Propagation methods and key points of cultivation and Management of Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia suspensa is a kind of excellent ornamental flowers and trees in urban early spring. The optimum temperature for growth is about 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, and it can withstand-10 ℃ in winter. Forsythia suspensa exists mainly in fertile, loose neutral, slightly acidic or slightly alkaline soil. Next, let's learn the breeding methods and seedling management of Forsythia suspensa.

1 reproduction

1.1 sowing and propagation

The sowing and propagation of Forsythia suspensa are mostly carried out in early spring.

① seed collection. The strong forsythia mother plant without disease and insect pests was selected as the mother tree, and the fully mature forsythia fruit was collected from September to October and spread on the ground in the cool place of the leeward. After fully drying, the seeds were threshed, impurities and damaged seeds were removed, and the improved seeds were selected. pack it in a cloth bag or gunny bag and place it in a ventilated place.

② nursery arrangement. Choose the neutral soil with fertile, loose, water source and convenient transportation as the nursery. Clean up the roots, weeds and stones from the nursery before farming. At the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, the nursery was turned deeply to 35cm. Do not rake, after a winter of freezing, in order to facilitate soil weathering and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In the middle and late February of the second year, the compound fertilizer 80kg or fully mature cake fertilizer 200kg was applied per mu, and the field was raked continuously for 2 ~ 3 times by machinery, so that the nursery land was fully raked, the soil particles were raked and the fertilizer was evenly mixed in the soil grains.

③ trenches to make a bed. The seedbed was made by making ditch according to the width of 1.5m, in which the width of the seedbed was 1.2m, the width of the ditch was 0.3m and the depth of the ditch was 0.25m. At the same time, the drainage ditch around the nursery was dug out, and the middle ditch of the seedling field was dug out, 0.4 m wide and 0.35 m deep. Spread the fertile soil in the ditch evenly on the seedling bed to increase the fertilizer layer. For the nursery with diseases and insect pests, it is best to carry out a disinfection, sterilization and insecticidal action before sowing. Drugs such as sweeping away the diseases and insect pests can be used to mix fine soil in advance, or dimethicone (1 ~ 1.5kg/ mu) and ferrous sulfate (15 ~ 20kg/ mu).

Sow seeds on ④. In the middle of March, the dried seeds of Forsythia suspensa were taken out, and the seeds that were moldy and lost their germination ability were removed for further careful selection. Soak the seeds in cold water for 6 hours and 8 hours. After the seeds are fully saturated with water, pick them up and drain them and sow them. Open a sowing ditch, ditch depth 1.5cm, line spacing 25cm. The seeds of Forsythia suspensa were sowed evenly in the ditch, then covered with fine soil 1cm after sowing, and then covered with pine needles, rice straw and sawdust to preserve moisture and air, and often maintain suitable humidity. Seedlings emerged in late April, pine needles and straw were removed after emergence, and sterilized with carbendazim solution diluted 1000 times every 10 days. If there are insect pests, deltamethrin can be used to dilute 2500 times liquid spray for 1 ~ 2 times, and a better effect can be achieved. With reasonable management, the seedling height can reach 40 ~ 60cm in the same year.

⑤ sprouts were transplanted. In order to make Forsythia suspensa planted neatly, the method of transplanting shoots can be adopted. In late March, the leeward and sunny places are selected as sand beds, with a width of 1m and a length of no more than 12m. Flatten the sand bed with a plank, the edge of the sand bed is higher than the 1cm around the bed, first spray through the sterilization with potassium permanganate solution diluted 1000 times. The seeds of Forsythia suspensa (the germ did not break through the seed coat) were spread evenly on the sand bed, first covered with fine sand of thick 1cm, and then gently patted flat with a small board (sterilized), so that the seeds were in full contact with the river sand. Pour water with a spray can, build a small arch shed, cover the media with a width of 2m, and cover the film with bricks or clods around it. The sand bed was often observed after sowing, and the seeds germinated and sprouted in about 15 ~ 20 days. Attention should be paid to the temperature and humidity of the small arch shed. Shade or ventilation should be turned on at both ends when the temperature exceeds 30 ℃. Once the sand turns white, it should be properly watered to prevent the seedlings from burning. The seedlings can be transplanted after refining seedlings for a period of time, and about 10 000 ~ 15000 seedlings per mu. Plant and water at the same time to improve the survival rate.

1.2 Cuttage propagation

Cutting propagation can be divided into hardwood cuttage and tender wood cutting. hardwood cuttage is carried out from February to March in early spring and tender wood cuttage is carried out from May to July.

① hardwood cuttings. From February to March in early spring, the branches were completely lignified 1 ~ 2 years before Forsythia suspensa. The nursery is arranged and sown with the same sowing and soil preparation, and the cutting nursery does not apply any fertilizer, and the soil on the seedling bed is fine raked up, slightly higher in the middle, forming a turtle back structure, so as to facilitate cutting operation and drainage. Put up a shade and a 50% sunshade net. 24 hours before cutting, potassium permanganate solution diluted 1000 times was used for sterilization.

From February to March in spring, 1-2-year-old branches of Forsythia suspensa were collected and accumulated indoors. Cut the branches short to grow 15cm cuttings, cut from the nodes, and there are 2-3 buds at the top. 30-50 roots are a bundle, aligned up and down, and the lower part is quickly dipped in 0.1% IBA (indolebutyric acid) solution for 5-10 seconds, slightly drained and then cut and inserted into the soil 10cm. After inserting the first car, pour through the water, build a small arch shed, and cover it with a film 2m wide, which is compacted with stones or soil around the film. After the whole cutting base is finished, a temperature and hygrometer is hung in one of the small arch sheds.

Forsythia should keep the air humidity above 90% and the temperature below 38 ℃ within 20 days after cutting. It takes about 20 days to heal and take root, 30 days to take root, and some spikes begin to spread leaves, then the seedlings can be ventilated step by step. Lift the film at one end of the small arch shed, and then open the film at the other end of the small arch shed after 2-3 days. After 2-3 days, the small arch shed can be completely removed, but it is still necessary to maintain the suitable humidity of the seedling bed. After fully refining the seedlings, the sunshade net can be removed and the seedlings can be refined with full light. Transplant the seedlings to the field in autumn.

② tender wood cuttings. The semi-lignified branches were born in the same year.

The softwood cutting time of Forsythia suspensa is from May to July in summer. At this time, the temperature is high, the sun is strong, the transpiration is fast, and the cuttings are easy to dehydrate and die, so it is necessary to build about 90% of the sunshade net, which is connected with a strong rope in the middle of the net. The net is fastened to the stake with wire and rope to ensure that the sun does not shine directly on the seedling bed.

Ten days before cutting Forsythia suspensa, the female parent of Forsythia suspensa was sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate and DuPont Yibao to supplement nutrition and sterilization, and then sprayed again in 5 days. In case of dry weather, the cuttings should be watered 1-2 days before cutting.

Cuttings of twigs should be harvested before sunrise or on rainy days as far as possible. Accumulate the picked branches indoors, and often spray water to moisturize them, so as to prevent the branches from dehydrating and losing vitality. Cut the branches indoors into 8 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 50 roots into a bundle, and cut the cuttings from the nodes. The lower part was quickly dipped in 0.1% IBA (indolebutyric acid) for 5-10 seconds. Use a small stick of the same thickness as the cuttings in the Jack, then put the treated cuttings into the hole and press them with your hands. After inserting, pour water thoroughly, make the matrix and cuttings closely combine, spray 1000 times liquid carbendazim solution on the leaf, immediately set up the small arch shed, seal around, stick to the film and cover 50% of the sunshade net.

Post-cutting management is the same as hardwood cutting management. When Forsythia suspensa takes root and sprouts by more than 50%, the small arch shed and sunshade net are gradually removed by seedling refining.

2Seedling stage management

2.1 Seedling supplement

When the seeding seedling of Forsythia suspensa grows to 5~10cm, it is necessary to carry out reasonable interseedling, combined with interseedling to supplement seedling. Use a small pointed shovel to dig up the seedlings in the dense area, then replant them in the sparse place and water them steadily. In the future, water will be watered according to the dry weather to ensure survival. When the growth of seedlings is basically stable, the seedlings are kept at about 10 ~ 15000 plants per mu.

2.2 weeding

Weeds in seeding beds, enclosed ditches, middle ditches and chamber ditches can be eradicated directly with hoes and shovels. For the cutting seedbed, you can only use a small shovel to weed out the weeds and water them steadily. In general, weeds need to be removed twice from May to July and once a month from August to October.

2.3 Water and fertilizer management

Spring irrigation should grasp the principle of a small number of times, dry and wet. Attention should be paid to clearing ditches and desilting in plum rain season, flood water is needed in summer drought, and little or no watering is needed in autumn and winter. In summer, topdressing can be carried out combined with watering. From June to August, urea 5kg per mu was applied to the sowing seedlings, once every 15 days, and 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution was applied to the cutting seedlings. After August 15, fertilizer application was stopped to make the tip of forsythia suspensa seedlings lignified, which was beneficial to overwintering.

(3) Disease and pest control

Common diseases include root cancer, leaf spot and tip blight, which can be sprayed with Bordeaux solution or 800 times of 65% Dysen zinc wettable powder. Insect pests include aphids, stinging moths, bug bugs and weevil, which can be sprayed with 1000 times omethoate EC.

4 cultivation and management

The seedlings of Forsythia suspensa were transplanted in the deciduous stage. Flowers are often planted on annual branches, and senile branches and annual branches should be re-cut every year after flowering to promote the germination of new branches. for new shoots with exuberant growth, they should also be cut short in summer, apply sufficient basic fertilizer before planting in winter, and apply compound fertilizer in the growing period. Rain Water infiltration can be used to achieve the purpose of topdressing, keep the sun sufficient, the soil moderately moist, and blossom more luxuriantly in spring.

The above are all the contents of Forsythia suspensa breeding methods and seedling management. Welcome all the friends of Miao farmers to HuiNong Network for reference and study!

Key points of cultivation and Management of Prunus mume

The elm leaf plum gets its name because its leaves are very similar to the elm. In the northeast, because the flowers of the elm leaf plum are very similar to the peach blossom, it is also known as "little peach red". Elm leaf plum has dense flowers, so its ornamental value is relatively high, and it is also the main flowering plant in Beijing in spring.

Prunus mandshurica

It is native to the semi-arid mountains of North China and the south of Northeast China, and is mostly distributed on sunny slopes and semi-sunny slopes with an elevation of 500,000 meters above sea level. Positive trees like dry gravel with good drainage. Moist and fertile soil is the most suitable for cultivation. Resistant to cold and avoid waterlogging, it is cultivated all over the north of the Yellow River basin. Sowing and propagation are not easy to maintain the characteristics of the original mother plant, so it must be selected, so in general cultivation, single-pear seedlings or mountain peaches are used as rootstocks, and the branches can blossom in the second year, and flower buds can be formed in one year after budding.

The cultivation and management of Prunus mandshurica can be very extensive, but attention should be paid to pruning and removing the sprouting of rootstocks. Its flowers are all formed on the branches of the same year, so the old branches should be renewed and the weak branches should be removed after flowering, and a re-pruning and topping should be carried out to concentrate nutrients on flower bud differentiation, so that there are many and large flowers in the following year. After re-cutting, fertilizer and watering should be applied in time to ensure the health of the plant.

Dendrolimus punctatus is easy to occur during the spring flowering period of Elm Leaf Plum. If you see a cobweb on the branches, it should be removed immediately and then sprayed with 1500 times dimethoate or 1000 times trichlorfon. Sometimes there is a second occurrence at the end of summer. In summer, there are leaf-eating pests such as stinging moths, boat-shaped caterpillars and debt-avoiding moths (dumplings), as well as aphids and red spiders, which can be sprayed with 1500 times dimethoate, 1000 times trichlorfon or 1% tobacco water. Elm leaf plum is best planted with bauhinia, forsythia and cloves, and the flowers can be used as vase cut flowers.

Cultivation and Management techniques of Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia, also known as Huangshou Dan, Huanghua Pole, Yellow Ribbon, Ribbon Dan, belongs to the genus Forsythia of Oleaceae. It is produced in the northern, central and northeast provinces of China, and now it is cultivated in many places. Forsythia suspensa blossoms all over the trees in spring, and its golden branches sway with the spring breeze. It is an important flowering shrub in early spring. Now the key points are introduced as follows, for reference only.

I. morphological and biological characteristics

Forsythia is a shrub, up to 3m high, dry, erect, branches spreading, arch drooping; branchlets yellowish brown, slightly quadrangular, with obvious white lenticels and hollow pulp. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, opposite, leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-9cm long, glabrous, apex acute, base rounded to broadly cuneate, leaf margin coarsely serrate. Flowers first and then leaves, flowers often solitary, sparse 3 axillary; calyx lobes 4, oblong; Corolla golden, lobes 4, Obovate-elliptic; stamens 2; there are two kinds of flowers, one stamen longer than pistil, one pistil longer than stamens, the two flowers do not grow on the same plant. The florescence is from April to May. Capsule ovoid, 2-loculed, seeds winged, fruiting June-September.

Forsythia likes light, but has a certain ability to endure shade, it can grow normally in sparse forest, but the number of flowers is not as much as where the light is sufficient; Forsythia suspensa is cold-resistant, and it can be more safe and frozen in northeast provinces; it likes moisture, drought and waterlogging, and grows best in moist soil, but it is not suitable to be planted in low-lying places. Stagnant water is easy to make plants rot roots and die. It is not strict with the soil, and can grow normally in loam, plain sand and light clay, but it grows best in sand loam and plain sand; it has certain saline-alkali resistance and grows well in PH08.8, 0.2% salt.

II. Water and fertilizer management

Forsythia is drought-resistant and likes a humid environment. Watering management should be strengthened in the first three years of planting. In addition to watering the first three water, Forsythia suspensa should also be watered 1-2 times a month according to temperature and precipitation from April to September. July and August are abundant periods of precipitation. The weather is not particularly dry. Water may be watered less or not, and antifreeze water should be watered thoroughly at the end of November or early December. In the following year, thawing water should be well watered at the beginning of March, watering should be controlled during flowering, permeable water should be watered once when new leaves germinate after flowering, and 1-2 times should be watered according to air temperature and precipitation from April to September. The third year should also be managed according to the watering method of the first two years. From the fourth year, thawing water and antifreeze water will be poured at the beginning of March and the end of November every year. During the high temperature period in spring and summer, the water will be watered according to the precipitation, and it will grow in reliable days at other times.

Forsythia likes to be fat, with luxuriant branches and leaves and large and colorful flowers. To fertilize Forsythia suspensa, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer when planting, we should also apply dried chicken manure or sesame sauce residue at the end of autumn combined with anti-freezing water, apply nitrogen fertilizer once after flowering in the second year, apply phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer once during flower bud differentiation in July and August, and apply dried chicken manure again at the end of autumn, and then manage it according to this method every year.

Third, pruning methods

The common plant type of Forsythia suspensa is tufted round head. After the seedlings are planted, the selected main branches are heavily truncated to promote its branching. When pruning in winter, thin and weak branches and roots and tillers sprouting from the rhizome should be removed. For the weak thin and curved branches, the full length of 1x5 can be cut off, only the full flower buds in the branches can be retained, 3-4 erect long flower branches which are heavier at the top of the growing branches can be slowly released, and the rest of the overlong flower branches can be treated by retraction; for long branches, they can be truncated to promote their multiple branches, increase flowering branches, and can also be reserved as regeneration branches.

In addition, Forsythia can also be cut into an umbrella, this plant type in the blooming season breeze blowing, very elegant and free and easy, often used to decorate rocks and so on. When planting, one of the strongest branches is cut short at 40-50cm from the ground, and the rest of the branches are thinned out. The new branches are drawn from the top of the left trunk, and 3-4 branches with more uniform distribution and suitable opening angle are selected as the main branches, and the rest are all thinned, and the remaining main branches are cut short to make more side branches, because the forsythia branches are soft and easy to droop, thus making them into an umbrella shape. After the umbrella shape is basically formed, the roots and tillers should be often removed, the branches should also be removed frequently, and the side branches that are too dense should also be removed to make them ventilated and transparent.

IV. Pest control

The common disease of Forsythia suspensa is leaf spot, which is caused by semi-known fungi. The pathogen first infects the edge of the leaf, gradually develops to the middle of the leaf with the development of the disease, distinguishes the health part obviously, and the whole leaf wilts and dies in the later stage of the disease. The disease began to occur in mid-late May and reached its peak in July and August. the high temperature and humidity weather and dense ventilation were conducive to the spread of the disease. To prevent and cure leaf spot disease, one is to pay attention to pruning, to remove jumbled branches and over-dense branches, to keep the plants ventilated and transparent, and the other is to strengthen water and fertilizer management, pay attention to nutrition balance, and not apply nitrogen fertilizer. In case of occurrence, the disease can be effectively controlled by spraying 1200 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable granules or 50% carbendazim wettable granules every 10 days for 3-4 times.

The common pests of Forsythia suspensa are: wide-winged wax cicada, transparent sparse wax cicada, mulberry shield scale, ivy shield scale, round spot leaf weevil, moth, pine and oak caterpillar, white velvet moth.

If it occurs, spray 2000 times of imidacloprid wettable particles or 1000 times of suspension to kill transparent and wide-winged wax cicadas and wide-winged wax cicadas. During the peak period of nymph oviposition, spray 95% Chesling emulsion 1000 times, or 20% Suke EC 1000 times to kill mulberry white shield scale; spray 3000 times of hyperosmotic phenoxyvir EC in the adult stage of leaf roll weevil Spray 3000 times of Kangfuduo solvent in the larval stage, 3000 times of hyperosmotic phenoxyvir EC in the larval stage of pine and oak caterpillars, and 1.2% nicotine 1000 times solution in the case of serious damage to the moth.

5. Methods of reproduction

The propagation methods of Forsythia suspensa are: sowing, plant division, cutting and striping.

1. Sowing seeds

After the fruit is ripe in autumn, the fruit is collected to dry and beat to get pure seeds. The seeds were packed in a clean cloth bag and stored at 5-10 ℃. In the morning of March the following year, sprouting was carried out. The seeds were soaked in gibberellin alcohol solution of 1 ℃ 2000 for 4 hours, then the dormancy was broken, and then the seeds were fully mixed with wet river sand according to the weight ratio of 1 800. The seeds could germinate in about 30 days at the temperature of 10-20 mol. Then the strip sowing method was adopted to sow the seeds. The width of the border was 150cm, the height of 20cm was high, the depth was 3cm, and the row spacing was 30cm, 4 rows per row. After sowing and covering the soil, trample and press slightly to make the seeds combine closely with the soil, cover the grass curtain to keep the soil moist, and the seedlings can emerge in about 20 days. Transplant was carried out the following spring.

2. Cuttage

After flowering, two-year-old branches were selected as cuttings on strong and pest-free plants. The cuttings were 12-15cm long, the upper cut was flat, the lower cut was horseshoe-shaped, and each cuttage had not less than 3 buds. Soak the lower end of the cuttings in ABT rooting agent solution for 30 minutes before cutting. The row spacing of the cuttings was 10 ⅹ 10cm and the depth was 8-10cm. After cutting, an arch shed was set up on the cutting bed and shaded properly to keep moist. Transplanting can be carried out the following spring.

3. Pressing strip

In spring, the longer branches were pressed down and bent down and buried in the soil with 3-5cm. After enough water, the soil was kept moist, and it could take root in about 2 months. In autumn, it was cut off at the front end of the pressing part, and planted in the following spring.

4. Ramet

After falling leaves in autumn, choose strong and sprouting plants, dig them up, split them with a sharp knife, and transplant them with soil.