Efficient planting and Management techniques of Alfalfa in South China

At present, the development of alfalfa production in southern China is of great significance to promote the development of green animal products in animal husbandry, meet market demand, increase economic benefits of animal husbandry and improve the income of farmers and herdsmen. Today's main content is centered on the efficient cultivation techniques of alfalfa in southern China.

As far as the present situation is concerned, the way to solve 95% of alfalfa product demand is to increase the yield per unit area and expand the planting area. In a sense, after long-term planting in northern China, the plasticity of increasing area and increasing yield per unit area is quite small, but the southern region with superior geographical conditions is a great place to use. Therefore, whether considering from meeting market demand or adjusting agricultural industrial structure, the southward shift of alfalfa planting center will definitely become the development trend of alfalfa product production. From the geographical condition difference between north and south of our country, and want to get rid of the market demand pressure for alfalfa products in a short time, this development trend will become inevitable.

1. The problem of planting alfalfa in the south

In the south, the soil particles are fine and sticky, and it is easy to harden into large soil blocks, which affects the germination and growth of seeds; there is seasonal high temperature and drought, during which the alfalfa dormancy is not long; the inoculated rhizobia does not tolerate high temperature in summer and autumn and dies; the spring rains, and the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobia decreases, thus making the alfalfa grow slowly;

The soils in southern China are red soil, purple soil, which contains more total phosphorus, less available phosphorus, insoluble phosphorus can not be absorbed by crops, and organic fertilizer and chemical phosphorus fertilizer are easy to be fixed by soil.

II. Cultivation techniques

(1) In the monsoon wet climate region of southern China, the sloping land with soil depth of 80cm, soil pH value of 7.5, total salt content of 2.0 g/kg, groundwater depth of 1.6 m, no waterlogging and sunny weather was selected as planting land;

(2) After TWINSPAN classification and screening,"Victory alfalfa" was selected as planting variety;

(3) The seeds of alfalfa were irradiated with gamma ray of radioactive isotope protactinium for 2 hours, the ray intensity was Gr600, and the irradiation distance was 2m, so that the biological enzymes of the seeds were activated and the dormancy was broken. The experiment showed that the seeds irradiated by gamma ray and the seeds not irradiated under the same planting conditions, because of breaking the dormancy, the yield of grass doubled;

(4) soaking the seeds of alfalfa in warm water at 45 DEG C for 12 hours, draining, and then making sludge by using topsoil of alfalfa planted locally or soil of alfalfa to be planted locally, human excrement and rice straw (contains rhizobia adapted to local climate soil, strong vitality, strong nitrogen fixation ability, can increase yield by 15-30%), preparing phosphorus dissolving bacteria slurry with air-dried sludge and phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder, mixing titanium fertilizer solution, mixing 1kg of titanium fertilizer solution with 1ml of titanium fertilizer solution, dressing seeds with prepared phosphorus dissolving bacteria slurry and titanium fertilizer solution with water, and using phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder for every 100kg of seeds;

(5) ploughing the planting land for 22-24cm; after ploughing, ditching and dividing the planting land into compartments at the same height, with the compartment surface width of 1.5 - 1.6 m, the ditch width of 30-32cm and the ditch depth of 22-24cm; leveling the compartment surface, spreading lime on the acidic soil, spreading lime 450kg per hectare on the cohesive soil, spreading lime 225kg per hectare on the sandy soil, leveling and raking large soil blocks to make the topsoil solid; opening the sowing ditch;

(6) applying organic fertilizer (mixture of dried chicken and duck dung and cake fertilizer), water retaining agent and phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder in the sowing ditch, the dosage of organic fertilizer is 3000kg/hm2, the dosage of water retaining agent is 150kg/hm2, and the dosage of phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder is 7.5 kg/hm2; sowing and sowing by drilling, row spacing is 30-32cm, sowing depth is 1- 2 cm, and seed dosage is 1.2 kg per mu;

(7) spraying the mixture of fruit-type titanium fertilizer solution and urea from the time when the seeds germinate and grow leaves, spraying the front and back of the leaves; preparing the mixture of fruit-type titanium fertilizer solution and urea according to the following proportion: diluting the fruit-type titanium fertilizer solution with clean water of 2000 times in mass, adding urea into the fruit-type titanium fertilizer solution diluted with clean water, and the mass ratio of urea to clean water is 1:100; spraying the mixture of fruit-type titanium fertilizer solution and urea is 500kg/h㎡; Spraying fruit-type titanium fertilizer not only increased yield significantly, but also reduced the heavy metal content of alfalfa, cattle and sheep after eating less disease;

(8) Organic fertilizer (mixture of dried chicken and duck dung and cake fertilizer), water retention agent and phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder are mixed evenly and applied together, the dosage of organic fertilizer is 3000kg/hm2, the dosage of water retention agent is 150kg/hm2, and the dosage of phosphorus dissolving bacteria powder is 7.5 kg/hm2; The water retaining agent can absorb deionized water hundreds or even thousands times heavier than itself, and then slowly release water for seed germination and crop growth, so as to enhance soil water retaining capacity, reduce deep water leakage, improve drought resistance and rapid growth of alfalfa.

(9) Cutting alfalfa in the same year of sowing, 10% of alfalfa plants without gamma ray treatment can be cut at flowering, stubble height is 5 cm, alfalfa treated with protactinium gamma ray Gr600 is the most suitable harvest at flowering, alfalfa field after each cutting, urea 2.5 kg per mu, fruit type titanium fertilizer diluted with 100 times of water, fruit type titanium fertilizer diluted with water showering stumps;

Organic fertilizer (fully decomposed chicken and duck dung and cake fertilizer) shall be applied once after every 2 times of cutting, 100 kg per mu, fertilizer shall be sprinkled into planting ditch to prevent diseases and insect pests, main diseases include root rot, rust, brown spot and downy mildew, ditch drainage shall be conducted, and titanium fertilizer (mixed carbendazim or thiophanate) shall be sprayed for prevention and control. Insect pests include aphids, thrips, leaf hoppers, blind bugs, etc., which can be controlled by spraying with fenitrothion, or mixed with fruit-type titanium fertilizer;

Loosening soil after each mowing, adopting the method of intertillage with excess and deficiency, not only receiving precipitation, but also reducing soil runoff, improving drought resistance, burying weeds in the soil as fertilizer or covering topsoil.

In step (1), slope types with soil depth of more than 70cm include:

① tidal soil and tidal sand flat land in higher terrain or flood control;

(2) thick granite red soil slope;

(3) thick sandstone red soil slope;

④ Quaternary red soil upland paddy field;

(5) limestone red soil, red limestone soil, yellow limestone soil slope;

(6) Granite yellow earth, yellow brown earth hillock mountain plain, mound mountain plain;

Thick soil layer purple hillock slope, etc.

In step (2), the selected planting variety "Victory alfalfa" was selected through the following experiments.

The production performance of 21 alfalfa varieties (fresh grass yield, hay yield, stem-leaf ratio, plant height, branch number, main root length, regeneration speed, etc.) was analyzed by grey system theory in hilly and low mountain area of central Hunan Province. A comprehensive evaluation model was established to evaluate the production performance of each variety. Hunter River, Hopland and wI323 were the best alfalfa varieties in comprehensive production performance, but Affinet, Terry and Nongbao were the worst.

Although the fresh yield of alfalfa king and alfalfa victory is higher, but its regeneration speed is slow, and the ratio of stem to leaf of alfalfa king is low, the dry matter content of alfalfa victory is low, but alfalfa victory is resistant to high temperature, drought, cold, suitable for planting, seedling vigor is strong, yield is high, so finally it is determined that alfalfa victory is the planting variety of technology.

In step (3), the alfalfa fertilizer is applied according to the soil, that is, the newly reclaimed wasteland and the soil with poor fertility should be combined with deep ploughing and sowing furrow to apply more base fertilizer, the soil with medium fertility should be combined with deep ploughing and sowing furrow to apply less base fertilizer, and the soil with high fertility should not be applied base fertilizer;

2. The fertilizer (including basal fertilizer and topdressing) should be complete in nutrients, including N, P, K and medium and trace elements, because phosphorus can improve the yield and seed germination of alfalfa, potassium is an essential element for alfalfa, nitrogen fertilizer alone has no effect on alfalfa yield, but nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mixture can improve alfalfa yield and quality.(mixture of straw and pig dung urine in pig pens and cattle pens) and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are applied simultaneously, so that the fertilizer efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer can be doubled, so the preferred organic fertilizer of the invention is dried chicken and duck manure and cake fertilizer. Dried chicken and duck manure and cake fertilizer are high-quality organic fertilizers with complete nutrients. Phosphorus-dissolving fungi can dissolve insoluble phosphorus in soil and make phosphorus fixed in soil and organic matter effective, increasing yield by more than 30%.

The above is the whole content of alfalfa planting. This content mainly provides a technology that can break the seed dormancy in summer and autumn, enhance the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobia, and make the insoluble phosphorus in the soil effective. Southern friends who need it hurry to learn it.

Alfalfa interplanting technology in poplar forest Alfalfa, original name: alfalfa, also known as alfalfa, Latin name: Medicago sativa. Rosaceae, leguminous, alfalfa perennial herbs, roots stout, deep into the soil, root neck developed. Stems erect, clustered to procumbent, quadrangular, glabrous or pubescent, luxuriant. Seeds ovate, 1-2.5 mm long, smooth, yellow or brown. Flowering may-July, fruiting June-August. Originated in Asia Minor, Iran, Transcaucasia. It is cultivated or semi-wild all over the world. Born in fields, roadsides, wilderness, grassland, river banks and valleys and other places. It is widely cultivated for forage and pasture in Eurasia and countries around the world.

Interplanting alfalfa in Populus tomentosa forest is a technique with large planting space, only 110 trees are planted per 667 square meters, and leaves of Populus tomentosa fall and stop growing in winter and spring. According to this characteristic, interplanting alfalfa in Populus tomentosa forest can obtain better effect. The planting techniques are described as follows: 1. Leveling the land: alfalfa seeds are small, sowing should be deeply ploughed and carefully harrowed to ensure that the plot is level and the pine is solid. 2. Timely sowing: spring sowing in the Yangtze River Basin is appropriate from March to April, autumn sowing is appropriate from September to October, especially in September. The seed coat of alfalfa is hard. In order to improve the germination rate, sand should be used to rub off the seed coat before sowing. The seed can also be dried for 2-3 days or soaked in warm water at 50-60℃ for 15 minutes to 1 hour before sowing. In addition, in order to prevent sclerotium disease, salt water with a specific gravity of 1.03-1.1 can be used for seed selection before sowing, and carbendazim can also be sprayed to eliminate sclerotium mixed in seeds. The seed amount is 0.75-1 kg per 667 square meters, mainly in drilling, row spacing 20-30 cm, but also broadcast, dibble, seedling transplanting. Fertile land with row spacing of 50-70 cm wide row sowing is better. Sowing depth is 1.5-2 cm in moist soil and 2-3 cm in arid soil. Do not sow too deep to facilitate emergence. 3. Apply enough base fertilizer and base fertilizer: apply enough base fertilizer before sowing, apply organic fertilizer 4000-*** kg or compound fertilizer 75-100 kg per 667 square meters, and apply organic fertilizer 2000 kg or compound fertilizer 50 kg before overwintering or returning to green every year. After each mowing, water and topdressing should be done in time. 4. Daily management: ① timely cultivation and weeding: alfalfa seedling growth is slow, easy to cause weeds, every year before winter, early spring green and after each mowing should be timely loosening weeding. Timely irrigation and drainage: In dry or hot summer, timely watering should be carried out; in dry or cold winter, winter irrigation can improve the ground temperature and ensure the safe winter of alfalfa; in case of continuous rainy weather, accumulated water should be removed in time. 5. Timely mowing and seed harvesting: alfalfa as green feed suitable mowing period is in the first flower to 10% of the whole plant flowering, a large number of new buds grow on the rhizome; autumn sowing alfalfa generally to the next year in late March to late April began mowing, after every 35-40 days mowing once. 6-7 Harvest mature seeds in batches in January. In rainy years in southern China, 2-3 crops are suitable. No.: 2004-6-1-678 Brief Introduction to Cultivation Techniques of Cattail Grass

A Brief Introduction to Cultivation Techniques of Cattail Grass

How to cultivate cattail grass?

[Expert Answer]

A Brief Introduction to Cultivation Techniques of Cattail Grass

Ecological habits of cat grass

Cat tail grass is mostly born in dry wilderness slopes, roadsides or shrubs, below 850 meters above sea level.

It likes cold and humid climate, has strong cold resistance, can safely overwinter in Northeast China, and has a high overwinter rate in Inner Mongolia and other areas with irrigation conditions. The optimum growth temperature is 16~21℃. It is sensitive to drought and high temperature, and does not adapt to drought in northwest China (except for irrigated areas) and high temperature in summer in low altitude areas of southern China. Cat tail grass likes wet, more resistant to flooding, less strict with soil requirements, adapt to various types of soil, grow best in clay and loam, resistant to slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soil. The growth period of cat grass is longer, generally 6~7 years, and it can reach 10~15 years if it is well managed.

A Brief Introduction to Cultivation Techniques of Cattail Grass

Cultivation techniques of cattail grass

Cat grass turns green in March and April, flowers in July and August, and seeds mature in August and September. Cattail grass is a long-lived plant, which can be used for 5-6 years at a time. It can be used for 10-15 years under good management conditions. Grass yield increased after the second year and decreased after the fifth year. In order to increase seed bearing rate, artificial pollination or bee pollination should be used in seed field during flowering period. Too late is not conducive to the accumulation of nutrients in roots and root necks.

Before sowing cat tail grass should be fine soil preparation, good soil moisture, organic fertilizer 2000kg per mu. Sowing in spring or summer in cold regions, or autumn in rainy seasons. The row spacing of drilling is 20~30cm, the sowing rate is about 0.8- 1.2 kg per mu, the sowing rate is about 2.0 kg per mu, the sowing depth is 0.5~ 1.2 cm, the sowing is properly suppressed after sowing, and the weeds are removed at the seedling stage.

soil preparation and fertilization

The seeds of cat tail grass are small, and it is difficult to emerge and protect seedlings. Therefore, it is necessary to select good soil structure for planting and ensure good soil preparation quality. Autumn ploughing, after ploughing timely rake and suppression, to achieve the ground level soil broken; late autumn ploughing to early spring ploughing, ploughing depth of not less than 20 cm is appropriate. Summer plowing should be done before the rainy season, so as not to delay sowing due to excessive rain.

Cattail grass can also be harrowed after early crops. That is, after the previous crop has been harvested, it is immediately cleaned and loosened with a disk rake, and then sown.

fertilization

Cat tail grass once planted for many years, it must be fully fertilized, soil barren land should be more fertilized. Cattail grass is especially sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer, so apply more nitrogen and appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Based on base fertilizer, 2500-3000 kg of high-quality manure shall be applied per 667 square meters, which shall be applied before ploughing. In addition to organic fertilizer, some lime should be applied to acid soil, 50-60 kg per 667 square meters, evenly applied before ploughing. The amount of fertilizer needed from tillering to jointing stage, from heading to flowering stage, from flowering to flowering stage, and from middle to late stage of seed maturity. According to soil quality and growth, topdressing is applied in batches and stages according to needs. Nitrogen fertilizer was dominant in the early stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were dominant in the late stage. Fertilization should be applied less and more frequently in order to give full play to fertilizer efficiency. If topdressing and irrigation are combined, the effect is better.

selective seeding

The seeds of cat tail grass are often mixed with grains and impurities, so they need to be cleaned before sowing, and the seeds can be sown only when the purity reaches more than 90%. Select seeds and mix in seed manure. The amount of seed fertilizer is 5-6 kg of granular compound fertilizer mixed with seed per 667 square meters, which not only provides nutrients for seedling growth, but also makes the next seed uniform and seedling good.

(1) Sowing time: varies by place. South of the Yangtze River can be spring or autumn sowing, usually autumn sowing is good, and North China, northwest and northeast south can also autumn sowing, but autumn drought areas are still spring sowing is good. Spring sowing should be early rather than late, to rush to sow, in order to ensure emergence.

(2) Sowing rate: 0.75-1.0 kg per 667 m2.

(3) Sowing method: drilling, row spacing 15-30 cm, sowing depth 2-8 cm. After sowing, suppress 1-2 times. Cattail grass can be mixed with alfalfa, red clover, white clover, etc. to improve yield and quality, but also restore soil fertility.

field management

Cattail grass seedlings slow, thin seedlings, not tolerant of weeds. After emergence, the first intertillage weeding is carried out, and the second intertillage weeding is carried out after 15-20 days. A third intertill weeding is carried out before closing the rows. After re-greening and mowing, intertill and weed once. When the plant growth slows down and the leaf color becomes pale, topdressing and irrigation should be applied in time. Generally, 10 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 7.5 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and 5 kg of potassium fertilizer should be applied per 667 square meters to promote growth.

Disease control of cat grass

Cat tail grass is easy to suffer from sticky insects, corn borer and other pests, to be found early, timely spraying control.

Seed picking is carried out when the head of the cattail turns yellow and the seed hardens, the head of the cattail is cut off, dried and threshed. Generally, 2030 kilograms of seeds can be collected per 667 square meters.

Summary: Today's small series mainly introduces the cultivation technology of cat tail grass from the growth environment of cat tail grass, fertilization skills, seed selection and sowing, field management and disease control.