, and the most water is needed in the flowering and filling stage. In China, spring buckwheat is mostly planted on dry sloping land, lack of irrigation conditions, and buckwheat growth depends on natural precipitation. In the areas with irrigation conditions in spring buckwheat area, in case of drought during flowering and filling period, buckwheat should be irrigated to meet the water requirements of buckwheat in order to ensure the high yield of buckwheat.

5. Florescence management: buckwheat is a cross-pollinated crop and a bisexual flower. The seed setting rate is low, only 10-15%, which is the main factor of low yield. The way to improve the seed setting rate of buckwheat is to create pollination conditions. Buckwheat is an insect-borne flower crop, and insects can improve the seed setting rate of sweet buckwheat pollination. Bee-assisted pollination was carried out during the full flowering period of buckwheat. 2-3 days before flowering, 1-3 boxes of bees were placed in each mu of buckwheat field.