Propagation and cultivation techniques and pest control measures of Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia suspensa is an economical shrub planting variety. It has strong cold resistance, likes light, can grow in barren and fertile land, and has strong adaptability. it can not only be used as an ornamental plant, but also a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, which can be used for anti-inflammation, detoxification and so on. Let's take a look at the seedling and cultivation techniques of Forsythia suspensa.

1. Raising seedlings

Forsythia suspensa has strong sprouting power and is not strict to the soil. Because of light, wild forsythia often grows on sunny or semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes. There are several ways to raise seedlings of Forsythia suspensa, including sowing, plant division, cutting, striping and so on.

1.1 Parcel selection

Although Forsythia suspensa is not strict with the growing soil, it is necessary to choose flat and fertile soil when raising seedlings, and the soil should be drained and irrigated, because too much sandy soil will cause poor seedling growth. Land preparation should be carried out after plot selection, and soil preparation should be carried out in autumn, and organic fertilizer should be applied in cooperation with soil preparation, and then deep turning should be carried out to remove weeds and debris.

1.2 seed collection

After the fruit of Forsythia suspensa was ripe in autumn, it was picked before Frosts Descent in autumn, and the cracked fruit was mainly picked, and the fruit was beaten to obtain seeds, and then the full, robust and pest-free seeds were selected as the mother tree. the seeds were selected and stored in a cool place for seedling raising.

1.3 seed treatment

Forsythia seeds are dormant, so seed treatment should be carried out in spring. The seeds are generally soaked in a contrast solution of gibberellin and alcohol before germination in order to wake up the dormant seeds. Accelerate the germination of the seeds in March, soak the selected seeds in warm water for about 3 hours, then remove and drain the water, put it in the sand and put it in the

The north wind is facing the sun, pay attention to turning every day, and you can sow seeds when there are about 1/3 cracks in the seeds.

1.4 sowing

After the seeds of Forsythia suspensa germinated, the seeds should be trenched before sowing, then the fine sand should be scattered into the ditch together with the seeds, the soil should be covered and compacted, and the grass curtain should be covered to prevent drying. After covering the soil, you should spray herbicide to kill the young grass, but do not water the seeds within 10 hours of planting. It is best to select large seedlings and strong seedlings, combined with weeding and watering, and to keep the distance between seedlings at about 5cm when the seedlings grow about 5cm. After planting for one month, fertilizing and weeding should be carried out at the same time of watering. When the seedlings reach 15cm, it is necessary to carry out inter-seedling, and strengthen field management and weeding management.

1.5 transplanting

Forsythia suspensa seedlings are generally transplanted in the spring of the following year. If Forsythia suspensa is planted in pieces, it will fall to the ground naturally when the seeds are mature in autumn, and many seedlings will grow. When the number of seedlings is small, this natural seedling raising method can be used to raise seedlings. When transplanting, we need to dig out the soil of the seedlings and roots together, dig the planting hole before planting, the diameter of the planting hole is about 30cm, the distance between the planting holes is about 150cm, put compound fertilizer 5kg in the planting hole, and transplant Forsythia suspensa seedlings into the hole. Then fill the soil, and when halfway through the filling, lift the seedlings up to promote the root system of the seedlings to stretch and fill the soil and step on it. If the soil after transplanting is relatively dry, it needs to be watered in time.

1.6 Cuttage seedling

Forsythia cutting seedlings are generally selected in summer, and it is the best in overcast and rainy days. When cutting, the Lignified branches which are about 3 years old and free from diseases and insect pests are selected and cut into cuttings with about 20cm. About 3 buds and 2 leaves are retained on the cuttings to help the cuttings for water absorption and photosynthesis. After the cuttings are finished, they should be cut into a slope to help them take root. 50 cuttings are tied into a bundle, soaked in the solution of rooting powder, taken out to cool, cut and compacted after covering the soil. The suitable temperature should be paid attention to. The most suitable temperature is about 13 ℃, but it can not be higher than 27 ℃. Although Forsythia suspensa has strong growth power, mixed tree species will be produced when the cuttings or adventitious buds take root. If the light is not illuminated in time, it will affect the root growth cycle of Forsythia suspensa and reduce its rooting rate. Therefore, after cutting seedlings, we must control the temperature and light. If the sun is relatively strong, shading can be carried out after Forsythia suspensa cutting, but the transmittance of the shading net should be about 60. When the cutting forsythia root grows out, the shading net can be removed, generally from 10:00 to 4 pm every day. Forsythia cutting is generally carried out in an environment with high temperature and humidity, and it is easy to cause infection and decay after cutting, so it is necessary to disinfect it with carbendazim to prevent the forsythia wound from producing mold before healing. The cutting wound of Forsythia suspensa needs to be treated with foliar urea fertilizer about 7 days after it is healed. After rooting, it needs to be sprayed with the mixture of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to promote the healthy growth of roots and improve the Lignification degree of seedlings.

1.7 raising seedlings by pressing

Forsythia suspensa seedlings can generally be raised in spring and autumn, the longer forsythia branches need to be selected in spring, and then directly buried in the soil after bending, and then watered to keep the soil moist. Generally, the branches can take root 60 days after striping. The front end of the branch needs to be cut off in autumn and pressed and planted in the spring of the following year after pseudo-planting.

1.8 branching seedling

Forsythia branch seedling cultivation is generally carried out before the leaves lag behind in autumn to the leaf development in spring. During branch breeding, the forsythia plant can be dug up a branch above ground, with roots underground. After planting, the new plants sprouting around the mother plant for more than 4 years need to be dug out for colonization.

1.9 Field management

When Forsythia suspensa seedlings reach 20cm, weeding, soil loosening and fertilization can be carried out. 2 plants should be left in each hole and watered at the right time. When the seedlings grow to about 30cm, farm manure is needed to promote the growth of the seedlings. When the seedlings reach 70cm, the top shoots need to be cut off to promote the development of lateral branches, and the lateral branches will be cultivated into main branches. After growing up, forsythia should be pruned to promote ventilation, daylighting, early fruiting and early fruit ripening.

2. Cultivation techniques.

2.1 Parcel selection

The cultivation of Forsythia suspensa should be arranged in advance, generally choose the hilly land with gentle slope, and use the 70cm with a distance of 3m between slopes to prepare the land. After transplanting, raw soil or stone slices should be used as backfilling ridges, and ripe soil should be used for backfilling so that the ridges are 25cm high, 30cm wide and 30cm thick.

2.2 transplanting

Forsythia suspensa transplantation is generally selected between autumn and spring, after defoliation. In order to improve the survival rate of transplanting, forsythia can be cut off first, and then the root of forsythia should be dipped in rooting powder or mixed with mud before transplanting. After transplanting, the soil layer should be compacted and compacted layer by layer, so as to make the seedling root system more normal and easy to grow and stretch.

2.3 upbringing and management

2.3.1 after transplanting Forsythia suspensa should be treated with loosening soil and weeding once every winter, combined with fertilization, mainly cake fertilizer and soil miscellaneous fertilizer. Forsythia suspensa seedlings can be treated with intercropping and dwarf stem in the early growing period, combined with watering and fertilization.

2.3.2 rational fertilization should be carried out 3 years after planting of Forsythia suspensa. Urea is the main fertilizer, and the amount is controlled at 225kg per mu. Fertilization should also be carried out after 5 years of planting. The fertilization is mainly based on the mixture of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and the amount is controlled at 600kg per mu.

2.3.3 after transplanting Forsythia suspensa under irrigation and drainage, watering should be carried out during the drought period. If the irrigation condition of the land is not good, the work of preserving soil moisture should be carried out. After forsythia is transplanted, if it is necessary to carry out drainage treatment in the rainy season, dig drainage ditches to eliminate stagnant water.

2.3.4 in the first winter after transplanting Forsythia suspensa, when the leaves are finished, pruning treatment should be carried out at the place where the main branch is about 70cm from the ground, and coring treatment should be carried out the following summer to promote the development of forsythia lateral branches. After pruning, about 4 strong branches should be left on the main branch in order to cultivate the secondary main branch. After several years of growth of Forsythia suspensa, the shape of outer circle and inner cavity and good light transmittance can be formed by pruning and repair. this tree shape is suitable for forsythia forsythia photosynthesis and is beneficial to nutrient absorption. After that, the withered branches should be pruned every winter, at the same time, the cross branches and diseased branches should be pruned, and the aging, perennial and fruiting branches should be clipped to promote the growth of new strong branches in the trunk and restore the growth of Forsythia suspensa. And improve the fruit rate.

2.4 Disease and pest control

The main diseases and insect pests in the growth process of Forsythia suspensa are leaf spot disease, which is caused by fungal infection. When the disease is serious, the whole leaf will die. High temperature and closed environment are the main causes of leaf spot disease. Leaf spot disease generally occurs in late May, and about July is the high incidence period. the main control is to prune the diseased branches in time, to trim the overdense branches, to make Forsythia suspensa have good light transmittance, and to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. Pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer to make the nutrition balance in the growth process of Forsythia suspensa. Trunk whitening treatment can be carried out in the prone period of leaf spot disease after May to prevent it in advance. The insect pest in the growth process of Forsythia suspensa is mainly mole cricket. Mole cricket should be controlled in both seedling stage and emergence stage of Forsythia suspensa, and the control will affect the survival rate of seedlings. Mole cricket mainly nibbles on the tender stem and rhizome of Forsythia suspensa when it occurs, and when it is serious, it will cause seedling death and break ridges. Another kind of pest is the drillworm, which mainly drills into the woody part of the trunk of Forsythia suspensa, invading the pith of Forsythia suspensa, and in serious cases can cause Forsythia suspensa not to blossom and bear fruit.

2.5 harvesting

Forsythia is divided into Qingqiao and Huangqiao. The green fruits picked in September are generally Qingqiao, while the yellow fruits picked after October are generally Huangqiao. Attention should be paid to the prevention of rain in the processing process of Forsythia suspensa after picking, so as to avoid the decline of quality.

3. Conclusion

Forsythia suspensa needs scientific and reasonable design, ventilation and light, and reasonable fertilization and irrigation in order to ensure the high survival rate of Forsythia suspensa in seedling stage, good growth situation after transplanting and free from diseases and insect pests.

Standardized cultivation techniques of Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia suspensa, a deciduous shrub, belongs to the genus Forsythia, which has the effects of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiemetic, diuretic and cardiotonic, anti-liver damage and analgesia.

I. characteristic characteristics

Forsythia up to 3 meters high, branches spreading or drooping, branchlets slightly 4-angled, internodes hollow, with obvious lenticels. Single leaf opposite or divided into 3 leaflets, leaf blade ovate, margin irregularly serrated, surface green, semi-leathery. Flowers first leaves open, one to several, axillary, yellow. Capsule, narrowly ovate, slightly flattened, apex as pointed as beak, bivalved when ripe. Seeds narrowly elliptic, brown, thinly winged on one side. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruit ripening period is from August to October.

Forsythia is cold-resistant, drought-resistant and barren-resistant, has low requirements for climate and soil quality, and is suitable for a wide range of growth. It can grow on dry sunny slopes or earthy stone crevices, or even on the weathered parent material of bedrock or purple sand shale. Forsythia root system is well developed, although the main root is not significant, but its lateral roots are thick and long, many whisker roots, widely extended around the main root, greatly enhanced the ability of nutrient absorption and soil consolidation. Forsythia suspensa has strong cold resistance. After cold resistance training, Forsythia suspensa can withstand low temperature of-50 ℃. Its amazing cold resistance makes it a leader in northern landscaping. Forsythia suspensa has strong germination and fast hair clumps, which can quickly expand its distribution area.

2. Cultivation techniques

1. Land selection, soil preparation and fertilization. Artificial cultivation of Forsythia suspensa should be planted in sunny, loose, fertile, high humus content, leeward and sandy loam. 2000 kg of farm manure is applied per mu. The use of large ridge high bed technology, bed width 130-140 cm, length depending on the need, bed height 10-12 cm, bed spacing 30 cm.

two。 Reproductive technology. Forsythia suspensa is easy to survive, and the cultivation and management technology is simple. It can not only sow and raise seedlings, but also can be propagated by cuttings, split plants and strips. (1) seed propagation. The seeds were sown in mid-late May and emerged about half a month. The seedlings were evenly seeded for the first time when the height of the seedlings was 7-10 cm, and some of the weak seedlings that were too dense were pulled out. When the seedlings were 13-17 cm high, the seedlings were evenly distributed for the second time, and 1 plant was retained every 7-10 cm. After that, the management of intertillage, weeding and topdressing was carried out in time. After one year of cultivation, the seedlings can be planted if the height of the seedlings is more than 33 cm. (2) ramet propagation. After defoliation in winter and before sprouting at the end of early spring, part of the seedlings with clumps of mother plants can be dug and planted, and soil can be cultivated at the foot of the mother plant to promote the growth of seedlings, which is conducive to survival and growth after planting. (3) striping propagation. The drooping branches of the plant were buried in the soil in spring and cut off from the mother plant in the following spring. (4) Cuttage propagation. Choose 1-2-year-old strong twigs and cut them into cuttings 30-40 cm long. In late April, in the made bed, according to the planting requirements of the base, according to the planting requirements of the base, one strong seedling was planted in each hole, the soil was compacted, poured through the fixed root water, and then the soil was slightly higher than the ground in the shape of a mound.

3. Field management. (1) weeding by ploughing. The weeds around the forsythia tree should be ploughed and weeded once a year in winter, and the weeds around the plant can be uprooted or pulled out by hand. (2) fertilization. Appropriate amount of compost and stable manure were applied, and ditches were opened beside the plant to cover the soil. (3) drainage and irrigation. Pay attention to keep the soil moist, timely watering in drought, ditching and drainage in rainy season, so as to avoid stagnant water and rot roots.

III. Harvesting and processing

Forsythia was planted for 3-4 years to blossom and bear fruit. Generally after Frosts Descent, the fruit will be harvested when it changes from green to khaki. The yield of fruit is 40-50 kg per mu.

Characteristics: seedling leaf sheath purple. The adult plant type is semi-compact, the plant height is 300 cm, the ear height is 116 cm, the number of leaves of the whole plant is 20-21, and the growth period is about 119 days. The male ear has 10-15 branches, the anthers are light purple and the filaments are light green. The ear is tube-shaped, the ear axis is white, the ear length is 21.0 cm, the ear row number is 16 rows, and the bald tip is 0.6 cm. The grain is yellow, half-horse-toothed, 1000-grain weight 401.9 grams, seed yield 84.9%. In 2013, the grain quality supervision, inspection and testing center of the Ministry of Agriculture determined that crude protein (dry base) 9.70%, crude fat (dry base) 4.65%, crude starch (dry base) 73.06%, lysine (dry base) 0.31%.

Identification of disease resistance: the Institute of Plant Protection of Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences identified that in 2012, it was highly resistant to head smut, stem rot, susceptible leaf spot, Curvularia leaf spot and corn borer; in 2013, it was highly resistant to head smut and moderately resistant to stem rot. Susceptible to large spot, Curvularia leaf spot, corn borer.

Yield performance: in the regional trial of spring sowing group in Taihang Mountain area of Hebei Province in 2012, the average yield per mu was 781.6 kg. In the same group regional trial in 2013, the average yield per mu was 749.3 kg. In the production test in 2013, the average yield per mu was 717.0 kg.

Key points of cultivation: sowing at the right time to ensure the whole seedling, the suitable density is 3500 plants / mu. 15 kg diammonium phosphate was applied as seed fertilizer per mu, and 35 kg urea was applied per mu when 12-13 leaves were visible. Do a good job in pest prevention and control. Pay attention to the control of corn borer.

Cultivation and Management techniques of Forsythia suspensa

Forsythia, also known as Huangshou Dan, Huanghua Pole, Yellow Ribbon, Ribbon Dan, belongs to the genus Forsythia of Oleaceae. It is produced in the northern, central and northeast provinces of China, and now it is cultivated in many places. Forsythia suspensa blossoms all over the trees in spring, and its golden branches sway with the spring breeze. It is an important flowering shrub in early spring. Now the key points are introduced as follows, for reference only.

I. morphological and biological characteristics

Forsythia is a shrub, up to 3m high, dry, erect, branches spreading, arch drooping; branchlets yellowish brown, slightly quadrangular, with obvious white lenticels and hollow pulp. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, opposite, leaves ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-9cm long, glabrous, apex acute, base rounded to broadly cuneate, leaf margin coarsely serrate. Flowers first and then leaves, flowers often solitary, sparse 3 axillary; calyx lobes 4, oblong; Corolla golden, lobes 4, Obovate-elliptic; stamens 2; there are two kinds of flowers, one stamen longer than pistil, one pistil longer than stamens, the two flowers do not grow on the same plant. The florescence is from April to May. Capsule ovoid, 2-loculed, seeds winged, fruiting June-September.

Forsythia likes light, but has a certain ability to endure shade, it can grow normally in sparse forest, but the number of flowers is not as much as where the light is sufficient; Forsythia suspensa is cold-resistant, and it can be more safe and frozen in northeast provinces; it likes moisture, drought and waterlogging, and grows best in moist soil, but it is not suitable to be planted in low-lying places. Stagnant water is easy to make plants rot roots and die. It is not strict with the soil, and can grow normally in loam, plain sand and light clay, but it grows best in sand loam and plain sand; it has certain saline-alkali resistance and grows well in PH08.8, 0.2% salt.

II. Water and fertilizer management

Forsythia is drought-resistant and likes a humid environment. Watering management should be strengthened in the first three years of planting. In addition to watering the first three water, Forsythia suspensa should also be watered 1-2 times a month according to temperature and precipitation from April to September. July and August are abundant periods of precipitation. The weather is not particularly dry. Water may be watered less or not, and antifreeze water should be watered thoroughly at the end of November or early December. In the following year, thawing water should be well watered at the beginning of March, watering should be controlled during flowering, permeable water should be watered once when new leaves germinate after flowering, and 1-2 times should be watered according to air temperature and precipitation from April to September. The third year should also be managed according to the watering method of the first two years. From the fourth year, thawing water and antifreeze water will be poured at the beginning of March and the end of November every year. During the high temperature period in spring and summer, the water will be watered according to the precipitation, and it will grow in reliable days at other times.

Forsythia likes to be fat, with luxuriant branches and leaves and large and colorful flowers. To fertilize Forsythia suspensa, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer when planting, we should also apply dried chicken manure or sesame sauce residue at the end of autumn combined with anti-freezing water, apply nitrogen fertilizer once after flowering in the second year, apply phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer once during flower bud differentiation in July and August, and apply dried chicken manure again at the end of autumn, and then manage it according to this method every year.

Third, pruning methods

The common plant type of Forsythia suspensa is tufted round head. After the seedlings are planted, the selected main branches are heavily truncated to promote its branching. When pruning in winter, thin and weak branches and roots and tillers sprouting from the rhizome should be removed. For the weak thin and curved branches, the full length of 1x5 can be cut off, only the full flower buds in the branches can be retained, 3-4 erect long flower branches which are heavier at the top of the growing branches can be slowly released, and the rest of the overlong flower branches can be treated by retraction; for long branches, they can be truncated to promote their multiple branches, increase flowering branches, and can also be reserved as regeneration branches.

In addition, Forsythia can also be cut into an umbrella, this plant type in the blooming season breeze blowing, very elegant and free and easy, often used to decorate rocks and so on. When planting, one of the strongest branches is cut short at 40-50cm from the ground, and the rest of the branches are thinned out. The new branches are drawn from the top of the left trunk, and 3-4 branches with more uniform distribution and suitable opening angle are selected as the main branches, and the rest are all thinned, and the remaining main branches are cut short to make more side branches, because the forsythia branches are soft and easy to droop, thus making them into an umbrella shape. After the umbrella shape is basically formed, the roots and tillers should be often removed, the branches should also be removed frequently, and the side branches that are too dense should also be removed to make them ventilated and transparent.

IV. Pest control

The common disease of Forsythia suspensa is leaf spot, which is caused by semi-known fungi. The pathogen first infects the edge of the leaf, gradually develops to the middle of the leaf with the development of the disease, distinguishes the health part obviously, and the whole leaf wilts and dies in the later stage of the disease. The disease began to occur in mid-late May and reached its peak in July and August. the high temperature and humidity weather and dense ventilation were conducive to the spread of the disease. To prevent and cure leaf spot disease, one is to pay attention to pruning, to remove jumbled branches and over-dense branches, to keep the plants ventilated and transparent, and the other is to strengthen water and fertilizer management, pay attention to nutrition balance, and not apply nitrogen fertilizer. In case of occurrence, the disease can be effectively controlled by spraying 1200 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable granules or 50% carbendazim wettable granules every 10 days for 3-4 times.

The common pests of Forsythia suspensa are: wide-winged wax cicada, transparent sparse wax cicada, mulberry shield scale, ivy shield scale, round spot leaf weevil, moth, pine and oak caterpillar, white velvet moth.

If it occurs, spray 2000 times of imidacloprid wettable particles or 1000 times of suspension to kill transparent and wide-winged wax cicadas and wide-winged wax cicadas. During the peak period of nymph oviposition, spray 95% Chesling emulsion 1000 times, or 20% Suke EC 1000 times to kill mulberry white shield scale; spray 3000 times of hyperosmotic phenoxyvir EC in the adult stage of leaf roll weevil Spray 3000 times of Kangfuduo solvent in the larval stage, 3000 times of hyperosmotic phenoxyvir EC in the larval stage of pine and oak caterpillars, and 1.2% nicotine 1000 times solution in the case of serious damage to the moth.

5. Methods of reproduction

The propagation methods of Forsythia suspensa are: sowing, plant division, cutting and striping.

1. Sowing seeds

After the fruit is ripe in autumn, the fruit is collected to dry and beat to get pure seeds. The seeds were packed in a clean cloth bag and stored at 5-10 ℃. In the morning of March the following year, sprouting was carried out. The seeds were soaked in gibberellin alcohol solution of 1 ℃ 2000 for 4 hours, then the dormancy was broken, and then the seeds were fully mixed with wet river sand according to the weight ratio of 1 800. The seeds could germinate in about 30 days at the temperature of 10-20 mol. Then the strip sowing method was adopted to sow the seeds. The width of the border was 150cm, the height of 20cm was high, the depth was 3cm, and the row spacing was 30cm, 4 rows per row. After sowing and covering the soil, trample and press slightly to make the seeds combine closely with the soil, cover the grass curtain to keep the soil moist, and the seedlings can emerge in about 20 days. Transplant was carried out the following spring.

2. Cuttage

After flowering, two-year-old branches were selected as cuttings on strong and pest-free plants. The cuttings were 12-15cm long, the upper cut was flat, the lower cut was horseshoe-shaped, and each cuttage had not less than 3 buds. Soak the lower end of the cuttings in ABT rooting agent solution for 30 minutes before cutting. The row spacing of the cuttings was 10 ⅹ 10cm and the depth was 8-10cm. After cutting, an arch shed was set up on the cutting bed and shaded properly to keep moist. Transplanting can be carried out the following spring.

3. Pressing strip

In spring, the longer branches were pressed down and bent down and buried in the soil with 3-5cm. After enough water, the soil was kept moist, and it could take root in about 2 months. In autumn, it was cut off at the front end of the pressing part, and planted in the following spring.

4. Ramet

After falling leaves in autumn, choose strong and sprouting plants, dig them up, split them with a sharp knife, and transplant them with soil.