Efficient planting techniques and pest control of Camellia oleifera

How to grow Camellia oleifera? Safflower Camellia oleifera has this protective effect on the ecological environment in some areas of our country, and the ornamental nature of the garden is very strong. Camellia oleifera is a good eco-economic tree species with strong resistance to diseases and insect pests, low production and operation cost and relatively extensive management, and compound management can prevent soil erosion.

1 biological characteristics

Safflower Camellia species classification: Zhejiang safflower Camellia, Guangning safflower Camellia, Tengchong safflower Camellia, Wantian safflower Camellia and so on. Zhejiang safflower Camellia oleifera is also known as Zhejiang Hongshan tea. Small evergreen trees with gray-white, smooth bark; long oval leaves, smooth glabrous on both sides, margin sparsely short serrate; fruit base with sepals, extremely short stalk, pericarp thickness 0.4-0.8 cm, 7 seeds per fruit, ripening in mid-September, mostly red, globose or peach-shaped, fruit weight 26cm 160g.

(2) Seedling technique

Safflower Camellia oleifera seedlings are divided into: sowing seedlings, cutting seedlings, grafting seedlings. Grafting is the main method to raise seedlings.

2.1 sowing and raising seedlings: through the observation of the growing period of Camellia oleifera, the mature fruits with good tree shape, large grains, no diseases and insect pests, high yield and more than 10 years old are selected to sow and raise seedlings directly.

2.2 Cuttage seedlings: select superior trees or excellent clones with disease-free and robust spring shoots and cuttings as seedlings.

2.3 grafting seedling: the technique of grafting seedling with light substrate.

Points for attention in raising seedlings:

① variety selection: 30 clones (high yield, long florescence, concentrated florescence, white flower, resistance to diseases and insect pests, etc.)

② rootstock selection: safflower oil tea common Camellia oleifera

③ tending management: the grafting grew slowly or did not shoot in the same year, and the proper topdressing (compound fertilizer) in the second year could grow above 30cm.

④ seedling nursery standard: the same as ordinary Camellia oleifera.

3 cultivation techniques

3.1 selection of improved varieties

Excellent clones and fine individual plants selected by subtropical forestry research institute, Chinese academy of forestry sciences. The main economic and technical indicators are as follows: the average rate of fresh seeds is 22.0% (some excellent clones can reach 33%); the oil content of kernels is 65%, the average oil content of 100kg fresh fruit is 3 kg, and the average oil yield per mu is 15kg.

3.2 selection of afforestation sites

Camellia oleifera in Zhejiang likes to be warm and humid, which is suitable for growing in low mountains and hills at an altitude of 500 to 1000m, with an average annual temperature of 14 ℃ ~ 17 ℃, precipitation of ≥ l000mm, relative humidity of 70% and 80%, frost-free period of 220 min 270 days. The soil is better than loose, fertile, humid and well-drained acid soils such as mountain yellow soil, yellow brown soil, sandy soil and red soil. The thickness of the soil layer is above 60cm, the pH value is 56.5, and the slope direction is sunny and semi-sunny slopes. Slope below 25 °, can withstand extreme high temperature 40 ℃ and low temperature-10 ℃, evergreen all the year round. It is best to combine with tourism, farm, green, Jingchu and so on.

3.3 soil preparation

① total reclamation

On flat land or gentle slope land less than 15 °, where crops are interplanted, full reclamation or mechanical soil preparation is used to remove debris such as stones and roots, and dig holes around the mountain at a fixed point. The hole size is 60cm of length, width and depth.

② belt reclamation

The belt is opened horizontally according to the row distance around the mountain, the outer height is high and the inside is low, and the bandwidth is 2m. The hole is dug at the fixed point according to the row spacing, and the specification is the same as that of full reclamation. The hole is excavated from the fixed point, and the specification is the same as that of full reclamation.

③ hole reclamation

The hole is dug at the level around the mountain according to the distance between rows, and the specification is the same as that of full reclamation.

3.4 planting density

It is mainly determined according to the biological characteristics, site conditions and afforestation purpose of Camellia oleifera. It is generally planted with 1 200 trees per hm2 (80 trees per mu, 120 plants). Plant row spacing 2mx3m or 2.5mx3m.

3.5 tending and management

① soil management and soil and water conservation: after afforestation, the root system was protected in the first year, but not nurtured. In the second year, it was tended once or twice a year, the first time from May to June and the second time from August to September. Mainly loosening soil, weeding, cultivating soil, expanding holes, gradually forming a belt, and paying attention to soil and water conservation.

② replanting and pruning: plastic pruning, mainly plastic pruning, mild pruning to control long branches, promoting the growth of main and lateral branches, forming a low natural round head and happy crown, laying a good foundation for high and stable yield.

③ intercropping and fertilization: planting green manure, medicinal materials, oilseeds and other crops, with intertillage fertilization instead of tending. Combine with middle tillage to fertilize the young forest, increase organic matter and improve the soil. It should be mainly organic fertilizer, the combination of quick-acting fertilizer and late-acting fertilizer, and the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Farm manure 10~20kg was applied to each plant in winter, nitrogen fertilizer was applied before spring shoot germination, and the best ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 2 ∶ 1 ∶ 1.

(4) Disease and pest control

The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose and bituminous coal disease, and the main pests are Camellia oleifera inchworm and tea shoot moth.

5 Fruit harvest

5.1 the fruit of Camellia oleifera is a capsule, the exocarp is woody, spherical or oblate, and the fruit varies greatly from variety to variety.

5.2 the fruit ripening time is in the middle of September, and early picking is forbidden for the unripe fruits with low yield, low oil yield and poor quality after harvest. The sign of fruit ripening is that the exocarp villi fall off, the color becomes darker, the color becomes brighter, the exocarp changes from cyan to red or reddish brown, the kernel hardens, from white to yellowish brown, shiny.

5.3 after the fruit is harvested, the fruit should be threshed in the sun in time, and the sundries should be removed, and the oil should be pressed into the storage after it is fully dried. Do not explode the seeds used for raising seedlings and store them in sand.

These are the key points of the cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera. Flower farmers who are interested in planting Camellia oleifera can come to Huinong Network to learn more!

Fund projects: propagation techniques and pest control measures of Camellia oleifera

Camellia oleifera is one of the main populations of Camellia oleifera cultivated in China, which has the characteristics of edible, medicinal, ornamental and green value. below, let's take a look at the breeding technology of Camellia oleifera.

1. Biological characteristics of Camellia oleifera.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, up to 7m in height. Bark grayish white and smooth; leaves long oval, both surfaces smooth glabrous, margin sparsely short serrate; flowering from late winter to spring, red or pink, single flower terminal or axillary, petals 6-8, obcordate. The capsule is globose, glabrous, the pericarp is woody, 4~6cm in diameter, and the weight of single fruit is 26mm 160g.

2. suitable conditions for the growth of Camellia oleifera.

Camellia oleifera likes a warm and humid environment. The suitable range in Hubei Province is low mountains and hills with an altitude of 500   1   000m, with an annual average temperature of 14: 17 ℃, a precipitation of ≥ 1   000mm, a relative humidity of 70% and 80%, and a frost-free period of 220-270 days. The soil is better in loose, fertile, moist and well-drained acid soils such as mountain yellow soil, yellow brown soil, sandy soil and red soil. The thickness of soil layer is more than 60cm, the pH value is 56.5, the slope direction is sunny slope and semi-sunny slope, and the slope is less than 25 °.

3. High-yield cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera.

3.1   variety selection

The superior clones and fine individual plants selected by the Subtropical Forestry Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences were selected as the provenance. The main economic and technical indicators are: the average rate of fresh seeds is 22.0%; the oil content of kernels is 65%; the average oil content of 100kg fresh fruit is 3kg; and the average oil yield is 15kg/hm2 in the full fruit period.

3.2Seedling techniques of   Camellia oleifera

Safflower Camellia oleifera seedlings are divided into: sowing seedlings, cutting seedlings, grafting seedlings. Grafted seedlings are mainly used in production, and light substrate bud rootstocks are mostly used to raise seedlings.

Afforestation techniques of 3. 3   safflower Camellia oleifera

The main results are as follows: (1) selection of afforestation site: the afforestation land should be in the hilly land with an altitude of 500   1 000m, which requires sufficient sunlight, slope less than 25 °, deep soil layer, loose texture and slightly acidic land (pH value 56.5m). Steep slopes, shady slopes and low-lying waterlogged areas are not allowed.

(2) soil preparation: the time of soil preparation is before October, and it is best to dig holes after a month of soil preparation. There are three main ways of land preparation. ① completely reclaimed and prepared the land. Full reclamation and land preparation shall be carried out on low mountains and gentle slopes with a slope of less than 10 °. The woodland is deeply turned over 20cm, and then the holes are dug at the fixed point according to the planned row spacing, and the planting hole specification is 60cm × 60cm × 60cm. ② brings land reclamation and preparation. The slope of woodland is more than 10 °, and the land is prepared by steps. The slope of woodland is 10 °15 °, the width of ladder is 3 °6 m, and the slope of woodland is 15 °20 °, the width of ladder is 1.5 °2.0 m, and then dig holes in the belt. The width of the ladder, the distance between the stairs and the distance between the holes are determined according to the topography and planting density. The specification of digging holes is the same as that of full reclamation. ③ hole reclamation and land preparation. The primary vegetation is less, the precipitation is concentrated, the water erosion, wind erosion and soil erosion are serious, and the land is reclaimed by holes. The hole is dug at a fixed point along the contour line according to the distance between plants, and the specification is the same as that of full reclamation.

(3) planting density: it is mainly determined according to the biological characteristics, site conditions and afforestation purpose of Camellia oleifera, which is generally planted with 80,120 plants / 667m2.

(4) Base fertilizer: in order to improve soil fertility, promote seedling growth and achieve high yield as soon as possible, measures should be taken according to local conditions. After digging holes, garbage fertilizer, rice straw and farm fertilizer 3~5kg should be properly applied, compound fertilizer 0.25~0.30kg should be added to each hole, and then the surface soil should be backfilled to fill the hole in the shape of steamed bread for afforestation.

(5) Seedling selection: the quality grade specification of Camellia oleifera seedlings is shown in Table 1. Ⅰ and Ⅱ qualified seedlings are required for afforestation, and grafted seedlings with light substrate are recommended for afforestation.

Table 1 quality grade specification of   safflower Camellia oleifera seedlings

(5) Seedling planting: the planting time of cutting seedlings and sowing seedlings should be from December to January, and no later than the middle of March at the latest. Container seedlings can be afforested from late October to the end of May in the following spring, and the best afforestation is from early March to late April. When planting, the root is comfortable, the seedling is straight, the soil is solid, the seedling planting should not be too deep, it is appropriate to level the ground with the graft, and pour thoroughly and fix the root water after planting.

3.4 tending and Management of   Camellia oleifera

(1) tending and management of young forest: ① replanting. It was replanted in the spring of the second year after afforestation, and the diseased plants were made up with strong seedlings of the same age. ② water, soil and fertilizer management. Drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season after afforestation, and irrigation should be carried out in time when summer and autumn are dry. The root system was protected in the first year after afforestation, and weeding was not allowed in summer and after September. In the second year, they were raised once or twice a year, the first from May to June and the second from August to September. It is mainly loosening soil, weeding, cultivating soil and expanding holes. During the period of young forest, the gap between forests can be used to interplant green manure, medicinal materials, oilseeds and other crops. Farm manure 10~20kg was applied to each plant in winter, nitrogen fertilizer was applied before spring shoot germination, and the best ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 2 ∶ 1 ∶ 1. ③ tree cultivation. When the height of the seedling reached 40~50cm after planting, it was peeled and dried.

In the first year, 3 strong lateral branches with reasonable orientation were selected as main branches at 30~40cm, and 2 strong branches were retained on each main branch as secondary main branches in the second year. In 3 ~ 4 years, on the basis of continuing to cultivate primary and secondary branches, the strong spring shoots were cultivated into lateral branch groups, and the proportion among them was reasonable and evenly distributed, forming a low natural round head and happy crown. Young trees need to remove their buds in the first 3 years to maintain their vegetative growth and speed up the formation of the crown.

(2) tending and management of adult forest: ① reclamation. From November to January of the following year, winter reclamation can take reclamation, hole reclamation and trench reclamation with a depth of 20cm and 25cm, while summer reclamation is from May to July, the depth is generally 10~15cm, which requires a shallow shovel.

② pruning. Camellia oleifera should not be pruned with great intensity, such as withered branches, disease and insect branches, long branches and high forked branches, and cultivate natural happy tree type or natural round-headed tree type.

③ fertilization. In order to meet the needs of vegetative growth and a large number of flowering and fruiting of Camellia oleifera in the full fruit stage, fertilization should be a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the general N ∶ P ∶ K is 10 ∶ 6 ∶ 8. The total amount of rapidly available fertilizer per plant per year is 1.5~2.0kg and organic fertilizer 15~20kg. The application of organic fertilizer can not only effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, increase soil fertility, increase the number of soil microorganisms, prolong fertilizer efficiency, but also increase the oil content of fruit.

(3) Beekeeping and pollination: Camellia oleifera is mainly pollinated by bees, ants and other insects, one is to protect beneficial pollination insects, and the other is to raise bees around the woodland, which can not only increase economic income, but also meet the needs of Camellia oleifera pollination and improve seed setting rate.

IV. Main diseases and insect pests and their control

The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose and bituminous coal disease, and the main pests are Camellia oleifera inchworm and tea shoot moth. The principle of "prevention is more important than cure" should be carried out, and the comprehensive control measures should be based on cultivation techniques and the combination of biological and drug control. Protection and utilization of natural enemies for biological control.

V. Fruit harvest

The ripening time of safflower Camellia oleifera fruit is in the middle of September. The unripe fruit has low yield, low oil yield and poor quality after harvest. Early picking is strictly prohibited. When the exocarp of Camellia oleifera falls off, the color becomes darker, the color becomes brighter, the exocarp changes from bluish yellow to red or reddish brown, and the kernel becomes hard. When picking with a knife or hook, it is strictly forbidden to break branches or hit the trunk to damage the tree, so as not to affect the new flower buds and next year's yield. Picking fruit and beating with poles. After the fruit is harvested, the fruit should be dried and threshed in time, the sundries should be removed, and the oil should be pressed into the warehouse after it is fully dried. Do not explode the seeds used for raising seedlings and store them in sand.

High-yield cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera safflower Camellia, also known as Camellia oleifera, is one of the main populations of Camellia oleifera cultivated in China, and it is also an excellent variety of Camellia with high edible, medicinal, ornamental and green value. Camellia oleifera from Tengchong, Yunnan Province is an excellent population of Camellia oleifera in China. According to the determination, the oil yield of seeds is 25%-30%, and the oil contains 90% unsaturated fatty acids, which has the effects of softening blood vessels, reducing blood lipids, nourishing and invigorating the stomach, and can also be used as raw materials for pure natural high-quality products.

The oil left after oil extraction can be used as biological insecticides and high-quality organic fertilizers; with the gradual improvement of people's living standards, the market demand of safflower oil tea will continue to increase. Therefore, Tengchong safflower Camellia oleifera variety resources protection, the development of safflower Camellia oleifera planting, safflower Camellia oleifera deep processing has a very broad prospect. At present, there are some problems in the production of safflower Camellia oleifera in Tengchong, such as mixed and degraded varieties, extensive management, random picking, lagging research and development, low overall efficiency and so on. It is necessary for technical departments and the broad masses of farmers to carry out work in the selection and breeding of local fine varieties, the promotion of pollution-free and high-yield planting techniques, the intensive processing of safflower Camellia products and the expansion of application fields, so as to make Tengchong safflower Camellia give full play to its industrial advantages. to make greater contributions to local economic development. The cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera are introduced as follows: 1. Growth conditions (1) temperature. Tengchong safflower Camellia oleifera grows in the high altitude mountain area of 1500m to 2500m. It has strong cold resistance and can blossom and bear fruit normally at the temperature of minus 10 ℃. When the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the growth and development will be affected and the growth will stop. Safflower Camellia oleifera is suitable for growing in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas with an average annual temperature of 8-16 ℃. (2) light. Adult safflower Camellia oleifera likes the environment with sufficient light, which can blossom and bear fruit normally only after 4 hours of light every day, but it needs certain shading conditions to avoid sun exposure in its infancy. (3) soil. Camellia oleifera likes the slightly acidic soil with loose, fertile and good drainage, which can grow in the range of pH 4.5-7.0, and the pH value 5.0-6.5 is the most suitable, while alkaline soil and places with high groundwater level grow poorly. 2. Culture technology (1) seed culture. In autumn, we should sow as we pick. If we can't sow in time, we should store wet sand and sow in February. The land with flat terrain, convenient transportation, loose soil, convenient irrigation and good drainage was selected as nursery. Before sowing, soil detoxification, intensive cultivation, adequate base fertilizer were applied to make a good seedbed; at the same time, seeds were disinfected and germinated, and sown by strip sowing. Strengthen the management in time after the seedlings are unearthed. (2) Cuttage culture. Select the branches of the plants with strong growth, large grains and high yield as cuttings, and cut them in mid-late June or mid-late August. Soil disinfection should be carried out in sand beds or seedling beds. Cuttings should be selected with intact leaves and full axillary buds. The length of cuttings is 6-8 cm, with a leaf left at the top, treated with rooting powder, cut as soon as they are cut; after cutting, the bed soil is pressed, shaded and watered thoroughly. After that, foliar water spraying was carried out for 2 or 3 times a day to keep the soil moist, and the shade shed could be converted into a plastic greenhouse in winter to prevent frostbite. (3) grafting culture. There are three methods: leaning grafting, branch grafting and budding grafting. Easy to survive by grafting, fast growth, but slow breeding speed, low material utilization rate; branch grafting and bud grafting save materials, convenient operation, fast breeding speed, as long as skilled operation technology, suitable temperature and humidity, and fine management, the survival rate can reach more than 70%. White camellia or safflower Camellia oleifera with low yield and poor quality can be used as rootstock, and safflower camellia varieties with strong growth, good tree shape, tree age of more than 15 years, large fruit and high yield can be selected as scions, and pay attention to the construction and protection of improved varieties. 3. Planting techniques of Camellia oleifera (1) soil preparation. Where the slope is large, along the horizontal direction of the mountain contour, the belt distance is 3 meters, and the belt width is 1.5 meters. Inside, bamboo drains with a width of 20 cm and a depth of 20 cm were excavated, and the soil was turned 30 cm deep. Dig the cube planting pit or the garden column planting pit according to the distance of 2 meters, length, width and depth of 60 cm each. Where the slope is small or interplanted with crops, planting holes can be dug directly according to the above requirements. There are 110 safflower Camellia oleifera per mu, which can be planted in other places after being planted. (2) time of transplanting ①. It must be transplanted in the rainy season, with 15 days before and after the Dragon Boat Festival as the best time, no later than the first ten days of August; to plant seedlings in time so as to avoid the roots of seedlings from being exposed to the wind and sun; and to adopt two-stage nutrition bags to raise seedlings and transplant where possible, the survival rate can reach more than 90%. ② colonization method. Apply appropriate amount of compound fertilizer or organic fertilizer as base fertilizer and backfill part of the topsoil. When planting, it is required to straighten, straighten, return to the soil, lift lightly, step on the soil, irrigate the root water, cover it with plastic film after planting, cover an area of 1 square meter around the seedling, and cover it tightly around with soil. 4. Field management of young forest (1) seedling replenishment. When missing plants are found in Camellia oleifera garden after afforestation, nutrition bag seedlings of the same variety should be selected for replanting in order to preserve the seedlings. (2) weeding by ploughing. Intertillage weeding was carried out once in the year of afforestation, and twice a year in 3 years, the first in June and the second in September. Chemical agents can also be used to control weeds, and be careful not to spray the liquid on the tender leaves of safflower camellia. (3) topdressing. Topdressing at least once a year should be carried out in winter and spring, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer should be combined, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied together, and the amount of topdressing should be determined according to soil fertility and seedling size. there are three fertilization methods: spreading, ring ditch application and radial ditch application. Withdraw the gift. Spread fertilizer evenly around the rhizosphere covered by the crown and bury it in the soil combined with ploughing and weeding. Ring trench application. At the outer edge of the crown-covered rhizosphere, dig round or semicircular topdressing ditches 20 cm wide and 20 cm deep. Apply fertilizer to the ditch and cover the soil. Radial trench application. Dig a radial fertilization ditch around the crown-covered rhizosphere, apply fertilizer to the ditch and then cover the soil. (4) stereotyped pruning. Pruning was carried out at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, and in the second year after planting, the spring shoot of the terminal bud was retained to form the trunk rapidly; when the trunk was about 60 cm high, 3 strong main branches were selected around the trunk, and 2 to 3 auxiliary branches were left on each main branch to form an umbrella crown. (5) woodland questions. Woodland intercropping can play the effect of ploughing instead of caressing, to achieve the purpose of short growth and promote seedling growth, intercropping crops should not compete with Camellia oleifera for glory, fertilizer and water. Such as peanuts, beans, etc. Crops with high stalks, vines and high water consumption should not be selected. 5. Forest garden management (1) clear forest. One is to remove the scattered upper tall trees in the Camellia oleifera forest, and the other is to remove the miscellaneous shrubs between the Camellia oleifera belts to make the Camellia oleifera trees ventilated and transparent. The forest should be cleared once a year in winter. (2) pruning. Pruning should be carried out in late autumn and early winter, and can be carried out in combination with Qinglin. Cut off the disease and insect branches, parasitic trees, growing skills, dry and withered branches and aging branches of Camellia oleifera. Pruning should be based on the tree system, cutting densely and keeping sparse, getting rid of the weak and staying strong, heavy pruning of weak trees and light pruning of strong trees. (3) loosening the soil and applying fertilizer. The topsoil of the planting belt should be deeply turned once a year (it is suitable not to hurt the fibrous roots of Camellia oleifera), dig out all miscellaneous and shrub roots, and crush and flatten the turned soil. The root system of miscellaneous irrigation between trapezoidal planting belts can not be excavated to play the role of soil and water conservation, and the time of soil loosening takes place in late spring and early summer every year. According to the management of young forest garden, the method of fertilization should be applied in annular ditch and radial ditch, but not in spreading method. (4) pest control. The main diseases of Camellia oleifera are anthracnose, powdery mildew, soft rot, bituminous coal disease, etc.; pests are mainly shell insects, red spiders, stem moths, tea tip moths, tea caterpillars, beetles, leaf wasps and so on. "Prevention first and comprehensive control" should be achieved, based on forest health care planting technology, biological control methods should be adopted as far as possible to control the occurrence and spread of diseases and insect pests. When pesticide control is needed, pollution-free pesticides should be used. (5) beekeeping and pollination. Camellia oleifera is mainly pollinated by bees, ants and other insects, one is to protect beneficial pollination insects, and the other is to raise bees around the woodland, which can not only increase economic income, but also meet the needs of Camellia oleifera pollination and improve seed setting rate. 6. The fruit of Tengchong safflower Camellia oleifera is a capsule, the exocarp is woody, spherical or oblate, the fruit varies greatly with different varieties, the seed shell is horny, dark brown, the seed is spherical, hemispherical or polygonal, the embryo is small, and the endosperm is rich in oil. The fruit ripening time of Camellia oleifera is from mid-November to early December, the oil yield of the unripe fruit is low and the quality is poor, so it is forbidden to pick early; the sign of fruit maturity is that the exocarp villi fall off, the color becomes darker and brighter; the seed shell changes from yellow to brown or dark black. Seed hardening, from white to yellowish brown, shiny; safflower Camellia oleifera fruit ripening period is the new flower bud and leaf bud budding stage, harvest should use tools with knives or small hooks, it is forbidden to break branches and pick fruit. After the fruit is harvested, the fruit should be threshed in the sun in time, and the sundries should be removed, and the oil should be pressed into the storage after it is fully dried.