Production technology and pest control of Carthamus tinctorius

Carthamus tinctorius, also known as Carpinus chinensis, belongs to the genus Hamamelidaceae. The tree is graceful, beautiful in flowers and leaves, gorgeous and unique. It can blossom many times in a year. It is a very precious landscaping and bonsai plant. This tree species can be popularized, which can not only enrich the diversity of species, but also improve the color of beautifying the environment. It has a broad development prospect in today's image economic tide of urban gardening and urban forestry.

1. Morphological characteristics.

Evergreen or semi-evergreen shrubs or small trees, grayish purple branches, slender branchlets, densely rust-colored stellate hairs, leaves alternate, elliptic-ovate, 2-5 cm long, dark purple surface, abaxially purplish red, stellate hairs on both surfaces, heads, flowers light red to purplish red, petals linear, florescence long, but flowering in spring. The varieties of the same genus are Rhododendron chinense, whose leaves are golden all the year round.

2. Ecological habits

Castanopsis carlesii is a variety of Castanopsis carlesii, which grows in a semi-shady environment, is a neutral sunny plant, has strong adaptability, likes warm and humid climate, is also quite cold-resistant, drought and barren, and is most suitable for growing in slightly acidic soil, although it can tolerate shade. However, in the sunny environment, the leaves are bright, and the number of flowers is large, while the ornamental value in the shade decreases, and the growth rate is faster. Euphorbia angustifolia is distributed in Dabie Mountain, Tongbai Mountain and the south of Funiu Mountain, while Safflower is cultivated in Shangqiu, Pingdingshan, Xuchang and Xinyang in Henan Province.

3. Propagation and cultivation

It is appropriate to use tender wood cuttings. Bed insertion preparation: select the land with loose and flat soil, pH value of about 6 and convenient drainage and irrigation to build the slotting machine. After the plot is selected, it is necessary to carefully prepare the land, apply sufficient basic fertilizer, and then build a slotting machine according to the width of 1: 1.20 m and the height of 15: 20 cm. About 2m above the inserting bed, a black shading net (light transmittance 20% ~ 30%) was used to set up a shade shed. Cuttings: select semi-lignified twigs as cuttings, cuttings are 6-8 cm long, remove lower leaves, retain upper 2-3 leaves and axillary buds, after disinfection, cuttings should be selected and cut in a cool place to strictly prevent water loss. Generally, the cutting time can be carried out from May to September, but the cuttings in late August and September need to be treated with rooting powder and watered after cutting. And build a small plastic arch shed with a height of 50 cm on the seedbed to maintain humidity. Nursery bed management: timely watering to keep seedbed moisture. When the temperature in the shed is too high, the plastic film at both ends of the inserting machine can be released to ventilate and cool down. Generally, the film at both ends of the seedling bed can be opened about 120 days after insertion, so that the rooting seedlings can adapt to the change of temperature outside the bed. After 5 days and 7 days, all the films are removed, the shading shed is removed after 140 days, 150 days, and the seedlings are trained with full light for 25 days. In the meantime, topdressing was applied for 2 times and sprinkled with 0.20% compound fertilizer solution or 0.10% urea and 0.20% phosphate fertilizer mixed solution. The production cycle of cutting seedlings is 6 months, which can be transplanted or sold out of the nursery.

If large seedlings are cultivated for more than one year, they can be transplanted to fields with deep and fertile soil. The general plant spacing is 35 cm, row spacing 45cm, biennial seedlings plant spacing 50cm, row spacing 60cm. Big seedlings should be transplanted with soil balls. After planting, attention should be paid to weeding by ploughing and weeding, and the seedlings should be shaped and pruned for more than two years. The principle is that the upper part of the seedling is cut more and the lower part of the seedling is less cut, and the crown after pruning is oblate. Diseases such as mosaic disease, blight, leaf rot, black spot, etc., and pests include land tigers, beetles, and so on.

4. Disease and insect pest control

There are mainly mosaic disease, blight, leaf rot, black spot and so on, the main insect pests are longicorn beetles, ground tigers, beetles and so on.

4.1 Mosaic disease

First of all, the leaf veins are chlorosis, then the leaf is slightly mottled, and then it becomes dark and light erythema. The symptoms are more obvious in the new leaves. This virus disease is mostly transmitted by aphids. In addition, red rosewood is mostly propagated by cuttings, and cutting materials with viruses are also the direct cause of the disease. Killing aphids can control the mosaic disease of Loropetalum chinense to a certain extent. in addition, cutting propagation is mostly carried out, which appears to a certain extent due to the accumulation of virus. Therefore, the selection of robust branches for cutting is also the key to disease prevention.

In any case, paying attention to the sanitary management in the field, eradicating diseased plants and eliminating other hosts of CMV in order to reduce the source of infection are the most important control methods.

4.2 Black spot

When 1-4 leaves grow after emergence, the disease is easy to occur. Leaves, petioles, twigs and pedicels can be harmed, but mainly to leaves. At the initial stage of the disease, there were brown radiation lesions with obvious edges, with a diameter of 5 ~ 10 mm, and there were black spots on the plaques. In severe cases, the leaves withered and fell off in the early stage, affecting the growth.

Control methods: ① cut off diseased branches and leaves in autumn and winter, removed underground fallen leaves and residual plants, and concentrated burning to reduce the source of infectious bacteria. Disease-resistant and resistant varieties were selected for ②. ③ should strengthen cultivation management, enhance tree potential, improve disease resistance, pay attention to shaping and pruning, light transmission and ventilation, pay attention to drainage, reduce irrigation and reduce humidity. ④ was sprayed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 × 1000 times, or 70% methyl topiramate 1000 times, or 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times, or 80% Dysen zinc 500 times, once every 10 days for 2 times.

4.3 Anoplophora alternatus

The larvae were peeled in a ring at the base of the tree, and finally into the xylem. Due to the destruction of the phloem of the seedlings, the transport of water and nutrients was blocked, and some of them died gradually, and finally developed into the death of the whole plant. The adults were caught in May and June. When the adult is active, wrap the tree base with plastic sheets to prevent it from spawning. Mix 80% dichlorvos emulsion or 40% dimethoate EC with water and yellow mud to form a paste and brush the tree base. Hook to kill larvae, can be stuffed with cotton wool, sealed with mud.

4.4 the Tiger and the Beetle

The main reason is that the larvae eat the roots, the ground tiger mainly harms the cuttings and seedlings, and the beetles do harm to both large and small seedlings. The use of black light to induce and kill adults, the artificial death of adults can be used to kill adults at dusk, and spray 1000 times of 40% omethoate EC or 800 times of 90% trichlorfon solution.

Cultivation and management techniques of Carthamus tinctorius-- seedlings transplanting techniques of Carthamus tinctorius-- Control of diseases and pests of Carthamus tinctorius-- cultivation and management techniques of Carthamus tinctorius seedlings-- Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Carthamus tinctorius-- Carthamus tinctorius, also known as Carthamus tinctorius. Evergreen shrubs or small trees of Hamamelidaceae. Twigs covered with dark red stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, leathery, ovate, entire, twigs light red, overwintering old leaves dark red. Flowers 4-8 clusters on the raceme pedicel, showing a terminal head or short spike, petals 4, light purplish red, banded linear. Capsule woody, Obovate-orbicular; seeds long ovate, black, shiny. The flowering period is from April to May and the fruiting period is from September to October. Carthamus tinctorius has luxuriant branches, colorful trees, flexible wood and resistance to pruning. It is a good material for making stump bonsai. Flowers, roots and leaves can be used medicinally.

Carthamus tinctorius wood for floor preparation

Ploughing the subsoil with a depth of 20 to 30 cm, smashing the soil and removing stones, tiles, residual roots and weeds. Apply 400 to 800 kilograms of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer per mu. Red? The wooden seedlings are cultivated in the chamber type, which is 20 cm high above the ground and 1.2 meters wide, depending on the topography. There is a 40 cm wide walkway between each hatchback, a 20x20 cm drainage and irrigation ditch on the outside of each car, and a 40x30 cm drainage and irrigation ditch around the whole plot.

Transplanting seedlings of Carthamus tinctorius

Seedling emergence should be carried out under the condition of moist soil and fully sprinkled 3 hours before seedling emergence to make the moist soil attached to the root group and avoid root group injury. The seedlings should be planted while rising, so as not to expose them to strong light for a long time. If long-distance transportation is needed, the roots of the seedlings should be sloped in mud and wrapped in plastic bags. After the whole plot is planted, irrigate it in time. The best planting season is from October to mid-December and from early February to late March. Frost injury is easy to occur from late December to late January. Strong light and high temperature will affect the survival of seedlings after April. Planting can be divided into ditch planting or hole planting, planting 1 to 15000 plants per mu. Bare root transplantation should stretch the root system in the hole, do not make it curl, cover the fine soil, lift slightly, make the root group stretch, then gently compact, pour enough pressure water, and then cover a layer of topsoil to preserve soil moisture. Planting in autumn should avoid freezing in winter, and cold prevention measures should be taken when the temperature drops below 0 ℃. Generally, hay and fallen leaves should be covered on the seedling bed, and the film can also be arched.

Ploughing and weeding of Carthamus tinctorius

Intertillage weeding can promote the absorption of nutrients by seedling roots, and the depth of intertillage depends on the depth and growth period of seedling roots. The ploughing of small seedlings should be shallow, the middle seedlings should be deep, the near roots of seedlings should be shallow, and the rows between plants should be deep, generally 3 to 5 cm. Mid-tillage weeding is usually carried out from May to June, and after July, the root system of seedlings has been expanded to between plants and rows, so mid-tillage should be stopped, otherwise the root group will be cut off and the seedlings will be damaged.

The purpose of topdressing is to promote the growth of branches and leaves, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied more, but in the late stage of seedling growth in autumn, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied. Topdressing in addition to dry manure, human feces and urine, you can also apply rotten pig manure and urine to safflower? It has no effect on promoting red. When cultivated in a large area, chemical fertilizers can also be applied together. For seedlings coming out of the nursery for 2 to 3 years, 1.2 kg of ammonium nitrate, 1.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.5 kg of potassium chloride can be applied every 100 square meters.

Pest control of Carthamus tinctorius

The blight and blight mainly occurred in Rain Water in spring, and the seedlings and adult plants were damaged. Dark brown spots occur at the injured site and die in severe cases. Prevention and treatment: transplant with disease-free new soil, the fertilizer used must be rotten, and fresh farm manure must not be used. Remove the diseased plant in time. Before transplanting, disinfect 6 kilograms of water with 50 milliliters of 40% formaldehyde per square meter, or mix fine soil with 70% pentachloronitrophenol in the proportion of 1 ∶ 30, and sprinkle it on the seedbed soil. Spring seedlings were sprayed with 1000 times of thiophanate methyl or 1000 times of 75% chlorothalonil after one week, once every 10 days and used alternately.

Carthamus tinctorius pest

The main pests are aphids, ulnar moths, yellow armyworm, Plutella xylostella, large and small ground tigers and beetles. Aphids can affect plant growth and induce coal fouling disease; Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera litura do harm to the leaves of their larvae, and in serious cases, they can eat up all the tender shoots in 2 to 3 days; ground tigers and beetles eat their roots with larvae, and ground tigers mainly harm cuttings and seedlings. Large, medium and small seedlings of beetles are harmful. To control aphids, 5% diesel emulsion or Baume 3-5 degree stone sulfur mixture can be sprayed before germination to kill overwintering adults and eggs. Spray the medicine for the second time after falling flowers and the third time in October in autumn. The larvae of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera litura can be sprayed with 1500 times of methamidophos. The larvae of ground tiger and beetle are underground pests. The control method is to strengthen the management of nursery and not to apply immature organic fertilizer. Ploughing in winter, the overwintering larvae turn to the surface to freeze to death. With 3% carbofuran granules, according to the dosage of 2 kg per mu, trench into the soil 10 to 20 cm deep. Control techniques of diseases and insect pests of Loropetalum chinense (Latin name: Loropetalum chinense var.rubrum), also known as Carpinus chinensis, Carpinus roxburghii, Carpinus chinensis, Carpinus roxburghii, Carthamus chinensis, Safflower successive. it is a variety of Hamamelidaceae and Carpinus trees, evergreen shrubs or small trees. Bark dark gray or light grayish brown, much branched. Twigs reddish brown, densely stellate hairy. Leaves leathery alternate, ovoid or elliptic, long 2~5cm, apex mucronate, base round and oblique, asymmetric, stellate hairs on both sides, entire, dark red. 4 petals, purplish red linear long 1~2cm, 3-8 flowers clustered at the end of the branchlet. Capsule brown, subovate. The florescence is from April to May, the florescence is long, about 30-40 days, and the National Day can blossom again. There are 3-8 flowers clustered on the peduncle in a terminal head, purplish red. The fruit period is August. Mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the south, northern India. Flowers, roots and leaves can be used medicinally.

Planting flowers is important, but growing flowers is more important. With the continuous development of urban greening, red rosewood, as a colored tree species, plays a more and more important role in urban greening. However, due to some weak links in greening maintenance and management, we often see the death of whole trees with a crown diameter of more than 1 meter, which seriously affects the landscape effect of green space. In November last year, we studied the cause of death of red rosewood and corrected the incorrect treatment methods that had been adopted before. First, insect pests: after careful observation on the roots of the dying red wood in the nursery, it was found that it was mainly caused by the stem-borer longicorn beetle. The main results are as follows: 1. The damage mode: the larvae are peeled in the tree base, and finally decay into the xylem. Due to the destruction of the phloem of the seedlings, the transport of water and nutrients is blocked, and some of them die gradually, and finally develop into the death of the whole plant. 2. Morphological characteristics of larvae: there are "convex" patterns at the back of the forechest, and there are a pair of bird-shaped patterns in front of them. 3. Control methods: capture adults from 1.5 to June. 2. When the adult is active, wrap the tree base with plastic sheet to prevent it from spawning. 3. Mix 80% dichlorvos emulsion or 40% dimethoate EC with water and yellow mud to form a paste and brush the tree base. 4. Hook to kill larvae, can be stuffed with cotton wool, sealed with mud. 2. Red clover mosaic disease 1. Damage symptoms: first, the leaf vein is chlorosis, then the leaf is slightly mottled, and then it becomes dark and light erythema. The symptoms are more obvious in the new leaves. 2. Morbidity regularity: this virus disease is mostly transmitted by aphids. In addition, red rosewood is mostly cultured by cuttings, and cutting materials with viruses are also the direct cause of the disease. 3. Control methods: killing aphids has a certain control effect on the mosaic disease of Loropetalum chinense. In addition, most of the trees are cultured by cuttage, which appears to a certain extent due to the accumulation of virus. Therefore, the selection of robust branches for cutting is also the key to disease prevention. In any case, paying attention to the sanitary management in the field, eradicating diseased plants and eliminating other hosts of CMV in order to reduce the source of infection are the most important control methods.