Efficient cultivation techniques of Photinia and control of main diseases and insect pests

Recently, many flower growers have asked the editor how to raise ou Shinan. There are about 700 species of heather in the world, most of which are from South Africa and are known as "queens of endemic species of South Africa". In the following, we will introduce a set of breeding and pest control cultivation techniques for Photinia lanceolata.

1 ear picking nursery

1.1 Orchard

Choose loose, fertile, acidic and slightly acidic soil, or calcareous soil. For clay and soil with insufficient fertility, base fertilizer must be applied in advance for soil improvement, 3000kg mature organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer 50kg per mu, and soil ploughing should be carried out at a depth of more than 25cm, and the base fertilizer should be turned into the soil. Ploughing and raking is fine, and after leveling the bed surface, the nursery is made of seedbed. The nursery has wide 110cm, wide 40cm and deep 25cm. The ditches are connected and the drainage is smooth.

1.2 transplanting

Container seedlings can be transplanted at any time except in the high temperature and dry season from July to August. Transplant spacing 35cm, row spacing 35cm, transplanting 3 plants per mu, 3500 plants per mu. Container seedlings can not be stacked when transported to the head of the field, and should be neatly placed on the mud ground and immediately sprayed and watered; transplant in time, dig holes at a fixed point according to the row spacing of the plant, transplant a little deeper than the rhizosphere of the original plant, and then cover the base of the seedling with fine soil and compacted gently.

1.3 moisture

On the day of transplanting, water should be watered thoroughly. In case of continuous sunny days, water should be watered once a day after transplanting to keep the soil moist. 'Senhua 'heather avoid stagnant water, in case of rainy days should be timely drainage.

1.4 Lighting

From June to August of that year, sunshade nets should be set up with a transmittance of 50% to prevent sunburn and withering. Full light management can be carried out from the second year.

1.5 nutrients

From 15 days after transplanting, urea was applied every 10 days or so every 10 days in April, 10kg per mu. From May to September, compound fertilizer was applied every 20 days or so, 20kg per mu, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 25kg per mu. After October, the mature organic fertilizer was applied once, 2000kg per mu, phosphate fertilizer 50kg, and shallow ditches were opened and buried among plants.

1.6 soil management

Combined with fertilization, loosening the soil and weeding, so as to "remove early, small, except", there are basically no weeds on the seedling bed. Loosen the soil and weed in time on a sunny day after rain to prevent the soil from hardening.

1.7 Disease control

The common diseases are leaf blight and anthracnose. Leaf blight harms the yellowish brown color of leaves and branches, resulting in the death of the whole plant. Prevention and control methods: strengthen management, increase the application of rotten organic fertilizer, enhance tree potential and improve disease resistance; remove diseased branches and leaves and burn them centrally; spray 50% 500 times of 100 grams or 75% chlorothalonil 500 times or 80% Dysen zinc 600 times at the initial stage of the disease, once a week, 2-3 times. Anthracnose harms leaves and tender shoots, making them yellow and brown, causing fallen leaves to die. Control methods: control density, maintain indoor ventilation and light transmission; remove diseased leaves and branches in time and burn them centrally; control the amount of water at the initial stage of the disease, enhance the growth potential and reduce the occurrence degree of the disease; spray 1000 times of gangrenous liquid at the initial stage of the disease, once a week for 2 or 3 consecutive times.

2 Cuttage propagation

2.1 ear harvesting and fresh-keeping

Cut the semi-lignified branches of the same year as cuttings while keeping the crown shape of the female parent flat. The key to ear picking is to keep the panicle fresh, which should be carried out in the morning or evening. The cut branches should be covered with soaked non-woven cloth and sprinkled with water to keep them moist. Cooling and moisturizing on the way of transportation, sprinkle water as soon as possible after arriving at the destination, put it indoors and cut cuttings in time, cutting time should be carried out in early October, once a year, leaving the height of the female parent should not only consider the shaping of commercial seedlings cultivated by the female parent, but also consider the quantity and quality of panicles, so only the original neat crown height should be retained when cutting branches. The length of panicle is 2.5cm, and 6 scales are retained.

2.2 Acupoint disk and matrix

Using 128hole acupoint plate, long 54cm, wide 27cm, deep 4.5cm. The matrix formula is BM4 Earl peat ∶ perlite 6 ∶ 4.

2.3 Seedling and disinfection

The cutting nursery bed is wide 100cm, 3 hole trays are placed longitudinally, the footpath is wide 40cm and deep 25cm, the bed is covered with floor cloth, and filled with 3cm thick sawdust, sterilized with 500x potassium permanganate solution and covered with film for 24 hours. After the cuttage is finished, spray carbendazim 1000 times solution to disinfect once.

2.4 rooting agents and cuttings

Use "Sensheng No. 1" plant root-promoting agent, dissolve every 1g with 50ml alcohol for half an hour, then add the total amount of water to 1500ml, stir well and soak the strips for 2 seconds. Cutting 1 spike per hole, cutting depth 1cm.

2.5 moisturizing and disinfection

After the hole plate is filled with matrix, it will be watered 1 day in advance. Immediately pour water through each seedling bed on the day of cutting, spray 600 times carbendazim solution to disinfect and prevent disease immediately after the leaf water evaporates, and then set up a small arch shed, cover with film, seal around, and keep the air relative humidity in the shed above 95%.

2.6 Daily Management

A sunshade net should be set up above the seedbed, covering one layer from May to June and two layers from July to August. When the daily temperature is below 30 ℃, the sunshade net can be completely removed and full light management can be carried out. When the air temperature in the small arch shed reaches 37 ℃, it is necessary to take spray cooling measures, especially when it is sunny and high temperature, from 10:00 to 4 pm, spray once every half an hour to make the temperature drop below 37 ℃.

Check the substrate humidity once a day and irrigate once every 3-4 days in the evening or early morning. On the day of cutting, spraying foliar fertilizer at the same time after watering can be sprayed with 1000 times of Lufenwei powder or 0.2% urea. After cutting for about 25 days, more than 85% of the panicles can be refined by rooting, remove both ends of the film for ventilation for two days in the evening, then all remove the film, and then cover a layer of sunshade net on the bamboo shelf of the small arch shed, and remove the sunshade net two days later. After seedling refining, the seedling bed should be managed by full light, watering and spraying liquid fertilizer in time, and spraying 500 times of carbendazim to prevent diseases. From refining seedling to mature seedling, the height of seedling is 5cm, the management time of seedling stage is 5 months, and the rate of finished product is 85%.

The above is the cultivation method and pest management of heather sorted out by the editor of Huinong Network for florists today. Flower growers in need can come here for reference and introduce Huinong Network to more friends.

Occurrence and integrated control of gray leaf spot of camellia

Occurrence and Comprehensive Control of Camellia Gray Leaf spot Li Gensheng Liang Jianyi you National Standard Liu Jingsheng Lu Yeyin (Foshan Agriculture and Forestry Technology extension Center, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000) Camellia has many camellias, long flowering period, delicate and beautiful flowers, thick green leaves and persistent leaves, so it is a popular variety of flowers and trees. Camellia is one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China, which is widely planted in many provinces in China. At the same time, the blooming period of camellia coincides with the Spring Festival, so it is also a kind of Lunar New year Flower with high value. Camellia oleifera grafted camellia can quickly produce tall camellias. Therefore, camellia has become a very important horticultural variety to beautify the environment. As the planting benefit of camellia is high, the planting area has the trend of expanding year by year. Camellia often occurs a variety of diseases, among which gray spot caused by Pleurotus ostreatus is very common, which often causes leaves and shoots to dry up, light ones affect the ornamental value of the plant, and heavy ones lead to the weakness and death of the whole plant. Therefore, the disease has become an important technical obstacle to the development of camellia production. We began to investigate and study the occurrence and control of camellia gray spot in 1997, focusing on several flower farms in Nanhai area and camellia production base of Foshan Forestry Institute, implementing the comprehensive control technology of camellia gray leaf spot, and achieved good control results. The incidence of gray spot disease of camellia decreased from 90% to less than 1%. The main results are as follows: 1. The symptoms and pathogens of camellia gray spot are round or irregular on the edge or tip of the leaf. The plaque is brown at first, then white in the center, dark brown at the edge and obviously raised; it is scattered or inconspicuously arranged in a thick black dot. The new shoots of camellia are susceptible to disease, forming canker spots with light brown, long shape and obvious edge, and gradually sunken, shrinking and cracking longitudinally. The pathogen of camellia gray spot disease is Pastaltia guepinii Desm. The conidium disc is initially buried, later exserted, discoid or cushion-shaped, black; the conidium pedicel has 1 Mel 2 annulus; the middle cells of the conidia are olive, the cells at both ends are colorless, and there are 5 apical attached filaments of the spores, most of which are 3, unbranched. 2. Pathogen host range, transmission route and occurrence and decline regularity of camellia gray spot disease according to the relevant data, it is reported that Camellia, Laurie, Magnolia, Azalea, Photinia, Pinus and other plants can grow on many plants. We have investigated and sampled a number of flower fields in the South China Sea and Shunde, and found Cercospora on many flowers and trees. In addition to camellia, the more common are: Luohansong, Jinsong, sunflower, fish tail sunflower, ginkgo, rhododendron, southern bamboo, cycad, mango and so on. Because of the wide host range, it is easy to cause mutual infection between mixed flowers and seedlings. The production and breeding farms of flowers and seedlings in our city are generally mixed planting of many varieties, and several infected flower varieties can be found in the same flower field, such as the most common loose-tailed sunflower, Luohansong, etc., which provide conditions for the spread of the disease. Camellia polytrichospora overwintered in the diseased tissue with hyphae or conidia, and produced spores in the next spring, which spread and spread by wind and rain. The disease mainly occurred from March to November, in which the peak was in the first and middle of June and from late August to early September, which was closely related to the emergence of new shoots and the weather of high temperature and humidity. The onset period of the disease was around the first ten days of March, and the new shoots began to feel the disease, and in late May, with the rise of temperature and rainy and high temperature weather, the disease gradually aggravated, at this time, the new shoots began to shoot stage. If the prevention and treatment is not timely, the general incidence rate of the disease in the first and middle of June is 25Mu45%, and the rate of severe disease is 40%. By the first and middle of September, the incidence of new shoots is 35%, 70% and 100% respectively. The Taiwan wind and rain in summer often accelerate the occurrence and prevalence of the disease. According to the investigation and observation, in some flower fields, the buds and tender leaves of camellia are also damaged by nematodes and aphids, while nematodes and aphids cause a large number of wounds. these pathogens are also one of the reasons for inducing gray spot disease and further spreading. In addition, many flower farms drenched flowers, and even used long-term polluted ditch water when applying pesticides, which led to the re-infection of gray spot pathogen, the control effect was not ideal, and the disease was difficult to control. The pollution of water source has become an important hidden danger for the occurrence and spread of gray spot and other diseases. 3. Integrated control methods of camellia gray spot 3.1 conscientiously implement various agricultural control measures 3.1.1 strengthen cultivation management and improve the stress resistance of plants. Application of fully fermented peanut bran and other retting organic fertilizer, reasonable application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. It is necessary to do a good job in field drainage and irrigation in time to reduce the field humidity as much as possible. 3.1.2 emphasize the use of clean water sources and do not reuse contaminated ditch water or industrial wastewater. Water pollution often causes repeated infection of pathogens and affects the disease resistance of camellia. Clean well water, spring water, river water or tap water should be used where possible, and the ditch water in the flower field should be avoided. For example, in the case of lack of water sources, attention should also be paid to the drainage, irrigation and disinfection of ditch water to reduce its pollution. After adopting this measure, the occurrence degree of camellia, Luohansong, sunflower and other diseases in Lingnan flower field in the South China Sea, which had been seriously infected with Cercospora paniculata, decreased significantly. The incidence rate has dropped from 30% to less than 8%. 3.1.3 pay close attention to the control of pathogen transmission between different hosts. Reasonable arrangements for the cultivation of different varieties of flowers and seedlings easily infected by Phaeocystis spp. As usual, loose-tailed sunflower and Luohansong, which are often infected by Phaeocosporium, should arrange the planting area reasonably, keep a certain distance with the camellia planting area, and at the same time pay attention to various control measures to reduce their damage degree. try to avoid the mutual infection and spread of pathogens among different flower and seedling varieties, and improve the control effect. 3.1.4 remove the residual branches and leaves in time and burn them centrally so as to reduce the source of diseases and insect pests in the garden. 3.1.5 do a good job in the management of camellia seedling stage. Select healthy plants to intercept scions, and thoroughly disinfect rootstocks and scions to avoid the spread of the disease. 3.2 Chemical control methods of camellia gray spot 3.2.1 during the key application period, it was observed that the main damage peak of camellia gray spot was in the early stage of new shoot emergence of camellia. therefore, pesticide control should focus on the growth stage of new shoots (especially in summer). At this stage, the application amount should be appropriately increased and the interval between application should be shortened in order to strengthen the protection of new shoots. In other growth stages of camellia, pesticide application can be arranged according to the severity of gray spot disease and the temperature and humidity of the weather. 3.2.2 the use of chemical pesticides should emphasize appropriate medicine to the case, alternative use and reasonable mixing. Medicament selection: 70% methyl thiophanate, 75% chlorothalonil, 70% mancozeb, 50% carbendazim, Shigao, copper oxychloride, dimethicone, methomyl, etc. The above agents are properly mixed and used in rotation. Such as 7% methyl topiramate 800 times + aldicarb 500 times, dioxone 800 times + 70% mancozeb 600 times, 75% chlorothalonil 600 times + 50% carbendazim 600 times and so on. The efficacy of mixed application was significantly higher than that of single use. To achieve timely application, the growth of new shoots in summer long-term key shoot protection. The interval of application was properly adjusted, the peak period of the disease was once every 5 days, and in other periods, it was applied every 10 days. Apply medicine to protect Taiwan before wind and rain, and take remedial measures after typhoon rain. In the mildew and rainy season, the medicine is applied to clear weather. 3.2.3 other diseases and insect pests include anthracnose, brown spot, gray mold, coal pollution, nematode, aphids, leafhoppers, scale insects and so on. Some diseases and insect pests such as nematodes and aphids not only directly damage camellia, but also indirectly aggravate the occurrence of gray spot disease. Therefore, attention should be paid to the treatment of other diseases and pests while preventing and controlling gray spot disease. For example, adding internal insecticides: quinathion and omethoate to control nematodes and scale insects; imidacloprid to control aphids and leafhoppers; and Sukeling to control Botrytis cinerea and so on.