Efficient cultivation techniques of potted calla and control of main diseases and insect pests

How to cultivate potted calla lilies? The editor of Huinong net has sorted out a key point of large-scale cultivation techniques of potted calla lilies. Friends who want to plant calla lilies can learn more.

I. preliminary preparation

In order to formulate the production plan of calla lilies, we must first have reliable seed ball suppliers to provide high quality seed balls, which is a prerequisite for cultivation. For the first time to dabble in calla lily production, without a well-planned plan, everything will be difficult. The cultivation of calla lotus needs advanced planting technology and reasonable plan, coupled with orderly sales channels, in order to ensure the successful operation of the cultivation plan. The second is variety selection, we should understand the cultivation characteristics of different varieties, can not rely solely on flower color to make a choice.

Seed ball suppliers should inform the cultivation characteristics and seed ball specifications of different varieties in order to select the appropriate cultivation time and flowerpot.

1. Purchase and disposal of seeding balls

Check if the calla lily seed ball has pathological changes and rot when you buy it. The infected seed ball usually has an unpleasant smell and should be removed and destroyed in time to prevent the spread of germs. The contact area of the ball with diseased bacteria was disinfected comprehensively.

two。 Facilitative cultivation

The soon-to-be-planted bulbs were treated with gibberellin and placed in a greenhouse of 18 ℃. The bulbs could be put on the pot when the buds were grown. When promoting cultivation, the ambient temperature of the bulb was kept at about 18 ℃, the humidity was kept between 80% and 90%, and low concentration of gibberellin was sprayed. About 20 days to grow new buds can be transplanted on the pot, according to the characteristics of varieties and market demand, usually choose the specification of 14~20cm flowerpot, generally the larger the pot diameter, the larger the plant crown.

3. Bulb storage

Bulbs that do not need to be planted immediately should be stored in time and can be stored in a cold environment for 8 months without losing vitality. In general, it only needs to be stored for 1 ~ 2 months, keep the temperature below 10 ℃ and the humidity at 70% ~ 80%, and pay attention to proper ventilation.

2. Cultivation techniques

1. Cultivation substrate selection

Calla lilies prefer well-drained cultivation substrates, which generally contain rotten bark, leaves, perlite, vermiculite, coarse sand and so on. Try to avoid the use of small particles to affect the drainage effect. A small amount of fertilizer should be applied in the substrate, growth regulators should be added to promote root growth, and biological fungicides should be used to disinfect all the substrates. In addition, the pH value of pot substrate should be controlled at 5.8 ~ 6.2. if the pH value is low, lime can be added to adjust it. But at the same time, the low concentration of soluble salt content in the substrate should be maintained. If the soluble salt content in the substrate is too high, it will lead to root tip browning or drying up. The change of substrate humidity will also cause serious damage to the plant roots, unable to absorb water and nutrients, resulting in wilting, yellowing, tissue necrosis or plant dwarfism, and will also increase the incidence of root rot. Therefore, the selection of culture medium and the regulation of pH are very important.

two。 Temperature

The temperature can be adjusted in three stages:

The budding stage of ①. The bud height was less than 5cm, and the temperature was kept between 17 ℃ ~ 20 ℃ about 20 days before potting, and there was no diurnal temperature difference.

② growth period. The height of bud is higher than that of 5cm to the early flowering stage, the daytime temperature is kept at 16 ℃ ~ 24 ℃ and the night temperature is 13 ℃ ~ 16 ℃. The temperature difference between day and night directly affects the plant growth height. In a certain range, the greater the temperature difference, the greater the plant growth.

③ from early flowering stage to sales period. In general, the temperature is the same as the growing period, but a proper decrease in temperature can improve the flower color quality and prolong the flowering period.

3. Light

Light is closely related to temperature. The relative intensity of light in different growth periods can promote the coloring and strong plants of horseshoe lotus flowers. When the light is weak, the plant growth potential is poor and the number of flowers is small, especially when the temperature is the highest, it is very important to improve the light intensity. However, excessive direct sunlight is disadvantageous to the growth of calla lilies, especially in spring and summer when planting should be supplemented with appropriate shade to prevent burns. In the places where the light conditions are insufficient, the flowering quality can be improved by artificial light supplement, proper reduction of temperature and the use of growth regulators.

4. Humidity

Calla lilies have higher requirements for greenhouse environmental humidity, with a relative humidity of 65% ~ 75%, less than 50% will lead to dehydration and dryness at the edges of leaves or petals, and excessive watering will lead to fungal diseases such as leaf gray mold. It is extremely important to properly adjust the temperature, shade, and control the relative humidity of the environment, and pay attention to maintaining ventilation.

5. Water and fertilizer

Water has the greatest influence on the growth and flowering of calla, so it is very important to arrange the sprinkler irrigation system reasonably. Drip irrigation is the best choice, which has the advantages of moderate intensity, uniform spraying and accurate control of spraying water. The water demand of calla lotus bulb is relatively strict, and it should be watered regularly at the initial stage of growth. when the plant grows vigorously, it should be dry and wet and evenly watered, and the disease resistance of plants with too much or too little water will decrease.

The water demand of calla lily in the whole cultivation cycle ranges from less to more, and slightly less water is needed at the beginning of the pot. When the true leaves appear and grow rapidly, the amount of water and frequency of irrigation should be increased. Watering should be carried out in the morning. If water remains on the branches and leaves, it can promote fungal disease at night.

The fertilizer requirement of calla lily is low, so N, P and K compound liquid fertilizer is generally selected, and the ratio of N, P and K content is 4 ∶ 1 ∶ 3. At the same time, some trace elements should be applied, such as increasing the content of magnesium ion in the cultivation medium. It should be noted that calcium sulfate and ammonium bicarbonate are disadvantageous to the growth of calla lilies, and attention should be paid to avoid mixing when choosing fertilizers.

6. Pest control

Calla lilies should be thoroughly checked and disinfected when planting. If there are infected or diseased plants, they should be removed in time to prevent other plants from infecting. Disinfect and sterilize the greenhouse environment at the right time to reduce the infection rate of plants. During the growth period, the growth status of plants should be checked frequently, and plants with abnormal leaves and roots should be treated in time. The main disease of calla is stem soft rot. If white fungi appear in plants, they should be treated in time. The disease can be prevented by water management and fungicides can be used if necessary.

Although the production cycle of calla is not long, there are great differences in storage and management in different growth stages. Pot production should be carefully planned and reasonably arranged to obtain high-quality plants.

Cultivation techniques of potted calla | planting techniques of colored calla | Botanical characteristics of Zantedeschia

Cultivation techniques of potted calla | planting techniques of colored calla | Botanical characteristics of calla-colored calla is a perennial herbaceous bulbous flower of the genus Zantedeschia of Araceae. Its flower shape is elegant and colorful, so it is a new favorite in the flower market and can be cultivated as cut flowers and potted flowers. Botanical characteristics of potted calla

The leaves of colored calla lilies are basal, entire and emerald green, and some varieties have white spots on the leaves and the stalks are more than twice as long as the leaves; the flower stem is higher than the leaf, the inflorescence of the fleshy spike is yellow, and the bud is white, yellow, pink, red and purple, similar to horseshoe-shaped and fleshy.

Preliminary preparation of potted calla lily

Seed ball breeding or seed ball breeding. The growth life of bulb is 4 years. Pot planting bulbs are selected from cut flower bulbs that have not been harvested for two years, and 6 to 9 one or two centimeter bulbs are planted around the mother ball, which is of the best quality. Three-year-old bulbs harvested cut flowers for one season, the growth was weak, the wounds produced by cut flowers were easy to be infected with bacteria, and the incidence of soft rot of bulb roots was high during cultivation.

The treatment of seed ball with gibberellin and fungicide can increase the number of flowering and control soft rot. Generally speaking, gibberellin-treated bulbs have twice as many flowering as untreated bulbs. In addition, gibberellin slightly increased plant height, slightly reduced leaf width, and softened tissue.

Knapsack sprayer can be used to spray gibberellin and fungicide. Avoid soaking seed balls with chemicals to reduce the spread of germs. The pharmaceutical configuration is as follows: 20 ml of copper hydroxide solution is put into each liter of clear water, and gibberellin of 125ppm is added. Adding some disinfectant of copper preparation to gibberellin solution is helpful to control the spread of bacteria and reduce soft rot. Do not stand still after the medicament is mixed. The solution must be stirred to prevent precipitation. The planting ball should be air-dried, not with a fan.

After receiving the seed ball, the grower should immediately open the package, remove the seed ball infected with soft rot, and then wash his hands to avoid spreading the bacteria to other healthy seed balls. If it's green mold or black mold, it doesn't matter. Place the seed ball in a well-ventilated tray under 18 ℃ and plant it two or three days later, so that the wound caused by the seed ball during transportation can be healed before planting. If the storage time is 6 weeks or more, it should be kept in a dark, cool and ventilated place, such as a warehouse with a temperature of 10 ℃ and a relative humidity of 80%. During storage, the seed balls are germinated face down and placed in a single layer in a plastic turnover box.

The container chooses 12 centimeters to 20 centimeters high foot plastic basin, which is beneficial to the drainage and ventilation of the matrix, and one or two kinds of balls are planted in each basin.

The cultivation substrate of color horse is very important. The matrix should be clean and permeable, with pH between 6 and 6.5 and EC below 0.5. Color horse hair root avoid high salt matrix, the best porosity is 20% ±5%. 30% to 50% rough peat soil should be used, mixed with large-grained perlite, coarse sand, fir bark, pumice or slag. Due to the mutual exclusion of pine bark and paclobutrazol, care should be taken or avoided. Coarse sand can stabilize the flowerpot so that it is not easy to pour. Gypsum or lime not only helps balance pH, but also provides calcium that is conducive to the healthy growth of plants.

It is suggested that the matrix formula is as follows: 5 parts of coarse peat soil, 2 parts of perlite, 2 parts of 3.2 mm to 6.4 mm fir bark and 1 part of coarse sand. Coconut bran and coconut shell fiber are high-quality salt-free matrix mixed materials, which can improve the quality of flowers and stems in cut flower cultivation, but it will increase the incidence of seed bulbs in pot culture. Therefore, it is not recommended to use coconut bran as potted substrate for color horses.

When planting in the pot, put the bud eye of the seed ball upward and the circle facing down. The roots of colored calla lilies grow from around the bud eyes of the upper part of the bulb, so pay attention to the appropriate planting depth. The top of the bulb should be covered with a matrix ranging from 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm deep. If the cover of the bulb is too shallow and the root is exposed to the soil, it is easily threatened by light and dry air; if the bulb is exposed to the surface of the basin soil, it is difficult for the new root to grow.

After sowing the ball in the pot, pour it thoroughly with clean water, put it on the germination cart, promote germination in the germination room or small greenhouse, and keep the temperature at 22 ℃, which is beneficial to germination neatly and reduce the heating cost. Sprouting for about 6 days, when 50% of the potted flowers sprout, they can be removed from the germination chamber, or in two batches. If sprouting in the greenhouse, the shade net should be covered to prevent the temperature from getting too high.

Management of potted calla lily during its growing period

In the first stage, in order to control the disease, the root was irrigated with four-in-one fungicide solution on the 4th day after potting. The four-in-one fungicide solution includes 4 to 8 milliliters per 100 litres of metalaxyl, 98 grams per 100 litres of ethylphosphine aluminum, 30 grams per 100 litres of azoxystrobin, and 60 grams to 120 grams per 100 litres of streptomycin sulfate.

From potting to seedling height 2.5cm to 7.5cm, from 12 to 25 days, keep the temperature at 24 ℃ during the day and 18 ℃ to 19 ℃ at night. In the early stage of winter production, proper heating can improve the vitality and growth of plants. After 6 to 10 days of growth, the seedlings were irrigated with paclobutrazol 6ppm to 8ppm when the height reached 1.25cm to 5cm. The dwarf varieties of small flowers do not apply paclobutrazol; the concentration of compact varieties is lower; the tall stalk growing exuberantly, suitable for large potted flowers and cut flowers should be irrigated twice, and the concentration is higher. If the germination growth of the seed bulb is inconsistent, the flowerpots that germinate to a high level will be irrigated first and marked; the potted flowers that do not germinate high enough will be irrigated after reaching the standard.

The second stage is about a week after budding, or from the first root irrigation with paclobutrazol until the leaves unfold, which should be 14 to 28 days or 50 days, depending on the variety. Keep 21 ℃ to 24 ℃ during the day and 12 ℃ to 15 ℃ at night. Cool nights reduce plant height and delay production.

In the third stage, the buds begin to grow and color. According to different seasons and conditions, it is about 50 to 75 days, with a temperature of 18 ℃ during the day and 10 ℃ to 13 ℃ at night. Under the condition of insufficient light or no paclobutrazol in the second and third stages, the temperature can be reduced by 1 ℃ to 2 ℃. This low temperature can improve the living habits of plants and reduce the use of paclobutrazol, but it will prolong the growth period. It is worth noting that calla lilies stop growing when the temperature is 10 ℃ or slightly below 10 ℃, which can delay its flowering and market.

Negative temperature difference or morning cold stimulation from two to five days after the first use of paclobutrazol, the greenhouse was cooled for 3 ℃ to 6 ℃ in the morning from 5: 00 to 8: 00 in the morning, resulting in a negative temperature difference, that is, cold stimulation, which can reduce the use of paclobutrazol and make the plant healthy and compact. The cold stimulation technique will not prolong the growth period of the plant.

The only way to accelerate the flowering of calla lilies is to increase the average temperature. However, in warm climates, especially in low light, plants can grow and, in severe cases, cause leaves and buds to sag. In the early stage of plant growth, if light-colored yellow leaves appear, it is usually caused by high temperature, so it is best to plant earlier, because low temperature will slow plant growth. this is better than planting later and raising the temperature in the second and third stages.

The growth of color horses needs sufficient light, and it is appropriate to control it at 5000 to 50, 000 Lux, which is insensitive to photoperiod. Many flower growers put colorful horses like pineapples and Anthurium andraeanum, which are overcrowded and poorly ventilated, causing potted flowers to grow weak. For the display density of color horses on the seedbed, it is better that the leaves of the plants do not touch each other and have a slight gap. In winter, the temperature in the Yangtze River basin is low, and it is cloudy and rainy. The plastic film greenhouse should be replaced with a new film, and the fixed second film can not be used. Open the second film during the day to ensure sufficient light.

Humidity and ventilation in the case of poor air circulation, weak light or crowded plants, too much humidity and overheated or cold growth environment will lead to diseases of leaves and roots. In the production of Lunar New year Flowers, it is necessary to turn on the internal circulation fan all night to generate horizontal air flow in the greenhouse and reduce humidity. Spitting water from leaf tips or droplets hanging from leaves can induce bacterial rot. It is worth noting that too dry environment will narrow the leaves, affect the plant growth potential and even the number of flower buds, and finally affect the product quality.

The use of water sources with clean bacteria-free and EC values less than 1.5 is beneficial to the healthy growth of plants. Water supply with high salinity or other problems needs to be treated before use.

Watering depends on the season, temperature and water-holding capacity of the substrate. Keep the basin soil moist to avoid being too wet or too dry. After the first root four-in-one prophylactic fungicide, pour a small amount of water until the leaves unfold, and the second sterilization irrigation is carried out from 14 to 21 days. Avoid stagnant water in basin soil, otherwise it is easy to spread diseases. When slow-release fertilizer is applied under warm conditions, the alternating environment of extreme drought and excessive humidity will damage the root system, which greatly increases the possibility of plant infection.

Too dry the pot soil will cause the buds to wither. Watering should be sufficient and thoroughly, and the water from the bottom of the basin can take away the excessive salt accumulated by the basin soil. Avoid tidal irrigation and bottom seepage irrigation to avoid spreading diseases. Long-term wet basin soil will cause moss on the surface, which is not conducive to the disease management of calla lilies.

The ideal initial fertilization for fertilizer is to mix 15-3-15 slow-release fertilizer with matrix and add trace elements if possible. Keep the basin soil moist and keep the EC value between 1.5 and 2.0. avoid exceeding 2.50. Do not use ammonia nitrogen, it is recommended to use constant 100ppm to 150ppm liquid fertilizer, and add trace elements. In the case of weak light or poor growth conditions, it is necessary to increase the fertilizer concentration, such as fertilizing once a week, using fertilizer with 100ppm concentration; once every two weeks, using fertilizer with 200ppm concentration; if not applying fertilizer regularly, use fertilizer with 300ppm concentration. 1.5 grams of 15-3-15 slow-release fertilizer can be added to each 15cm flowerpot. If the basin soil is too dry and the temperature is more than 25 ℃, the slow-release fertilizer will cause fertilizer damage and salt burn at the edge of the leaf for more than 30 days. Adding 1.78 kg of lime and dolomite per cubic meter of matrix can provide plants with calcium and increase disease resistance. To darken the leaves, 46.9 milliliters of iron chelate can be added to 100 liters of water and sprayed weekly after the leaves unfold. The use of paclobutrazol and lower temperature can also darken the color of leaves.

In order to increase the ventilation and transmittance of large leaf varieties, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of nitrogen and increase phosphorus in fertilizer. The use of 10-30-20 slow-release fertilizer can make the plant grow more robust and smaller complete leaves, and increase the number of flowers.

In the last 6 weeks of the growing period, watering thoroughly with water for three to five times can clean the leaves, prevent the basin soil from accumulating salt and burn the roots.

Paclobutrazol is the most effective growth regulator of calla. When the buds of the color horse grow to 1.25 cm to 5 cm high, the basin soil must be moist when paclobutrazol is sprayed for the first time, preferably one or two days after fertilization or after the second sterilization and root irrigation in the basin soil. The second spray of paclobutrazol is usually 6 to 10 days after the first use. The effect of using paclobutrazol with low concentration (6ppm to 10ppm) in two times was better than that of spraying solution with higher concentration. It is recommended that 177ml be sprayed in 15cm pots and 118ml in 11cm pots. The use of too much paclobutrazol will cause the plant shape to shrink, reduce the number of flowers and delay flowering. The correct use of paclobutrazol can greatly improve the quality of finished flowers and is beneficial to long-distance transportation.

Small flower varieties with narrow leaves should not use dwarf, large flower varieties can be irrigated with 8ppm paclobutrazol twice, and tall cut flower varieties can be irrigated with 10ppm paclobutrazol for two or three times.

In addition to the concentration, there are many factors that affect the effect of paclobutrazol, such as weak light or short sunshine, too high or low temperature, too dry basin soil, spraying dwarf and then watering, and so on. The use of paclobutrazol is not only a science, but also an art. The same concentration will have different effects in different varieties, regions and seasons. In order to accurately grasp the timing and concentration of spraying, it is necessary to record in detail the environmental conditions of each spray, substrate humidity, temperature and light after use, and so on.

The main diseases for the control of color horse diseases and insect pests are seed bulb soft rot caused by Irwin's bacteria, sheath blight and so on. When the plant has yellow leaves, as long as the producer withdraws the plastic basin, the corresponding basin wall root system of the yellow leaf can be seen to show water-stained transparent roots, which is the diseased root, while the healthy root system is white.

Check the plant every week for the following conditions: root browning, uneven growth, plant disease, thin roots and so on. Once the disease is found, prevention and treatment should be carried out in time. For the pretreated corms, the root was irrigated for the first time within two to six days after the initial watering. If it is not the pretreated tuber, the root should be irrigated within two or three days after the initial watering; the second root irrigation should be carried out from 14 to 21 days after the first root irrigation; and the third root irrigation should be carried out from 21 to 28 days after the second root irrigation. All spraying and root irrigation should be carried out in the morning, or early enough so that all leaves can be completely dry overnight.

In the production of Lantern flower, due to the rapid growth of new leaves, closed greenhouse and high humidity, young tissues are prone to bacterial diseases, which need to be sprayed two or three times with copper preparation or azoxystrobin.

Controlling insect vectors such as fungi, mosquitoes, small flies and whiteflies is critical because they can spread bacteria and other diseases. Thrips transmit leaf viruses, such as impatiens necrotic spots and tomato spot wilt, and aphids transmit taro mosaic virus. Generally speaking, calla lilies are resistant to foliar spray, and most pesticides can be used safely.

If the plant is infected with soft rot, the diseased plant in the greenhouse should be removed in time. In addition, greenhouse sanitation is very important, do not mix a variety of plants in a greenhouse to grow. Cultivation techniques of potted colored calla lily

Color calla is a perennial herbaceous bulb flower of Araceae. Its flower shape is elegant and colorful. It is a new favorite in the flower market and can be cultivated as cut flowers and potted flowers.

Botanical characteristics of potted calla

The leaves of colored calla lilies are basal, entire and emerald green, and some varieties have white spots on the leaves and the stalks are more than twice as long as the leaves; the flower stem is higher than the leaf, the inflorescence of the fleshy spike is yellow, and the bud is white, yellow, pink, red and purple, similar to horseshoe-shaped and fleshy.

Preliminary preparation of potted calla lily

Seed ball breeding or seed ball breeding. The growth life of bulb is 4 years. Pot planting bulbs are selected from cut flower bulbs that have not been harvested for two years, and 6 to 9 one or two centimeter bulbs are planted around the mother ball, which is of the best quality. Three-year-old bulbs harvested cut flowers for one season, the growth was weak, the wounds produced by cut flowers were easy to be infected with bacteria, and the incidence of soft rot of bulb roots was high during cultivation.

The treatment of seed ball with gibberellin and fungicide can increase the number of flowering and control soft rot. Generally speaking, gibberellin-treated bulbs have twice as many flowering as untreated bulbs. In addition, gibberellin slightly increased plant height, slightly reduced leaf width, and softened tissue.

Knapsack sprayer can be used to spray gibberellin and fungicide. Avoid soaking seed balls with chemicals to reduce the spread of germs. The pharmaceutical configuration is as follows: 20 ml of copper hydroxide solution is put into each liter of clear water, and gibberellin of 125ppm is added. Adding some disinfectant of copper preparation to gibberellin solution is helpful to control the spread of bacteria and reduce soft rot. Do not stand still after the medicament is mixed. The solution must be stirred to prevent precipitation. The planting ball should be air-dried, not with a fan.

After receiving the seed ball, the grower should immediately open the package, remove the seed ball infected with soft rot, and then wash his hands to avoid spreading the bacteria to other healthy seed balls. If it's green mold or black mold, it doesn't matter. Place the seed ball in a well-ventilated tray under 18 ℃ and plant it two or three days later, so that the wound caused by the seed ball during transportation can be healed before planting. If the storage time is 6 weeks or more, it should be kept in a dark, cool and ventilated place, such as a warehouse with a temperature of 10 ℃ and a relative humidity of 80%. During storage, the seed balls are germinated face down and placed in a single layer in a plastic turnover box.

The container chooses 12 centimeters to 20 centimeters high foot plastic basin, which is beneficial to the drainage and ventilation of the matrix, and one or two kinds of balls are planted in each basin.

The cultivation substrate of color horse is very important. The matrix should be clean and permeable, with pH between 6 and 6.5 and EC below 0.5. Color horse hair root avoid high salt matrix, the best porosity is 20% ±5%. 30% to 50% rough peat soil should be used, mixed with large-grained perlite, coarse sand, fir bark, pumice or slag. Due to the mutual exclusion of pine bark and paclobutrazol, care should be taken or avoided. Coarse sand can stabilize the flowerpot so that it is not easy to pour. Gypsum or lime not only helps balance pH, but also provides calcium that is conducive to the healthy growth of plants.

It is suggested that the matrix formula is as follows: 5 parts of coarse peat soil, 2 parts of perlite, 2 parts of 3.2 mm to 6.4 mm fir bark and 1 part of coarse sand. Coconut bran and coconut shell fiber are high-quality salt-free matrix mixed materials, which can improve the quality of flowers and stems in cut flower cultivation, but it will increase the incidence of seed bulbs in pot culture. Therefore, it is not recommended to use coconut bran as potted substrate for color horses.

When planting in the pot, put the bud eye of the seed ball upward and the circle facing down. The roots of colored calla lilies grow from around the bud eyes of the upper part of the bulb, so pay attention to the appropriate planting depth. The top of the bulb should be covered with a matrix ranging from 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm deep. If the cover of the bulb is too shallow and the root is exposed to the soil, it is easily threatened by light and dry air; if the bulb is exposed to the surface of the basin soil, it is difficult for the new root to grow.

After sowing the ball in the pot, pour it thoroughly with clean water, put it on the germination cart, promote germination in the germination room or small greenhouse, and keep the temperature at 22 ℃, which is beneficial to germination neatly and reduce the heating cost. Sprouting for about 6 days, when 50% of the potted flowers sprout, they can be removed from the germination chamber, or in two batches. If sprouting in the greenhouse, the shade net should be covered to prevent the temperature from getting too high.

Management of potted calla lily during its growing period

In the first stage, in order to control the disease, the root was irrigated with four-in-one fungicide solution on the 4th day after potting. The four-in-one fungicide solution includes 4 to 8 milliliters per 100 litres of metalaxyl, 98 grams per 100 litres of ethylphosphine aluminum, 30 grams per 100 litres of azoxystrobin, and 60 grams to 120 grams per 100 litres of streptomycin sulfate.

From potting to seedling height 2.5cm to 7.5cm, from 12 to 25 days, keep the temperature at 24 ℃ during the day and 18 ℃ to 19 ℃ at night. In the early stage of winter production, proper heating can improve the vitality and growth of plants. After 6 to 10 days of growth, the seedlings were irrigated with paclobutrazol 6ppm to 8ppm when the height reached 1.25cm to 5cm. The dwarf varieties of small flowers do not apply paclobutrazol; the concentration of compact varieties is lower; the tall stalk growing exuberantly, suitable for large potted flowers and cut flowers should be irrigated twice, and the concentration is higher. If the germination growth of the seed bulb is inconsistent, the flowerpots that germinate to a high level will be irrigated first and marked; the potted flowers that do not germinate high enough will be irrigated after reaching the standard.

The second stage is about a week after budding, or from the first root irrigation with paclobutrazol until the leaves unfold, which should be 14 to 28 days or 50 days, depending on the variety. Keep 21 ℃ to 24 ℃ during the day and 12 ℃ to 15 ℃ at night. Cool nights reduce plant height and delay production.

In the third stage, the buds begin to grow and color. According to different seasons and conditions, it is about 50 to 75 days, with a temperature of 18 ℃ during the day and 10 ℃ to 13 ℃ at night. Under the condition of insufficient light or no paclobutrazol in the second and third stages, the temperature can be reduced by 1 ℃ to 2 ℃. This low temperature can improve the living habits of plants and reduce the use of paclobutrazol, but it will prolong the growth period. It is worth noting that calla lilies stop growing when the temperature is 10 ℃ or slightly below 10 ℃, which can delay its flowering and market.

Negative temperature difference or morning cold stimulation from two to five days after the first use of paclobutrazol, the greenhouse was cooled for 3 ℃ to 6 ℃ in the morning from 5: 00 to 8: 00 in the morning, resulting in a negative temperature difference, that is, cold stimulation, which can reduce the use of paclobutrazol and make the plant healthy and compact. The cold stimulation technique will not prolong the growth period of the plant.

The only way to accelerate the flowering of calla lilies is to increase the average temperature. However, in warm climates, especially in low light, plants can grow and, in severe cases, cause leaves and buds to sag. In the early stage of plant growth, if light-colored yellow leaves appear, it is usually caused by high temperature, so it is best to plant earlier, because low temperature will slow plant growth. this is better than planting later and raising the temperature in the second and third stages.

The growth of color horses needs sufficient light, and it is appropriate to control it at 5000 to 50, 000 Lux, which is insensitive to photoperiod. Many flower growers put colorful horses like pineapples and Anthurium andraeanum, which are overcrowded and poorly ventilated, causing potted flowers to grow weak. For the display density of color horses on the seedbed, it is better that the leaves of the plants do not touch each other and have a slight gap. In winter, the temperature in the Yangtze River basin is low, and it is cloudy and rainy. The plastic film greenhouse should be replaced with a new film, and the fixed second film can not be used. Open the second film during the day to ensure sufficient light.

Humidity and ventilation in the case of poor air circulation, weak light or crowded plants, too much humidity and overheated or cold growth environment will lead to diseases of leaves and roots. In the production of Lunar New year Flowers, it is necessary to turn on the internal circulation fan all night to generate horizontal air flow in the greenhouse and reduce humidity. Spitting water from leaf tips or droplets hanging from leaves can induce bacterial rot. It is worth noting that too dry environment will narrow the leaves, affect the plant growth potential and even the number of flower buds, and finally affect the product quality.

The use of water sources with clean bacteria-free and EC values less than 1.5 is beneficial to the healthy growth of plants. Water supply with high salinity or other problems needs to be treated before use.

Watering depends on the season, temperature and water-holding capacity of the substrate. Keep the basin soil moist to avoid being too wet or too dry. After the first root four-in-one prophylactic fungicide, pour a small amount of water until the leaves unfold, and the second sterilization irrigation is carried out from 14 to 21 days. Avoid stagnant water in basin soil, otherwise it is easy to spread diseases. When slow-release fertilizer is applied under warm conditions, the alternating environment of extreme drought and excessive humidity will damage the root system, which greatly increases the possibility of plant infection.

Too dry the pot soil will cause the buds to wither. Watering should be sufficient and thoroughly, and the water from the bottom of the basin can take away the excessive salt accumulated by the basin soil. Avoid tidal irrigation and bottom seepage irrigation to avoid spreading diseases. Long-term wet basin soil will cause moss on the surface, which is not conducive to the disease management of calla lilies.

The ideal initial fertilization for fertilizer is to mix 15-3-15 slow-release fertilizer with matrix and add trace elements if possible. Keep the basin soil moist and keep the EC value between 1.5 and 2.0. avoid exceeding 2.50. Do not use ammonia nitrogen, it is recommended to use constant 100ppm to 150ppm liquid fertilizer, and add trace elements. In the case of weak light or poor growth conditions, it is necessary to increase the fertilizer concentration, such as fertilizing once a week, using fertilizer with 100ppm concentration; once every two weeks, using fertilizer with 200ppm concentration; if not applying fertilizer regularly, use fertilizer with 300ppm concentration. 1.5 grams of 15-3-15 slow-release fertilizer can be added to each 15cm flowerpot. If the basin soil is too dry and the temperature is more than 25 ℃, the slow-release fertilizer will cause fertilizer damage and salt burn at the edge of the leaf for more than 30 days. Adding 1.78 kg of lime and dolomite per cubic meter of matrix can provide plants with calcium and increase disease resistance. To darken the leaves, 46.9 milliliters of iron chelate can be added to 100 liters of water and sprayed weekly after the leaves unfold. The use of paclobutrazol and lower temperature can also darken the color of leaves.

In order to increase the ventilation and transmittance of large leaf varieties, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of nitrogen and increase phosphorus in fertilizer. The use of 10-30-20 slow-release fertilizer can make the plant grow more robust and smaller complete leaves, and increase the number of flowers.

In the last 6 weeks of the growing period, watering thoroughly with water for three to five times can clean the leaves, prevent the basin soil from accumulating salt and burn the roots.

Paclobutrazol is the most effective growth regulator of calla. When the buds of the color horse grow to 1.25 cm to 5 cm high, the basin soil must be moist when paclobutrazol is sprayed for the first time, preferably one or two days after fertilization or after the second sterilization and root irrigation in the basin soil. The second spray of paclobutrazol is usually 6 to 10 days after the first use. The effect of using paclobutrazol with low concentration (6ppm to 10ppm) in two times was better than that of spraying solution with higher concentration. It is recommended that 177ml be sprayed in 15cm pots and 118ml in 11cm pots. The use of too much paclobutrazol will cause the plant shape to shrink, reduce the number of flowers and delay flowering. The correct use of paclobutrazol can greatly improve the quality of finished flowers and is beneficial to long-distance transportation.

Small flower varieties with narrow leaves should not use dwarf, large flower varieties can be irrigated with 8ppm paclobutrazol twice, and tall cut flower varieties can be irrigated with 10ppm paclobutrazol for two or three times.

In addition to the concentration, there are many factors that affect the effect of paclobutrazol, such as weak light or short sunshine, too high or low temperature, too dry basin soil, spraying dwarf and then watering, and so on. The use of paclobutrazol is not only a science, but also an art. The same concentration will have different effects in different varieties, regions and seasons. In order to accurately grasp the timing and concentration of spraying, it is necessary to record in detail the environmental conditions of each spray, substrate humidity, temperature and light after use, and so on.

The main diseases for the control of color horse diseases and insect pests are seed bulb soft rot caused by Irwin's bacteria, sheath blight and so on. When the plant has yellow leaves, as long as the producer withdraws the plastic basin, the corresponding basin wall root system of the yellow leaf can be seen to show water-stained transparent roots, which is the diseased root, while the healthy root system is white.

Check the plant every week for the following conditions: root browning, uneven growth, plant disease, thin roots and so on. Once the disease is found, prevention and treatment should be carried out in time. For the pretreated corms, the root was irrigated for the first time within two to six days after the initial watering. If it is not the pretreated tuber, the root should be irrigated within two or three days after the initial watering; the second root irrigation should be carried out from 14 to 21 days after the first root irrigation; and the third root irrigation should be carried out from 21 to 28 days after the second root irrigation. All spraying and root irrigation should be carried out in the morning, or early enough so that all leaves can be completely dry overnight.

In the production of Lantern flower, due to the rapid growth of new leaves, closed greenhouse and high humidity, young tissues are prone to bacterial diseases, which need to be sprayed two or three times with copper preparation or azoxystrobin.

Controlling insect vectors such as fungi, mosquitoes, small flies and whiteflies is critical because they can spread bacteria and other diseases. Thrips transmit leaf viruses, such as impatiens necrotic spots and tomato spot wilt, and aphids transmit taro mosaic virus. Generally speaking, calla lilies are resistant to foliar spray, and most pesticides can be used safely.

If the plant is infected with soft rot, the diseased plant in the greenhouse should be removed in time. In addition, greenhouse sanitation is very important, do not mix a variety of plants in a greenhouse to grow.