How to grow peonies? Detailed explanation of field management techniques for peony cultivation

Peony is one of the traditional precious flowers in China, with a long history of cultivation and a symbol of great wealth. With the continuous improvement of breeding technology, peony culture is more in-depth in daily life. The following Huinong net editor sorted out 5 in-field management techniques to learn together.

1 timely hoe and loosen the soil

Hoeing can not only loosen the soil, circulate the air, prevent drought and preserve soil moisture, but also raise the ground temperature in early spring. The first time to hoe and loosen soil was carried out from the first half of February to the first ten days of March in spring. This time the hoe is only loosened next to the plant to strengthen the air circulation and increase the temperature of the soil on the peony bud. The second and third hoes were carried out in late March and early April. The second deep hoe, and to hoe fine, can not keep the land, in order to prevent drought and preserve soil moisture, increase the ground temperature, and promote its early germination. The third time depends on the soil moisture to determine the depth of the hoe, note to be careful, do not hurt or touch off the peony buds. After the peony flowers are withered, the depth is about 15cm, and then, if dry, hoe once every half a month or so to enhance the drought resistance of the plant. Enter the rainy season, due to high temperature and rainy, high soil moisture, weeds breed, at this time to frequently hoe, shallow hoe, in order to speed up water evaporation, make the soil dry as soon as possible, weeds die. After the Beginning of Autumn, he should hoe shallowly and hoe carefully to eliminate the weeds before setting seeds so as to reduce the harm in the coming year.

(2) fertilization and irrigation

From the second year after planting, peony is fertilized 2-3 times a year. The first deficiency was carried out in the middle and late March to ensure sufficient nutrients for the growth of new branches and the development of buds. The second fertilization was carried out after anthesis to promote normal plant growth and flower bud differentiation. The Beginning of Winter was frozen and fertilized for the third time. The first and second fertilization should be based on high-quality organic manure, generally applying about 1500 kg of dried manure or 250 kg of cake fertilizer per 667m  2, and 3 000 kg of organic fertilizer per 667m  2. Fertilization should be combined with irrigation. Peony has the characteristics of likes and dislikes and dampness, coupled with developed root system, strong water absorption capacity, extremely fleshy meat can store a lot of water, in general drought conditions, there is no need for irrigation. However, in years of special drought, proper irrigation should be carried out. The number of irrigation and the amount of water should be determined according to the degree of drought and plant age. 1, the drought resistance of 2-year-old plants is poor, if the drought is serious, it should be irrigated in time; 3, 4-year-old plants should also be irrigated in case of severe drought. The watering of peony is not suitable for flood irrigation, but the method of mining and trenching infiltration irrigation. It is best to use the water in the river or pit pond, because its water is warm and there are many nutrient elements, which is beneficial to the growth and development of peony. Summer irrigation should be carried out in the evening or morning, early winter and spring watering should be carried out when the weather is warm, there is no need to water when the ground is not frozen, such as stagnant water in the rainy season, ditches should be dug to drain immediately.

3 plant shaping and pruning

Shaping and pruning can maintain a balanced amount of branches and beautiful and symmetrical plant type, maintain the growth balance of underground and aboveground parts, and concentrate nutrients to promote root growth and flower bud enrichment. Practice has proved that the quality of peony blooming, the number of peony flowers, the growth of root system and the length of plant life are directly related to reasonable shaping and pruning.

The shaping and pruning of peony usually begins in the spring of the second year after planting, when the tender buds grow to about 5cm. Planting, in the clump of new branches, several branches with strong growth, uniform distribution and symmetrical growth are selected as the branches of the plant. The number of fixed branches should be determined according to the size of the clump, variety, cultivation purpose and growth years. With the increase of plant age, the number of branches can also increase. In the same year, we can choose to leave a certain number of sturdy sprouting branches to culture into the main branches. In general, 10-12 branches are suitable for 5-year-old ornamental varieties, and new branches can be added for more than 6 years old. There are generally 2-3 flowering branches on each branch of peony, and there are several clumps and adventitious buds below the flower branches. In order to concentrate nutrients and make the flower branches grow strong and colorful, 4-and 5-year-old peonies usually leave one flower branch at the top of each branch; if they are more than 5 years old, they can leave 1 or 2 flower branches evenly distributed, and the rest should be cut off in time, and the excess leaf branches and adventitious buds should also be removed. After flowering, the dry branches, damaged branches, diseased branches and excess lateral branches on the upper part of the flower base should also be cut off in time.

(4) Disease and pest control

4.1 Disease

The common peony diseases are as follows:

(1) purple stripe feather disease. It is a fungal disease that spreads through the soil. The disease occurred in the root neck and root, especially in the root neck. The light ones form patchy patches and do not send new roots. if the branches are thin, the leaves are yellow, the buds are small and heavy, the whole root neck and root rot, and the plants die. The disease mostly occurs in the high temperature and rainy season from June to August. The prevention and control measures are as follows: first, planting in highly dry sandy soil with good drainage; second, timely ploughing in the rainy season to reduce soil moisture; third, selecting disease-resistant varieties; fourth, soaking roots with fungicides when planting; fifth, timely disinfection of injured plants. Get rid of the serious ones.

(2) Sclerotinia disease. Also known as stem rot, the pathogen is Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, waterlogged spots on the stem near the ground, gradually spreading rot, the emergence of white cotton; may also infect leaves and buds. The prevention and control measures are as follows: first, planting in high dry land with good drainage; second, timely removal of diseased plants and soil disinfection; third, rotation every 4-5 years.

(3) Brown spot. Also known as erythema, fungal infection, mainly infects leaves, but also harms new branches. In the early stage, there are brown spots of grain size on the back of the leaves, and the edges are slightly darker, forming thick, medium-light, irregular central ring withered spots, which blend with each other, so that the leaves are scorched and withered. The damage of leaf disease produces dark green villous layer, the disease spot of stem and stalk is raised, and the pathogen overwinters in the stems and leaves of diseased plants and soil. The prevention and control measures include: first, before and after the Beginning of Winter, sweep the dried leaves and burn them to eliminate the pathogen; second, spray 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 160 Bordeaux 200 times before the disease (in May), about once a half month until the end of July; and 3) at the initial stage of the disease, spray 0.125% carbendazim 0.2% carbendazim, about once a week, 3 times in a row.

Rust and anthrax are also common, according to nematode disease. The control methods of rust and anthracnose are the same as leaf spot. The occurrence of root-knot nematode was spread with 3 kg 3% carbofuran particles per 667m  2.

4.2 insect pests

(1) Underground pests. There are mainly ground tigers, grubs and mole crickets. Wheat bran can be used as poison bait in the field in the evening, or phoxim can be added with fermented fertilizer (0.25 kg per 667m  2) and dug into the soil at the depth of 20 cm.

(2) aboveground pests. There are mainly scale insects and longicorn beetles. When insect pests are found, the damaged branches and leaves can be cut off and burned; the larvae can be sprayed with 0. 067%-0.1% omethoate during the incubation period; spraying 3-degree stone sulfur mixture before germination during dormancy or early spring can effectively control scale insects. The control longicorn beetle can be pierced in the rhizosphere of peony with a depth of 20 cm and a piece of aluminum phosphide was put into each hole.

5 covered soil overwintering

The peony is relatively hardy. In order to avoid the damage to the peony caused by people and animals in winter and the influence of strong cold air, it is best to seal the soil every year to survive the winter. Every year after late October, all the dead leaves on the ground are swept and burned, and then dug up and sealed from the plant for 4 weeks. 1-year-old and 2-year-old peony should all be buried in the soil, 3-year-old and 4-year-old peony should be half the height of the plant, and those more than 5 years old can only be cultured to the base.

How to manage the peony flower the management and maintenance of the peony flower every month

In January (Lesser Cold and Greater Cold), the monthly average temperature is 0.4C, the monthly average precipitation is 6.85mm, the soil temperature is 1.1C at a depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature is 1.6C at 10cm. Peony is in the dormant stage of deciduous leaves, and the flower buds have completed their differentiation. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) the open-field peony should pay attention to prevent the cold and make it safe to survive the winter. (2) the field peony began to set up and manage the plastic greenhouse in the early spring (blooming before the natural flowering period). (3) apply base fertilizer once.

In February (the Beginning of Spring and Rain Water), the monthly average temperature was 2.7C, the monthly average precipitation was 12.5mm, the soil temperature at the depth of 5cm was 3.9C, and the soil temperature at 10cm was 4.1C. The underground root system of tree peony began to move, and the scale buds expanded and sprouted in 4-5 days. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) Peony begins to hoe, loosen the soil and water for the first time. (2) strengthen the management of promoting flowering of peony in field greenhouse. (3) before the sprouting of scale buds, potted peonies enter the cold storage and are ready to delay cultivation (summer flowering). In March (sting, the Spring Equinox), the monthly average temperature is 3.4C, the monthly average precipitation is 25.4mm, the soil temperature is 10.0C at the depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature is 9.9C at 10cm. Peony scale buds germinate, show buds and release leaves. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) strengthen the management of promoting flowering in the field, and will blossom and appear on the market one after another in the middle and last ten days. Pay attention to prevent late frost and protect flower buds. (2) start pruning and taking buds. 1-2-year-old grafted seedlings, split seedlings do not wipe buds, and remove buds as soon as possible. When the soil teeth of more than 3-year-old peonies and ornamental peonies are extended to 5-6 cm, all of them are erased except for proper retention to supplement the main branches. Wipe off the buds on the perennial branches and take them before Qingming Festival. However, the pre-ramet breeders retain the soil buds. (3) combined with watering, fertilizing before flowering, and then ploughing, loosening the soil and preserving soil moisture. (4) the suitable varieties of field peony were selected and the pruning management of delaying flowering in open field (flowering in late May) was done in the last ten days. In April (Qingming Festival, Grain Rain), the monthly average temperature is 15.5C, the monthly average precipitation is 45.1mm, the soil thermometer with a depth of 5cm is 6.8C, and the soil temperature of 10cm is 16.6C. Peony buds, branches and leaves enter a period of exuberant growth, and the early varieties in the natural flowering period bloom from 4 to 6 days. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) to urge the flowering of peony to end in the field. (2) ploughing and weeding after flowering. (3) the potted peony was put into cold storage for delayed cultivation before bud coloration (flowering from late May to early August). (4) cut flowers are kept fresh during the period of bud development and are sold on the market one after another. (5) artificial sexual cross breeding was carried out at flowering stage. In May (the Beginning of Summer and Lesser Fullness of Grain), the monthly average temperature was 21.3 degrees and the monthly average precipitation was 47mm. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) peony in the viewing area and peony in the autumn open field to cut off the residual flowers. (2) ploughing and weeding 1-2 times. (3) fertilizing and watering once after flowering. (4) the beginning of budding, the high grafting of inferior peonies and the cultivation of "assorted" peonies. (5) strengthen the management of promoting flower peony in open field in autumn and spray foliar fertilizer (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) every semimonthly. (6) the potted peonies in cold storage were released in batches in stages for shading, watering, topdressing and other management until flowering. (7) strengthen the control of diseases and insect pests. Spray 1-2 times after anthesis to protect leaves. In June (Grain in Beard and the Summer Solstice), the monthly average temperature is 20.3C, the monthly average precipitation is 66.4mm, the soil temperature is 28C with a depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature is 27.8C with a depth of 10cm. The new branches of the plant entered the Lignification stage and the photosynthesis was exuberant. The main work of this month: continue with items (2), (4), (5), (6) and (7) of last month. It is necessary to increase watering to prevent the hot air from drying. And prevent sunburn in some varieties. In July (Xiaobao and Greater Heat), the monthly average temperature is 27.4C, the monthly average precipitation is 141.5 mm, the soil temperature is 29.8C at the depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature is 29.4C at 10cm. The flower bud continued to differentiate, and the primary morphological and physiological differentiation was not basically completed in the last ten days. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) the abdominal grafting of peony began in the middle of this month to change the varieties of inferior peonies and cultivate "assorted" peonies. (2) after 1-2 times of weeding and weeding, the field peony prevented the occurrence of grass famine. (3) in the middle and last ten days, the fixed branches and buds of peony plants were pruned in autumn, and the last spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was completed. (4) begin to prepare the land for planting peony in autumn. (5) pay attention to drought prevention and watering, and do a good job of drainage and waterlogging in the rainy season. (6) continue to prevent sunburn of some varieties. (7) strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests and spray to protect leaves. In August (the Beginning of Autumn and the End of Heat), the monthly average temperature is 26 degrees and the monthly average precipitation is 95.8mm. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) in the early ten days, peony flowering in the open field in autumn, artificial cutting of leaves, topdressing (rotten cake fertilizer), watering and weeding were carried out on the 1st-5th day. (2) the seeds of tree peony should be harvested and treated in time for sowing. (3) strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, spray to protect leaves, and prevent peony from falling in autumn. (4) to continue with items (1), (2), (4) and (5) of last month. In September (White Dew and the Autumn Equinox), the monthly average temperature is 21.1C, the monthly average precipitation is 74.74mm, the soil temperature is 23.4C at a depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature at 10cm is 23.7C. The work of this month is as follows: (1) strengthen the management of flower peony, inhibit leaves and promote buds. Control the occurrence of bud-eating pests. (2) weeding by ploughing. (3) sowing seeds in the whole bed. (4) Peony and peony rootstock grafting and ramet propagation were carried out between the Autumn Equinox and Cold Dew.

In October (Cold Dew and Frosts Descent), the average monthly precipitation is 46mm, the soil temperature is 16.6C with a depth of 5cm, and the soil temperature is 17.1 °C with a depth of 10cm. The open field in autumn urges the flowers to bloom one after another. The main work of this month is as follows: (1) continue to plant and propagate peony, and do a good job of sowing, cutting, grafting, splitting and striping (double flat method), which will be completed before Cold Dew. (2) potted peonies are planted in pots. Bury the pot in the soil to promote the flower. (3) after Frosts Descent, he began to remove the peony leaves, pick up the fallen leaves and burn them. (4) pay attention to the control of branch pests. (5) to prepare the management of peony flowering in Guangzhou and spring festival in greenhouse. (6) the peony in early winter began to blossom, and a greenhouse was set up for the peony in the field.