Efficient cultivation techniques of Photinia chinensis and control of main diseases and insect pests

How to trim the red leaf heather? What preparations should be made before transplanting Photinia rugosa? The following is the editor of Gehui Nong Network to learn the transplanting preparation, reproduction and pest control cultivation of Photinia rubra.

1 characteristics and functions of Photinia rugosa

Photinia likes light, sand and shade, has strong resistance to cold and drought, strong resistance to salt and alkali, fast growth, good sprouting, strong ecological adaptability, good resistance to harmful gases and good pruning resistance. and easy to transplant and form, can be combined with other greening plants according to the specific needs of greening.

With the continuous development of social economy, people have higher and higher requirements for the living environment, which promotes the rapid development of greening construction and makes landscaping put forward new requirements for the collocation of plants. The evergreen red-leaf tree species used in landscaping in many areas of China are very rare, and red-leaf Berberis and safflower small trees are more common, but the leaves of these two kinds of plants are not highly leathery and have poor cold resistance compared with red-leaf photinia. The soil suitable for planting red-leaf trees is mostly acidic. Although red-leaf Berberis has strong soil adaptability, it is mainly deciduous or semi-evergreen.

In addition, the leaves of these two kinds of plants are dark purplish red, and the ornamental is not good, which can not be comparable with the bright red leaves of Photinia. The introduction of Photinia rugosa can not only enrich the varieties of garden plants, increase the amount of urban greening, improve the quality of the city, but also play a role in beautifying the environment and purifying the air; at the same time, it can also play the role of wind shield, dust prevention and noise reduction, and can effectively reduce sunlight radiation heat and regulate air humidity in summer, which is conducive to the improvement of urban residents' quality of life and the improvement of urban ecological environment.

2 cultivation techniques

2.1 transplanting

2.1.1 selection and arrangement of cultivation sites

When introducing and cultivating Photinia rubra, the transplanting site must be selected and sorted out. Should try to choose the soil layer is relatively deep and the soil is soft and fertile, to ensure the drainage performance of the soil, as close to the water source as possible. If the soil is hardened, viscous and has poor permeability, the soil must be improved. Before transplanting, it is necessary to do a good job of fertilization, using rotten stable fertilizer and calcium superphosphate as base fertilizer, and fertilization should be uniform. When ploughing the soil, it is necessary to reach a depth of more than 25 cm, and 20% ~ 30% of rice chaff ash is added to the planting soil to enhance the air permeability and water permeability of the soil.

2.1.2 selection and treatment of inserts

Under normal circumstances, Photinia chinensis can be cultivated by cutting. It is necessary to select healthy branches without disease and insect pests and cut about 8 cm from the plant as cuttings. In the process of treatment, it is necessary to disinfect the scissors with alcohol, and then cut the branches into segments, leaving one leaf for each branch, so as to improve the survival rate and ensure sufficient water in the process of cutting.

2.1.3 Technical points

In the process of transplanting seedlings, we must ensure the integrity of the root soil ball, remove the nutrition bowl carefully, dig holes at a fixed point, and control the transplanting depth, preferably consistent with the planting depth before transplanting, pile fine soil on the roots, so that the roots can be stretched, and then compact the soil, so that the transplanted seedlings are arranged neatly, and water the roots in time. Then spread straw on the seedbed to prevent the emergence of weeds, but also play a moisturizing role.

2.2 cultivation and management

2.2.1 Water and light management

It should be watered in time during the slow seedling period. if there is a continuous sunny day, it should be watered once after transplanting for 4 days, and then every 10 days. If there is frequent precipitation in the rainy season, it is necessary to do a good job of drainage and protective measures to cover the seedling bed with straw to prevent the roots of the seedlings from being burned. In the early stage of seedling transplanting, shading treatment is needed to improve the survival rate of seedlings. When the female parent seedlings can pick ears, they should be covered with shading net to effectively control the water loss of panicles.

2.2.2 nutrient management

Urea should be applied 15 days after transplanting seedlings from March to April, compound fertilizer should be applied from May to June, urea should be applied again from July to August, and rotten organic fertilizer should be applied from November to December. When applying compound fertilizer and urea, the work of loosening soil and weeding was carried out at the same time, and spread between rows to avoid damage to the leaves, branches and rhizomes of seedlings. The weeds were removed when the weeds were born, and the removal quality was guaranteed, and the soil was loosened and weeded after rainy and sunny days, so as to avoid soil consolidation problems and affect the normal growth of Photinia rubra.

2.2.3 pruning Management

Pruning is usually carried out before germination or after the growth of new shoots. the degree of pruning is determined according to the actual situation of treetop growth, generally adhere to the principle of removing the weak and staying strong, and the medium growth can be dealt with according to the overall growth, so that the aesthetics of the tree shape can be guaranteed. It is strictly forbidden to leave dead piles in the process of pruning. Pruning combined with fertilizer and water replenishment work, if the seedling shoot is fast, it needs to be pruned many times, which is beneficial to promote branches and avoid the phenomenon of tree shape tall, thin or disjointed.

2.2.4 Winter Management

When managing Photinia chinensis in winter, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) to prevent the problem of root injury in permafrost, the permafrost will lead to physiological drought and cause plant death, so it is necessary to plant in areas with permafrost, especially for Photinia rubra which has been planted in the same year, we should take good soil anti-freezing measures to protect the roots of the plant, and generally cover the surface half a month before the permafrost is produced. To effectively control the temperature of the soil. (2) to clean up the branches with diseases and insect pests to reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests in the coming year; (3) to apply winter fertilizer to ensure the growth of new shoots in the coming year, so as to enhance the ornamental effect. It is appropriate to use compound fertilizer with high nitrogen content when the soil loosening work is carried out at the same time from December of that year to January of the next year. (4) in order to make the germination of new shoots in spring have certain compactness and consistency, to ensure the ornamental effect, light pruning should be completed in January according to the use of the product. Photinia chinensis is widely used in urban greening in China. It is necessary to determine the maintenance time and measures in winter according to the actual situation in winter. Only in this way can we effectively ensure the effect of maintenance work.

2.3 Disease and pest control

2.3.1 Leaf spot

Leaf spot mainly harms the new stems and leaves of Photinia rubra. Brown spots appear on the surface of the leaves at the initial stage, and gradually turn into diagonal spots with the aggravation of the disease. The leaves are reddish brown on the front and yellowish brown on the back. When the disease is more serious, the disease spot will be massive, causing the plant to die. Centralized cleaning of dead branches and leaves in winter and spring, removal of the source of overwintering disease, spraying Bordeaux solution every 10-15 days in March and early June, 50% carbendazim or methyl topiramate can be used to control the disease with 300-400 times.

2.3.2 Red Spider

Red spiders mainly feed on tender leaves. After the leaves are damaged, abnormal proliferation occurs in the epidermal cells. The control of disease reproduction or disease invasion is the basic way to control red spiders. Before sprouting new buds in spring, the prevention can be sprayed with 800 times of 20% dicofol; when the pest is serious, 0.02% ~ 0.05% chlorfenac powder solution can be mixed with 0.5 Baomedo stone sulfur mixture, or 40% dimethoate emulsion with 800 times liquid can be used. Have a good control effect.

2.3.3 aphids

Aphids can cause leaf deformities, curls and wrinkles, but also secrete honeydew to make leaves produce virus disease or coal fouling disease, and aphids multiply in large quantities, which is easy to cause disasters in dry season. When controlling aphids, we should not only improve the light and ventilation conditions of the planting site, but also adopt corresponding chemical control methods. When the temperature rises in spring, 1200-1500 times liquid dimethoate emulsion is used to poison the hatched eggs. March to October is the period of high incidence of aphids. It is necessary to spray aphids properly, once every 7 days to avoid adult infestation.

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Cultivation methods of Photinia chinensis | Control methods of Diseases and insect pests of Photinia rubra

Cultivation methods of Photinia chinensis | Pest control methods of Photinia chinensis-when purchasing seedlings, we should choose suppliers who have a good reputation and can provide high-quality after-sales service, so as to ensure the purity of varieties and reduce production risks.

Selection and arrangement of nursery land of Photinia chinensis

The soil of the planting land is loose, fertile, slightly acidic to neutral, and the irrigation is convenient and the drainage is good. Before planting value, 3000 kg of rotten barnyard manure and 50 kg of superphosphate were applied per mu, the depth of soil ploughing was more than 25 cm, and insecticides were applied to control underground pests. After ploughing, the soil is leveled, the drainage ditch is opened, and the bed width is about 1 meter.

Seedling transplanting of Photinia rugosa

The time of transplanting is generally from March to April in spring and from October to November in autumn, which should be determined according to the local climatic conditions. The planting spacing should be determined according to the time of staying in the nursery and the cultivation goal. If it is planned to sell according to the cultivation of annual shrubs, the suitable row spacing is 35 × 35 cm or 40 × 40 cm, about 3000 plants per mu.

When transplanting seedlings, it is necessary to carefully remove the packaging or nutrition bowl to ensure the integrity of the root soil ball, fixed-point hole digging; pile fine soil on the root, and make the root system stretch and gently compact. After planting, pour root water thoroughly in time.

Post-planting management of Photinia rugosa

In the slow seedling period after planting, special attention should be paid to water management. in case of continuous sunny days, water should be watered once in 3-4 days after transplanting, and then every 10 days or so; in case of continuous rainy days, it should be drained in time. After about 15 days, the seedlings can be fertilized after the slow seedling stage. Urea is applied every half a month in spring, with a dosage of about 5 kg / mu. Compound fertilizer is applied every half a month in summer and autumn, the amount of compound fertilizer is 5 kg / mu, and the amount of mature organic fertilizer is 1500 kg / mu in winter. Fertilization should be based on the principle of frequent application of thin fertilizer, do not use too much at one time, so as not to hurt the roots and burn seedlings. At ordinary times, it is necessary to weed and loosen the soil in time to prevent soil consolidation.

Pest control

Photinia rubra had strong resistance and no destructive diseases and insect pests were found. However, if the management is improper or the nursery environment is bad, Botrytis cinerea and leaf spot disease may occur or be harmed by shell insects, soil silkworms and so on. Botrytis cinerea can be prevented by spraying 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution, and during the onset period, 50% Dysen zinc solution can be used to prevent and control the disease. Leaf spot disease can be controlled with 50% carbendazim 300 Mel 400 times or topirazine 300 Mel 400 times. Scale insects can be sprayed with 200 times of dimethoate emulsion or 800ml 1000 times of liquid spray. Soil silkworm control should be carried out before planting, the land should be properly ploughed, and sprinkled with phosphorus insecticides such as soil insects must be killed. If you encounter the harm of soil silkworm after planting, it needs to be remedied in time, otherwise it will do great harm to spread, especially for Photinia rubra at seedling stage, which may cause large area death. Cultivation techniques and pest control knowledge of red-leaf Photinia container seedlings

With the development of container nursery, the advantages of container seedlings are becoming more and more obvious. In order to facilitate the promotion and sale of new excellent color-leaf tree species, the cultivation in the form of container seedlings is more and more adopted. Photinia chinensis, as a new excellent colored leaf tree species, is being accepted by more and more nursery producers, and the cultivation form of container seedlings is also gradually adopted.

1. Seed and seedling selection:

Photinia rubra propagates mainly by cutting. The seedlings that can be selected are ground cuttings, container cuttings and tissue culture seedlings. If the producer has just started the production of Photinia container seedlings, it is recommended to introduce container cutting seedlings, that is, hole plate seedlings or tissue culture seedlings, in order to ensure the survival rate of seedlings. Of course, you can also use land to plant cuttings, or grow cuttings to be sold before container cultivation.

Second, the choice of containers:

For the producers of container seedlings of Photinia rubra, the choice of containers is very important. Different containers should be selected according to different specifications of seedlings and different cultivation purposes. At present, there are many varieties and specifications of containers on the market, such as considering long-term planting, you can choose woody planting container gallon basin, its service life can reach about 3 years, anti-aging, can be reused, as the first choice for cultivation; if considering short-term sales, you can choose woody planting bags, its service life is about 1 year, and the cost is low.

3. Media:

The ideal container cultivation medium should be 50% solids, 25% air and 25% moisture. As a medium, there are many substances, such as fine sand, peat, perlite, pumice, pine scales, nuclear scales, coconut bran, sawdust, straw, grain husk, carbonized grain husk, bagasse. Specifically, the mixed media should meet the following requirements:

(1) good air permeability, good drainage and strong water holding capacity.

(2) the ph value is between 5.5 and 6.5, the EC value is low, and it has sufficient cation exchange capacity to continuously supply the elements needed for plant growth.

(3) the standard of material selection is the same, there are no toxic substances and no germs, pests and weed seeds.

In the proportion of cultivation media, we should also consider the combination of several media materials as little as possible, and it may be necessary to adjust the ph value and add long-term controlled-release fertilizer. Considering the factors such as cost and medium source in production, peat and perlite are the main medium materials.

Fourth, the seedlings on the pot:

The cultivation medium of Photinia container seedlings uses peat: perlite = 4:1, slaked lime should be added to adjust ph value and supplement medium calcium nutrition (because peat is sour and calcium deficient). When potting, we must pay attention to several points: the root system should be stretched, the seedling should be upright, and it should not be planted too deep. Generally, the hairy root should be embedded in the medium 2~3cm.

Fifth, the use of fertilizers at the seedling stage:

The most convenient way to produce container seedlings is to use long-acting slow-release fertilizer, which has a long effective period, and only needs to add an appropriate amount when using the medium. Container seedlings can be irrigated with slow-release fertilizer or water-soluble fertilizer after planting.

In container seedling production, peat and perlite are often used as media, and there is a lack of ca, mg and trace elements, so it is necessary to supplement water-soluble fertilizer in addition to controlled-release fertilizer, so as to quickly and effectively supplement a variety of trace elements necessary for seedling growth and make seedlings grow healthily.

6. Change the basin:

When the root system of Photinia chinensis container seedlings is full in the container, when you see that the fibrous root has wrapped the peat, when the water is difficult to pour through, it is necessary to change the pot. The main points of changing the basin: empty basin plus 1 big 3 medium (base fertilizer, mix well), seedling placed in the center of the basin, upright, filled with medium, slightly pressed around, shake.

The container to change the basin must be larger than the original, the medium can be added loose scale or nuclear scale medium, sand loam without weed seeds, in order to reduce the cost.

When the recycled medium is reused, it must be disinfected (600 times 800 times with dimethicol or other disinfection methods).

When the seedlings change pots, the most convenient and economical way to apply base fertilizer is to use long-acting slow-release fertilizer, which only needs to add appropriate amount in the medium ratio. The amount of fertilization depends on the size of the container.

Taking advantage of the opportunity to change the basin, we can correct the bad growth direction of the seedling and make it grow towards the shape we want.

The container seedlings in the changed pots should be placed neatly, the number of seedlings in each district should be the same, and there should be walkways to facilitate watering, fertilization and other operations.

VII. Management:

The internal space of the container is limited and the water and fertilizer holding capacity is very limited. In order to make the container seedlings grow healthily, it is necessary to replenish water and fertilizer to the medium in the container regularly. Watering is a frequent and fine management process. Usually, large containers are watered once every two weeks, and small containers are watered every three or six days. Of course, the watering frequency is also closely related to the size of seedlings in the container. Uneven watering will cause seedlings to lose water and wilt. Only by watering thoroughly can the potted seedlings grow strong. In general, the peat in the upper part of the container needs to be watered again when the peat in the upper part of the medium turns white, not until the seedlings wilt. In particular, it should be reminded that after the wilting of the seedlings, only a small amount of water wetting medium can be irrigated at the beginning, and only when the wilted leaves of the seedlings return to normal can they be watered through, and must not be irrigated at one time, otherwise it is easy to cause the roots to rot in the water and lead to the death of the seedlings. If it is difficult to penetrate during watering, it is because the medium is too dry or the root system tightens the medium, which can shorten the watering cycle in management, or use sprinkler irrigation equipment to water regularly.

Topdressing is a very important operation for the production of red-leaf photinia container seedlings. Limited root growth space and regular watering make the fertile Photinia appear to be undernourished. However, the frequent use of quick-acting fertilizers not only causes burning of seedlings, but also increases the cost and difficulty of production and management of container seedlings. Therefore, we try our best to recommend the use of apex long-acting controlled release fertilizer to container seedling producers, which only needs to be applied once or twice a year, which greatly saves labor. When topdressing, the hole can be applied, that is, the Jack, the fertilizer will be applied in the hole, the number of holes in each basin depends on the size of the container.

8. Pest control:

The main container seedling diseases of Photinia rubra are anthracnose, leaf spot and so on. Prevention and treatment: spray control is used during the disease period, with 50% carbendazim 500 times, 75% chlorothalonil 500 times 800 times, and 50% topiramine 800 times 1000 times. Spray once every 7 to 10 days for 3 or 4 times in a row. Root diseases can be irrigated with 800-1000-fold solution of Dike. It is usually necessary to spray medicine in time to prevent wound infection after pruning.

The main pests are aphids, moth larvae and so on. Using periodic spraying control, choose imidacloprid 800x solution, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution or 50% fenitrothion 1000 times solution, or pyrethroids. The nursery should be inspected frequently and the newly hatched larvae should be sprayed in time.