How do you plant Taxus chinensis? Detailed explanation of seeding and seedling raising technology of Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Taxus chinensis var. mairei is an excellent shade-tolerant tree species with slow growth and long life. Now many growers have begun to choose to plant Taxus mairei. The following editor will talk to you about the sowing and breeding techniques of Taxus chinensis var. mairei.

1 selection of nursery land and soil preparation

The nursery land of Taxus chinensis var. mairei should choose the land with sufficient light, convenient drainage and irrigation and thick and loose soil layer as the seedbed. The soil should be deeply turned and broken to make a border with a width of 1.5m (1.2m), a footpath of 0.3m and a height of 20 cm. Before soil preparation, 1500 kg of rotten organic fertilizer, 50 kg of instant high quality compound fertilizer and 5 ~ 8 kg of 3% carbofuran granules were applied per mu to control underground pests. Turn the fertilizer and put it into the soil to flatten the border. 10 days before sowing, use 40% formalin 50 mL per square meter, add water 10 ~ 12 kg, sprinkle evenly on the soil, and cover with film, remove the film 3 ~ 4 days before sowing, and then sow.

2 seed nursery

2.1 seed collection

The seeds of Taxus chinensis var. mairei were harvested in batches after mid-October depending on the pericarp of the fruit to crimson. If the seed is not mature prematurely, the germination rate is low, but if it is too late, it is easy to fall off, and then birds and rats will feed.

2.2 Special treatment of seeds

Because the outer seed coat of Taxus chinensis var. mairei is hard and waxy, and the aril is wrapped around it, it usually takes 2 ~ 3 years to germinate after ripening and dormancy, and the germination rate is very low. In order to shorten the germination time and improve the germination rate, special treatment should be carried out.

Put the newly picked seeds in a bamboo basket, stir and rub with a wooden stick, or mix the seeds with sand in a cloth bag for friction. The friction should not be too heavy, so as not to damage the navel and reduce the germination rate; after rinsing the aril with water, rub it repeatedly with the same method until the seed coat is broken and the seed kernel is exposed by about 30%; then rinse the outer seed coat and sand grains with running water and do not expose to the sun. After the seeds were treated, the seeds were stored in sand storage and germinated, and the semi-wet river sand and seeds were stored in a cool and ventilated room or cellar in a proportion of 3 ∶ 1. Turn the pile every 1 ~ 2 months, and check the diseases and insect pests to prevent rodents.

2.3 sowing method

After several months of semi-wet sand stratification storage, the seeds were screened and washed in the next spring, and the blighted seeds were washed away. The seeds were soaked in 0.5g / L potassium permanganate solution for 10 min, then rinsed with clean water, and then sowed after drying. The sowing method is often used to sow the seeds evenly on the seedbed filled with yellow soil. when sowing, the seeds are mixed and sown with insecticides such as insecticides, zinc parathion, mancozeb, alum and calcium phosphate fertilizer, so that the seeds can be fertilized and sown.

Control diseases and insect pests. The sowing rate is generally 25 kg/hm2. After sowing, the topsoil was lightly raked with fine tooth rake or the seed was covered with yellow core soil, and the thickness of the soil was 1 ~ 2 cm. Cover the soil with straw or plastic film.

2.4 Seedling stage management

2.4.1 Seedling shading in the first and middle of April, the temperature has gradually stabilized and began to rise, remove the film in time, cover the sunshade net (70% in the early stage and 50% in the later stage), cover tightly, and beware of wind, rodent and bird damage. Until the end of the fast-growing period, in mid-late September, remove the sunshade net on cloudy or rainy days, so that the autumn shoots of the yew grow rapidly and tender. The time to uncover the film is critical, the new shoots of the seedlings will be tanned too early, and too late will affect the growth of lateral branches and seedling refinement.

2.4.2 after the seedlings of pest control are unearthed, they are easy to be infected with pathogens and cause root rot and quenching disease. Prevention and control should focus on "prevention". After the seedlings were unearthed, 1.25 g citral solution or half-dose Bordeaux solution was sprayed with 50% Topurazine wettable powder every 7 days, and sprayed evenly on the stem, leaf back and leaf surface of the seedlings. Soil diseases and insect pests should also be prevented in time, watering the roots with dioxon and phoxim, and adding carbofuran in the middle stage.

2.4.3 if the seedlings are too dense and sparse due to uneven sowing, the seedlings should be transplanted from the end of May to the middle of June. The transplanting method is to choose rainy days or after rain for transplanting, drenching with clean water, transplanting.

2.4.4 during the period of seedling growth, weeding, fertilization and watering, pay attention to weeding and loosening soil, improve soil ventilation conditions, weeds must be removed early, shallow hoe, do not hurt seedling roots, and cultivate the ditch soil to the seedling bed, cultivate the soil step by step, and thicken the soil layer. For each time of weeding, apply soil fertilizer once and water and fertilizer once. Urea 3 ~ 10 kg and potassium chloride 1 ~ 5 kg per mu were mixed with water, and foliar fertilizer could be sprayed after dilution. The water management was determined according to dry and wet conditions, and the nursery was kept moist all the time by late irrigation and early drainage.

2.4.5 through fine management, one-year-old seedlings can come out of the nursery with a height of 15 ~ 35 cm, a diameter of 0.3 cm and 3 ~ 5 lateral branches. The yield of high quality seedlings is 12 ~ 150000 per mu.

(3) effect of raising seedlings

Since the implementation of the project "breeding and breeding of improved varieties of Taxus mairei in Lianshan County", Lianshan County Forestry Bureau has selected two seedling bases, Wanliping and Hedong Agricultural and Forestry Farm, Shangcao Village, Yonghe Town, with a total area of 60 mu. Through several years of experiments, we have basically mastered the technology of sowing and raising seedlings of Taxus mairei, and its survival rate is not less than 90%. 500000 seedlings of Taxus chinensis var. mairei have been successfully cultivated since 2004. Since 2005, Lianshan County has provided seedlings for Dinghushan National Nature Reserve and Fengkai Heisiting Nature Reserve in Zhaoqing City, and began to plant Taxus mairei on a small scale in Bijiashan Provincial Nature Reserve and Jinfengshan Recreation area in Lianshan County.

Seed Seedling technique of Taxus chinensis var. mairei

Taxus chinensis var. mairei is a combination of medicinal, timber and ornamental, and has high value of development and utilization. Because of its poor seed coat permeability and long dormant period, it is difficult for seed reproduction. However, as long as we master the biological characteristics of Taxus chinensis var. mairei and operate strictly according to the technical regulations, seedling breeding will be successful, and the specific operations are as follows:

First, nursery site selection and fertilization: nursery land should be paddy fields with deep soil layer, loose structure, rich organic matter, good drainage and no exposure to the west (it must be the paddy soil harvested in the same year). After the middle and late rice is harvested, the soil is turned deep once after drying, the soil is broken once, and then the bed is made separately. Wide bed 1.5 meters (net bed width 1.2 meters, trail width 0.3 meters); bed height 20 cm, nursery bed length depends on the nursery. While preparing the soil and making beds, about 8000 jin of rotten pig and cow manure and 200 jin of instant high-quality compound fertilizer were applied per mu, and 6 to 8 jin of carbofuran was mixed to control underground pests. In the application of fertilizer

After mixing the soil layer and leveling the box surface, fill the box surface with yellow soil, 5 cm thick.

Second, sowing at the right time: there are some cracks in the seeds after a year of storage. At this time, sift out and wash the seeds, soak the seeds with 0.05% potassium permanganate solution for 10 minutes, rinse them with clean water, and then sow the seeds after drying.

There are two kinds of sowing: sowing and strip sowing: sowing is to spread the seeds evenly on the seedbed filled with yellow soil, cover the seeds with yellow soil, and then cover the seedbed with moss. For strip sowing, a 15 cm wide plank is selected and the seeding ditch is pressed on the seedling bed filled with yellow soil, with a depth of 2 cm, and the distance between the sowing ditches is 15 to 20 cm. Sow the seeds evenly in the ditch, cover the seeds with yellow soil with a thickness of 1 cm, and then cover the ditch with moss.

It should be noted that:

First, the sowing rate should be strictly controlled: 15 kg per mu, otherwise the qualified emergence rate of biennial seedlings will be seriously affected.

Second, after sowing: sowing must cover the seedling bed with moss, strip sowing as long as the moss cover the sowing ditch. After the seedlings are unearthed, do not remove the moss and keep them on the seedling bed for a long time.

The advantages of protecting seedlings with moss are as follows: to protect the seedling bed from Rain Water splash and direct sunlight, to prevent seedlings from being burned by sunlight and to avoid suffocation and death due to the formation of mud sticks in stems and leaves, and often keep the soil loose and moist, reducing the use of ploughing and weeding. But the moss covered should be thin and not too thick. in case of prolonged drought, fine loess can be used to suppress the moss, or spray water to keep the seedbed moist.

Third, field management: 1. Seedling shading: before the seedlings are unearthed, the shade shed must be set up, which is 1.7 meters high. In dog days, the seedbed should be shaded.

2. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: after the seedlings were unearthed, it was in the rainy season, because there were many Rain Water, high air humidity, and the seedlings were easy to be infected with pathogens, root rot and sudden collapse occurred, resulting in all the failures of raising seedlings. Therefore, the weight lies in "prevention", that is, 800 times topiramate or half-dose: Bordeaux solution (0.5 copper sulfate, 0.5 jin of lime, 100 jin of water) is sprayed on the stem, leaf back and leaf surface of the seedlings.

3. Mid-tillage weeding and fertilization: during the seedling growth period, pay attention to weeding and loosening soil and improve soil aeration conditions. The principle of weeding is: get rid of small, get rid of early. Topdressing in the early stage of seedling growth, mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, was prepared with 10% dilute feces and urine plus 0.4 jin of urea, applied every half a month. The construction was stopped in mid-September, and the shade net was removed, and the scaffolding was left for reuse.

4. Seedling transplanting: if the seedlings are too dense and thin due to uneven sowing, the seedlings should be transplanted from the end of May to the middle of June.

The transplanting method is as follows: transplant in cloudy or rainy days, cover the moss, drench with water and transplant.

Management of four-and two-year-old seedlings: set up the shade shed and remove the trails and surrounding weeds in time before the seedlings are transplanted. Increase topdressing for thin seedlings to promote growth. Through fine management, the annual seedling height is 12 to 25 cm, the biennial seedling height is 30 to 35 cm, the ground diameter is 0.5 cm, and the yield is 60,000 seedlings per mu.

The cuttage seedling raising technology of Taxus mairei is a slow-growing tree species of Taxus mairei, which is also a dioecious plant with small seed yield, long dormancy period after seed embryo ripening, irregular seed germination, low germination rate and so on. The recent development of raw material forest of Taxus mairei is based on the utilization of intensive planting at seedling stage, so the cultivation mode of mass cutting is the basis to realize this strategy. The techniques of raising seedlings by cutting are described as follows.

The main results are as follows: 1. The cuttage of Taxus chinensis var. mairei with young hardwood is the best. The best cuttings are fully lignified 1-year-old branches and 2-year-old branches; 3-year-old branches can also be used; while using more than 4-year-old branches as cuttings, their rooting ability is obviously decreased, so it is not suitable to be used. The sprouting branches are the best for cuttings, and the lateral branches at the top are the second. The branches used as cuttings are better than the strong ones, and the branches that are too thin are not suitable to be used. generally, the branches with a diameter lower than 2mm are difficult to operate and survive. The results of special experiments on the length of cuttings showed that cuttings truncated to 1cm length could also take root, and there were 3 plants with single leaf petiole rooting. The rooting rate and seedling growth of cuttings of 1cm, 3cm, 5cm and 10cm increased with the increase of cuttage length. Therefore, according to the quantity of cuttings and the demand of seedlings, the branches of 5~20cm length can be cut off flexibly in production. And the shorter lateral apical branches can be used. The success of short spike cuttage experiment provides a basis for improving the utilization rate of panicle branches in practical production. For the ear strips that have been cut, the leaves that enter the soil should be removed. It is divided into 50 bundles according to grades for pre-processing and handling. The implementation of hierarchical cutting and hierarchical management is an important measure to improve the seedling rate and reduce the production cost. 2. Using river sand, perlite and soil as substrates for cutting of Taxus chinensis var. mairei was successful, and soil was the best. Alpine meadow soil, brown soil topsoil under alpine coniferous forest, mountain red soil, yellow lateritic red soil, vegetable garden soil and so on can be used as substrate soil, among which loose and fertile alpine meadow soil, brown soil topsoil and vegetable garden soil are the best. It can be selected according to local conditions. The thickness of 15cm matrix should be laid in the cutting bed, so the depth of soil bed preparation should be 20cm. 3. Cuttage and bed treatment (1) in order to avoid soaking the cuttings in large containers for a long time, higher concentration of plant growth hormone was used as dipping treatment. Before treatment, the cuttings were dipped with 75% wettable chlorothalonil powder 600 / 750 times, dried, and then dipped in 500mg?L-12 ABT rooting powder or indolebutyric acid. The cuttings can also be sterilized with carbendazim or 400 times of 25% wettable powder. (2) 2-3 days before cutting, a small amount of quicklime (10g/m2) or potassium permanganate solution (0.03%) was mixed into the cutter to disinfect the soil. 4. Cutting seasonal density and its main points (1) there are successful examples of Taxus mairei cutting all year round in cutting season, but spring cutting is the best in most areas of Yunnan. If the soil is prepared from January to February, the cuttings will be cut after the Spring Festival and will be completed in early April. Cuttings can take root before July and come out at the beginning of the rainy season one year later, which is the best arrangement. (2) cutting density is mainly selected according to the size of cuttings. The row spacing of the maximum cutting density is 2cm × 5cm, and 500000 cuttings can be cut per 666.7m2. Taking 4cm × 5cm and 4cm × 6cm as the moderate row spacing, the row spacing of this plant can be 250000 and 210000 per 666.7m2. (3) the key points of cuttage should be cut directly, and the depth of cutting should be determined by stable cutting. generally, the depth of cutting should be the length of ear cuttings. When cutting, make the template with the same width and scale as the row spacing (such as 5cm, 6cm), and use it when cutting, so as to achieve the purpose of uniformity. After the cutting depth is pinched by the fingers and cut deep into the soil, the unpinched fingers can touch the soil to control. After filling the bed, water it thoroughly in time. Not only should the soil of the cuttage layer be soaked, but also the loose soil should be in close contact with the cuttings, which is the same as watering through the "fixed root water" when planting seedlings. 5. Cutting nursery facilities can be various, and the basic requirement is to be able to control temperature, humidity and light reasonably. After years of practice and improvement, the basic facilities suitable for mass cutting nursery in mountainous areas are: shading shed (net), greenhouse and irrigation net. The main results are as follows: (1) the function of shading shed (net) is to shade and cool the seedbed. Shading should be determined according to the local climate and the temperature during the breeding period, with a shading of 50% to 90%. After cuttings take root, shading should be reduced gradually to facilitate the growth of seedlings. Shading shed (net), can be used in the market film shading net, can also be used local materials with bamboo frames, branches and leaves to build. (2) the function of greenhouse is to increase the temperature and humidity of seedling bed. Can be in a variety of large greenhouses, greenhouse cutting seedlings. Bamboo is generally used to build a thin film arch shed. The two kinds of high shed (2m high) and low shed (0.5m high) are the most used. There are doors at both ends of the high shed, and the low shed is all closed, so it is necessary to lift the film during the management of the seedbed. There are also double sheds with small greenhouses built in large greenhouses, and even triple greenhouses are used to keep warm in Xizang and Linzhi. Thermometers and hygrometers should be placed inside and outside the shed in order to accurately grasp the temperature and humidity. The greenhouse should be airtight, and it is appropriate to form water fog on the greenhouse film (indicating that the air humidity in the greenhouse is saturated). (3) the irrigation network should be capable of irrigation and drainage, so as not to make the cutting bed stagnant and too dry, preferably pipe and spray irrigation, and prohibit flooding irrigation and soaking the seedbed. 6. Post-planting management (1) the best control temperature of temperature and humidity is 25: 30 ℃, the cuttings may not take root when the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, and measures should be taken to increase or cool down the temperature below 20 ℃ or 30 ℃. The main measures to increase temperature are to reduce the shading of the inserting bed, or to cover straw mats at night; the main cooling measures are to increase the shading and spraying water of the inserting bed, open the door of the greenhouse or open the greenhouse film. The soil moisture of the bed had better be close to saturation, but not flooded; the lowest relative humidity of the air should be kept above 80%. When the temperature rises at noon, the relative humidity will drop obviously, if it falls below 60%, it should be sprayed with water (fog) properly, which can both humidify and cool. The closed greenhouse can maintain the high humidity environment in the greenhouse for a long time, which is beneficial to the rooting of Taxus mairei cuttings. The condensation of water fog on the greenhouse film indicates that the humidity in the greenhouse is high, so it will be watered when there is no water fog. (2) the weeding cutting nursery chooses fertile land, and the weeds grow rapidly and luxuriantly on the fertile land. Therefore, weeding is an important measure in nursery management, which is based on the principle of "getting rid of early and small" to prevent the vicious competition between weeds and seedlings. (3) there is no need for topdressing if the soil is fertile. However, spraying low concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea to the leaves can promote the growth of seedlings after rooting too late or after rooting.