Effects of different treatment conditions on cuttage rooting of precious rose "Blue Moon"

Rose is one of the four largest cut flowers in the world, known as "queen of flowers", its flowers and colors are gorgeous, rich and changeable. Among them, the precious rose "Blue Moon" is a hybrid tea fragrant rose cultivated in Germany in 1963. Because its flower color belongs to blue, it is also called "Blue Moon". Most of them are propagated by grafting, but the period of grafting is large, so it is difficult to meet the needs of the market, so it is of great significance to study the influence of different factors on the rooting of "Blue Moon" cuttings.

Han Wensheng believes that the cuttage survival rate of Fujimoto rose is 26.7% without any hormone treatment, while the cuttage survival rate of cutting treated with different concentrations of NAA and IBA is 26.3% and 43.3%, which is improved in varying degrees, indicating that the cuttings treated with different concentrations of NAA and IBA can promote the survival of soft wood cuttings of Fujimoto rose. The research of Liu Yunqiang and others pointed out that the rooting rate of soaking 10min in 100mg/kg 's NAA as rooting agent in "Red Berlin" and "Great Harvest" was the highest, which was 72.2% and 68.9% respectively. Yan Haixia and other studies believe that when the concentration of NAA is 250mg/L, its effect on rose is promoting, the survival rate is the highest, up to 83.33%, the average number of roots is the highest, there are 7 or 8, the retention rate of primary leaves is the highest, up to 81.33%, the plant growth is robust, the root system is short and thick, the whisker root is less, and the plant growth is the best. The study of Yang Liucheng showed that the diameter of cuttings had a great influence on the survival rate of rooting. With the increase of cuttings diameter, the rooting number of single cuttings and the survival rate of cutting seedlings increased. The rooting effects of selecting branches from different parts as cuttings and different degrees of Lignification were also different. Wang Guoliang's study found that when the upper, middle and lower stages were taken as cuttings on the same flowering branch, the upper cuttings rooting earlier than the lower cuttings, but the difference in rooting rate was not significant, which may be caused by the changes of Lignification degree and endogenous hormone distribution in different positions of the mother branch. In plant softwood cuttings, keeping an appropriate amount of leaves on cuttings is beneficial to the accumulation of photosynthetic nutrients, thus improving the rooting effect of cuttings.

There are few reports on the length of cuttings and the number of leaves left in rose cuttings. in view of this, this experiment studied the effects of cuttings length, number of leaves and the concentration of plant growth regulator NAA on the rooting of cuttings of famous and precious rose "Blue Moon", in order to find out the best combination. L9 (34) orthogonal experimental design was used to find out the most significant effect of NAA concentration, number of leaves and cuttings length on cuttage rooting of famous rose "Blue Moon" and the optimal combination, so as to speed up seedling propagation, reduce production cost, and provide technical support, practical experience and theoretical basis for improving cuttage survival rate and large-scale cutting propagation of rose.

1 materials and methods

1.1 Test materials

The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Hebei Agricultural University in 2015. The material was "Blue Moon" introduced in China in recent years, and cuttings were collected in the experimental site of the third Branch Factory in Baoding City, Hebei Province.

1.2 Test method

1.2.1 selection of cuttings: the sturdy branches without disease in the same year (the post-flowering branches are better) are cut flat at the upper end, and the lower end is cut into a 45 °oblique incision, which is about 1cm away from the bud.

1.2.2 disinfection of cuttings before cutting, cuttings were disinfected by soaking 10min in 0.5% potassium permanganate solution.

1.2.3 the test substrate for nursery bed preparation is fresh river sand, which is loaded into a plastic hole plate, poured through water, sprayed with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, washed with clean water for 3 times, and cuttings are carried out when the water content of the substrate is about 70%.

1.2.4 in the experimental design, there were three factors: the concentration of plant growth regulators, the number of leaves left, and the length of cuttings. Three levels of each factor (see Table 1) were designed by L9 (34) orthogonal experimental design, with no chemical treatment as control (CK), 10 cuttings per treatment, repeated 3 times. One day before cutting, put the acupoint plate into the nutrition box, put it neatly, and adjust the temperature and humidity to the most suitable growth level. Cut a hole with a stick one day before cutting and insert the cuttings into compaction. The browning rate, rooting number and rooting rate of cuttings were calculated at 15 and 30 days, respectively.

Table 1 Test factors and horizontal design

1.2.5 configuration of cuttings to deal with NAA solution: when configuring 100mg/L, weigh the NAA of 100mg, dissolve it in a small amount of NaOH, then fix the volume to 1L, other concentrations, and so on. The selected cuttings were cut into 5, 10 and 15cm respectively, and the number of leaves left was 0, 2, 4, and the concentration of NAA was treated according to the table of orthogonal design.

1.2.6 the management after cuttings will be treated cuttings in the plastic hole plate, after the cuttings are watered thoroughly, the early stage of cutting watering is mainly water spray, should not be too wet so as not to cause rhizome ulcers. After the formation of the callus, reduce the water irrigation during the root growth period, proper ventilation, otherwise poor ventilation will make the new root rot, regularly spray 5% carbendazim wettable powder 0.1% concentration solution.

2 results and analysis

2.1 effects of different treatments on rooting rate of cuttings

Through the range analysis (see Table 2 and Table 3), the effects of various factors on the cutting rooting of "Blue Moon" rose were analyzed, and the primary and secondary effects were determined. The influence order of the three factors on the rooting rate in the experiment was NAA concentration > number of leaves left > cuttage length. The analysis of variance (table) showed that the effect of NAA concentration of 150mg/L on the rooting rate of cuttings reached a very significant level, which was basically consistent with the significant changes of various factors obtained by range analysis [10]. The NAA concentration of softwood cuttings of "Blue Moon" rose is the decisive factor of its rooting rate. The number of remaining leaves is the dominant factor. The results of multiple comparison table analysis showed that the rooting rate of cuttings in treatment 5 was the highest, and the rooting rate was 40%-50% at 15 and 30 days, that is, when the concentration of NAA was 150mg/L, the length of cuttings was 10cm, and 4 leaves were left, the cutting effect was the best.

Table 2 orthogonal experiment on 15-day rooting rate of cuttings of Chinese rose

Continuation of Table 2:

Table 3 intuitive analysis of the results of orthogonal test on 30-day rooting rate of rose cuttings

2.2 effects of different treatments on rooting number of cuttings

The visual analysis table of range analysis (see Table 3 and Table 4) shows the influence of various factors on the number of cuttings of "Blue Moon" rose, and determines the primary and secondary effects. The influence order of the three factors on the average rooting amount was NAA concentration > number of leaves left > cuttings length. The analysis of variance table (table) showed that the rooting number of cuttings of treatment 5 was significantly different from that of the control. The rooting number increased gradually with the increase of NAA concentration, cutting branch length and the number of leaves left. When NAA concentration 150mg/L, cutting branch length 10cm, the number of leaves left 4, the rooting number reached the highest. When the concentration of NAA reached 200mg/L and the length of cuttings 15cm, the number of rooting decreased. The multiple comparison table (table) showed that the best rooting average of treatment 5 reached 30.33. NAA concentration had a significant effect on the rooting number of rose cuttings, the number of leaves had a significant effect on it, and the effect of cuttings branch length was the least. It may be due to the fact that the growth character of cutting rose has not been fully expressed because of the short observation time.

Table the intuitive analysis of the results of orthogonal test of 15-day rooting number of cuttings in April.

Visual analysis of the results of orthogonal test on 30-day rooting number of cuttings in May Rose

Continuation of Table 5:

2.3 effects of different treatments on callus induction rate of rose cuttings

Callus is the prerequisite for plant rooting. Only when callus is formed, cuttings can take root and plants can survive. Through the range analysis method, the visual analysis table of the orthogonal experiment (see Table 5 and Table 6) showed that the effect order of the three factors on callus induction rate was NAA concentration > number of leaves left > cuttings length. The analysis of variance table (table) shows that the number of leaves left has a significant effect on the induction rate of cuttage callus. From the multiple comparison table (table), it can be seen that with the increase of the number of leaves, the induction rate of cuttage callus increases, showing an upward trend. Treatment 4 performed better at 15 days of cuttage, and treatment 5 performed better at 30 days of cuttage, which showed that the number of leaves increased in the later stage. It can better promote the formation of callus.

Table. Intuitive analysis of the results of orthogonal test on callus induction rate of 15-day cuttage of June rose.

Continuation of Table 6:

Table. Intuitive analysis of the results of orthogonal test on callus induction rate of 30-day cuttage of Chinese rose.

2.4 Optimum selection of softwood cuttings

Rooting number, rooting rate and callus induction rate are important indexes for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cutting rooting. Combined with the range analysis and variance analysis of these indexes, the effect of cutting rooting was evaluated. The results showed that the concentration of NAA, the length of cuttings and the number of leaves left had significant effects on the rooting characters of softwood cuttings of "Blue Rose", and the best level could be selected among the significant factors. Among the three factors, the concentration of NAA is the dominant factor of the comprehensive rooting index of its "blue moon" rose cuttage; the best combination treatment in this experiment is 5:A2B2C3, that is, the rooting index of cuttings treated with NAA concentration 150mg/L, cuttage length 10cm and the number of leaves left is the highest, the average rooting rate is 50%, the average rooting number is 41, and the average callus induction rate is 16.66%.

3 conclusion and discussion

As a commonly used method of asexual propagation, cutting propagation has the advantages of stable genetic characters, improved flowering and fruiting, short breeding cycle, high propagation coefficient, simple technical equipment, large scale, low cost and so on. the experiment shows that cutting is a better method of rapid propagation, and the rooting speed and survival rate of cutting rose are greatly improved by hormone treatment, and the effect of hormone and its concentration on rooting is significant. The relationship between plant growth regulators and adventitious root formation has been widely reported, and auxin plays a key role in root formation. Su Liping (2006) treated rose cuttings with NAA and IBA 50,150 and 300mg/L respectively. It was found that the rooting rate was the highest when the concentration of IBA was 150mg/L, which was consistent with the conclusion of the experiment. There are few reports on the length of cuttings and the number of leaves left by cuttings.

In this experiment, a new variety of modern rose "Blue Moon", which was just introduced into China, was selected as the research object. The results showed that when cuttage was carried out on European rose "Blue Moon", treatment 5, that is, cuttage length 10cm, number of leaves left on cuttings, and NAA with concentration of 150mg/L, was the best to treat 30min, and a higher survival rate could be obtained. However, this experiment can not rule out that there are other factors affecting the cuttage survival of European rose "Blue Moon".

Rose cutting propagation is also affected by many factors, such as cutting substrate, cutting time and so on. This paper only makes a relevant experimental analysis on NAA concentration, cutting branch length and the number of leaves left on cuttings. Considering the comprehensive factors, the number of leaves left is relatively not accurate. If we need to find out the most suitable number of leaves, we need to carry out follow-up experiments. This paper provides an experimental basis for follow-up experiments.

The above is the experiment of Huinong net Xiaobian on the effect of different treatment conditions on the cutting rooting of precious rose "Blue Moon" for your reference.

Rooting technique of White Wax cuttings

Rooting technique of White Wax cuttings

There is no doubt about the rarity and value of White Wax, in order to improve the survival rate of cutting to White Wax plants, so that the majority of lovers will not suffer losses, Wuhan Green Forest Horticulture will now improve the survival rate of White Wax as follows: square method one: soaking growth liquid. It is often used to promote rooting of cuttings, seed treatment, fruit ripening, storage and fresh-keeping, etc. The cuttings with leaves can be placed in indolebutyric acid of 5~10ml/l, soaked for 12 to 24 hours, and then inserted directly into the seedbed. The fast dipping method can also be used to mix naphthalene acetic acid and talcum powder according to 1 g to 1000 g, soak the lower part of the cuttings with clean water, and then dip in a little powder to cut in the seedbed. Square method 2: spray growth liquid. The growth liquid is prepared into the corresponding concentration spraying plant according to the need, and the droplets are required to be small and uniform, with the wetness of the spraying site as the degree. In order to make the agent easy to adhere to the plant surface, it is necessary to add a little emulsifier, such as washing powder, neutral soap, or surfactants and other auxiliaries, to increase the adhesion of the agent. Note: when spraying, spray as much as possible on the growth part of the white wax. Method 3: smear the growth liquid. Apply the liquid to a part of the plant. When treated with lanolin, the lanolin containing medicine is directly applied to the treatment site, mostly in the wound, which is conducive to promoting rooting and smearing. The reproduction of valuable and difficult-to-root plants, such as the asexual reproduction of white wax, can be smeared with high-altitude striping incisions. The method is to ring-cut the branches to expose the phloem, smear the lanolin containing auxin on the cut, keep it moist with moss, and wrap it with a thin film to prevent water evaporation. Method 4: soil irrigation. Plant growth regulators were mixed into aqueous solution and poured directly into the soil or mixed with fertilizers to fully absorb the roots of white wax. In the case of potted flowers, the amount of solution required depends on the size of the plant and the pot, and the general 9~12cm caliber pot needs 200~300ml. In order to promote plant flowering and control the elongation and growth of plant stems and branches, 0.1% to 0.3% succinic acid and dwarf acid aqueous solution can be used to irrigate. Because this method is convenient, fast and easy to operate, it is also the most commonly used method to improve the survival rate of ash cuttings. In fact, if you want to further improve the survival rate of ash cuttings, you need to choose one or two-year-old branches for cutting, select the right branches, choose the right methods, you can certainly achieve the desired survival rate.

Effects of different Tree shape pruning techniques of bitter Rose on Flower yield

Bitter rose is a natural hybrid of blunt-toothed rose and Chinese traditional rose, which is widely planted in Yongdeng Kushui area of Gansu Province. Because it is the most commonly used precious flower fragrance, but also can be made into rose essential oil, it has become one of the pillar industries for farmers to shake off poverty and become rich. However, in the process of cultivating bitter water roses, flower farmers lack the technology of pruning trees, resulting in low yield of flowers. This article will talk about the changes of branching ability, branch growth and flower yield of different tree shapes after pruning, in order to provide a reference basis for high yield, landscape shaping and ornamental appreciation of bitter rose.

1. Materials and methods

1.1 Overview of the experimental site

The experiment was carried out in Nanyang Mountain, Songshan Town, Tianzhu County, Wuwei City, Gansu Province, which is located in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province and is a typical desert oasis river well irrigation area. The average altitude is 1783 m, the annual average temperature is 7.8 ℃, the frost-free period is 147 days, the sunshine time is 2852 hours, the annual precipitation is 180~220mm, the annual evaporation is 1 800 × 2 000mm, and the soil type is sandy loam.

1.2 Test method

In the experiment, 5-year-old bitter water rose was selected as experimental material, planting density plant spacing 2m, row spacing 4m. After the winter defoliation in mid-December 2014, the trees were trimmed into spherical shape (the outer outline of the crown was cut into spherical shape), flat-topped shape (the top of the crown was cut horizontally parallel to the ground) and spindle shape (the outer outline of the crown was cut into a spindle shape), with the natural shape (the natural growth tree without any pruning) as the control (CK). Each tree pruning 30 trees into 1 plot, random block group, repeated 3 times. During the flowering period from May to June 2015, 10 plants were randomly selected from each plot to count the number of flowers per plant and the quality of picking flowers. In the middle of December, the number of new branches per plant was counted, and the length of new branches was measured with steel tape measure and the base thickness of new branches was measured with electronic Vernier caliper. The fullness of buds was observed with naked eyes. The management convenience and landscape beauty effect of different tree rows after pruning were intuitively evaluated. Excel2007 and DPS16.0 software were used to calculate and analyze the data.

2. Results and analysis

2.1 effects of different pruning tree shapes on branch growth

Note: different lowercase and uppercase letters in the same column in the table indicate significant levels of 0.05 and 0.01 respectively, the same below.

It can be seen from Table 1 that the number and thickness of new branches were increased and the length of new branches was decreased after pruning into spherical, flat and spindle-shaped trees. The full degree of buds in spindle-shaped and control natural shape (CK) were thin and weak, while spherical and top-shaped buds were full. The number of new branches of spherical, flat-topped and spindle-shaped trees increased by 402.40%, 197.63% and 61.46% respectively compared with the control natural shape (CK), and the thickness of new branches increased by 43.59%, 27.22% and 16.17% respectively compared with the control natural shape (CK). The length of new branch decreased by 67.71%, 50.62% and 16.21% respectively compared with the control natural shape (CK). Among different tree shapes, the number and thickness of new branches of spherical tree were the highest, and the length of new branches was the lowest. Compared with the natural shape of the control (CK), the difference was very significant (P < 0.01).

2.2 effects of different pruning tree shapes on flower yield

It can be seen from Table 2 that the number of flowers and the yield of flowers increased after pruning into spherical, flat-topped and spindle-shaped trees, but the increase of different tree shapes was different. The flowering numbers of spherical, flat-topped and spindle-shaped trees increased by 398.77%, 180.92% and 44.55% respectively compared with the control natural shape (CK). The yield of fresh flowers increased by 396.08%, 180.39% and 43.14% respectively compared with the control natural shape (CK). The order of flowering number and fresh flower yield of different tree shapes from high to low was spherical shape > flat top shape > spindle shape > natural shape (CK). The flowering number and fresh flower yield of spherical tree shape were the highest, which were significantly higher than those of the control natural shape (CK).

2.3 effects of different pruning trees on inter-row management and landscape beauty

It can be seen from Table 3 that different tree shapes such as spherical shape, flat top shape, spindle shape and natural shape have different effects on the convenience of fertilization, weeding and picking, as well as on the landscape effect. After the bitter water rose is pruned into a spherical shape, it is convenient for fertilization, weeding and picking; after pruning into a flat top shape, the rows are easy to close, and the branches outside the crown are intertwined, affecting fertilization and weeding, but the tree body is not high, and the flowers are mainly distributed on the top plane, making it easy to pick; after being trimmed into a spindle shape, the space between the rows is larger, fertilization and weeding are convenient, but the tree body is higher, and the top flowers are not easy to pick. Compared with the natural shape (CK), the height of the tree is different, and the branches in the rows are interlaced with each other, so it is not convenient to fertilize, weed and pick. After pruning into ball shape, flat top shape and spindle shape, Kushui rose showed neat and beautiful landscape effect because of its regular appearance, little difference in tree shape and increase in flowering quantity, while the control natural shape (CK) showed great difference in height and crown width, branches interlaced with each other, and showed disorder in landscape effect.

3. Conclusion and discussion

The processing and essential oil extraction organs of bitter water rose are mainly flowers, and they are required to be picked and processed on the spot. The yield of fresh flowers directly determines the quantity of processed products and the amount of essential oil extraction, thus affecting the planting benefit. The results showed that after being pruned into ball shape, flat top shape and spindle shape, bitter water rose increased the number of new branches, reduced the excessive length of branches, promoted flower bud differentiation, increased flower yield, showed neat and beautiful landscape effect, and improved ornamental quality.

But in contrast, after pruning into a spherical tree, the fresh flower yield is the highest, the management of fertilization, watering and picking is the most convenient, and the landscape effect is the most beautiful. this pruning tree can be used in bitter water rose planting to increase flower yield, increase cultivation efficiency and improve the attractiveness of rural flower viewing and flower appreciation tourism, so as to achieve both direct and indirect benefits. After pruning, bitter rose reduced the crown height and size, inhibited the growth of long branches, promoted the branch growth, and made the tree shape appear neat and compact in appearance, so that the branches were evenly distributed in space. it improves the photosynthetic efficiency and leaf photosynthesis, and reserves rich organic matter for flower bud differentiation.

Pruning measures are widely used in fruit tree cultivation. Pruning measures inhibit vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. Pruning is also one of the main artificial landscaping measures in modern landscape, which makes trees into different shapes through pruning, which brings people a sense of beauty visually, thus increasing the appreciation of trees.

The above experiments only studied the response of branch growth and flower bud differentiation to pruning after winter pruning. In order to maintain a certain pruning tree shape, we should also try to prune bitter roses in summer and autumn. The response results after pruning need to be further studied.