How to plant Taxus chinensis var. mairei with anticancer medicine? Planting method of Taxus chinensis

With the continuous development of modern medical treatment, cancer is no longer called "incurable disease" as it was when I was a child. In addition to the improvement of medical technology, the discovery of anti-cancer drugs has also contributed to cancer treatment. Taxus chinensis is recognized as an endangered natural rare anti-cancer plant in the world. It occupies an important medicinal position in medicine all over the world. So how should this yew be planted? Below we will take a look at the cultivation methods of yew.

I. Introduction to Taxus chinensis

Taxus chinensis was designated as a rare and endangered plant in China in 1994. At the same time, it was called "national treasure" by 42 countries with Taxus chinensis in the world. It is a veritable "plant giant panda".

Taxus has anticancer medicinal value, mainly because it contains a substance called paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is an antitumor active ingredient with significant efficacy in the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and esophageal cancer.

2. Taxus planting method

1. Seed reproduction

Seed propagation is one of the most common methods of planting Taxus chinensis. Seed reproduction is mainly through seed collection, storage, germination, sowing, nursery selection and management of these steps. Taxus chinensis var. mairei seeds are collected mainly in late october of each year. The collected seeds should be retting for 4-6 days, washed off the exocarp, kneaded to the waxy layer, soaked in potassium permanganate for disinfection and dried for storage. Germination, to soak the seeds with warm water, and then put the seeds in a prepared germination pit. The germination time is about 7 to 12 days, when the seeds should crack.

Taxus planting to broadcast is appropriate. After the seeds are sown, cover them with plant ash and yellow soil. Taxus chinensis var. mairei seedling stage is more tolerant of shade, nursery must be gentle slope, deep soil layer, fertile, good irrigation and drainage conditions. Taxus after sowing about a month's time can be basically out of Qi. At this time, management of yew should pay attention to the fertilization of yew. Five or six times a year is enough.

2. Cutting propagation

This is also one of the planting methods of yew, but not many people use it. Cutting propagation yew, spring shoots and autumn hardwood for the good. In order to ensure the survival rate of Taxus chinensis, cutting generally have to do low shade treatment, shade rate should not be lower than 60%. The most important thing for cutting propagation of Taxus chinensis is the rooting treatment of Taxus chinensis. The growth humidity of Taxus chinensis should be controlled at about 75~85%, so that Taxus chinensis can grow rapidly.

3, adjust the light

Yew planting should pay attention to adjusting the light, generally summer and autumn every morning before 10 o 'clock or after 5 o' clock sun about two hours can be, do not put yew in the sun for too long, not conducive to the growth of yew.

The above is a small compilation of the relevant introduction about the planting method of yew, have you learned it? I hope it helps.

Taxus chinensis, an anticancer plant, grows in Yunnan Province, known as the "kingdom of plants," a plant that appeared about 200 million years ago. Taxus, also known as red cypress pine, yew, yew family is a shallow root plant, is recognized as endangered natural rare plants in the world. This species is named yew because its leaves are shaped like fir trees, the fruit is round bean shaped and the aril is red, like the "Acacia bean" of the south.

There are 11 species (varieties) of Taxus in the world, which are scattered in all continents of the Northern Hemisphere, and 4 species and 1 variety in China. The genus was widely distributed in Eurasia and North America during Jurassic, Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (190 - 65 million years ago). By the Quaternary Ice Age, different populations contracted to the present distribution area. It is an ancient Tertiary relict plant and a "living fossil" in the plant kingdom. It is of great scientific value in the study of species origin, evolution, forest succession, forest geography and so on. In the 1970s, researchers discovered that taxol extracted from the bark and leaves of Taxus chinensis had unique inhibitory functions on tumor cells and could prevent the proliferation of cancer cells. Taxol therefore became the representative of a new generation of anticancer drugs, known as "plant gold". Taxus chinensis also became "a medicinal plant that shocked the world" and became one of the most popular medicinal plant research objects in the world today. Taxol can be extracted from all five taxus species in China. Among them, Taxus yunnanensis has the highest taxol content, which is the leader in cancer treatment plant resources. Taxus yunnanensis is an evergreen tree with a height of up to 30 meters and a DBH of up to 2 meters. The bark is stripped or cracked and exfoliated in scales. The leaves are thin and soft, spiral in two rows, lance-like strips to lance-like linear, often curved and sickle-like, with edges curled downward or slightly curled. The midvein zone and stomatal zone are densely populated with even tiny cuticular papillae, often the same color as the stomatal zone. Dioecious. Male bulbs pale yellow: seeds ovoid, tip has a small tip, hilum elliptic, born in a fleshy cup-shaped aril, aril red or orange when mature, bulbs open from 3 to 4 months, fruit mature from 8 to 10 months of the following year. Taxus yunnanensis is a remnant species with distribution centers in Yunnan and Xizang, and also in Sichuan Province. It mainly grows scattered or in blocks in the shady and semi-shady slopes of coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 1650~3300 meters in Yusha River, Lancang River and Nujiang River basins in western Yunnan Province, and often becomes a lower arbor. It has strict requirements for growth environment and has great limitations in geographical distribution. The natural resources of land and Yunnan cover an area of about 200,000 hectares, but the stock volume is only 700,000 cubic meters, and the number of plants is about 3.5 million. The near-mature, mature and over-mature forests are dominant. Taxus has a high horticultural ornamental value, beautiful tree shape, lush branches and leaves, strong germination ability, strong disease resistance, often cultivated into umbrella-shaped, round and other shapes, because of its slow growth, pruning can maintain a certain shape for a long time, especially in autumn and winter, the bright red beans and green branches and leaves complement each other more eye-catching. At the United Nations Headquarters in New York, White House Plaza in the United States, and Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom, yew is used as a hedge or landscape tree. Taxus or precious materials, wood reddish-brown to purple, a strong luster, aroma, texture straight, fine structure, corrosion resistance, drying fast, less warped crack. The most suitable for the production of decoration, sculpture, art crafts and so on. The seed oil content of Taxus chinensis is 29.9%, which can be refined into lubricating oil. Taxol and Taxus chinensis are traditional Chinese medicinal materials in China, which are used for anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, menstruation, detoxification and treatment of various intestinal parasites. Medical classics "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the earliest records: Taxus can treat cholera, typhoid fever, detoxification. Taxus contains a certain amount of tannin, which has the functions of inhibiting bacteria, astringing poison, diminishing inflammation and expelling toxin. It not only has therapeutic effect on upper respiratory tract inflammation, but also has remarkable curative effect on gastritis, enteritis, oral ulcer, diabetes, gonorrhea, rheumatoid disease, etc. It can be used externally to treat hemorrhoids, dermatitis, beriberi, etc. However, yew toxicity is extremely high, long-term consumption in large quantities will inhibit bone marrow hematopoietic function, leading to white blood cell decline, severe cases will occur bradycardia, cardiac arrest and even death. Therefore, the Ministry of Health of our country issued an announcement in 2006, prohibiting food production and operation units from producing and operating foods containing Taxus chinensis, and at the same time, including Taxus chinensis in the List of Prohibited Items of Health Food. The research and development of the value of modern Taxus thistle began in 1856, when German scientists extracted taxine from the leaves of Taxus chinensis. Since 1958, research and development institutions such as the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have pioneered experimental research to screen anti-cancer active substances from plants. Pacific yew bark, one of 35000 screened species, was also sent to the NCI. Scientists discovered paclitaxel in an extract from the bark of the Pacific yew tree and revealed its unique anti-cancer mechanism. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officially approved the paclitaxel preparation "Taxol" as a treatment drug for various malignant tumors in the United States in 1992. It caused a sensation due to its high cure rate and is the only botanical drug that can control the growth of cancer cells. Since then, the market demand for paclitaxel has been increasing. The sales volume of paclitaxel in the world has increased at a rate of 20%~30% every year. About 1500~2500 kg of paclitaxel is consumed every year to treat cancer patients, while the current output is only 500~700 kg. The gap between supply and demand has been increasing, and the price of paclitaxel has also risen. The international price of 1 g of paclitaxel is as high as 5000 US dollars, hundreds of times more expensive than gold. Taxus plants grow slowly, and currently taxol sold is mainly extracted directly from natural branches, leaves, bark and roots of Taxus. Taxol is very low in taxus plants, and 1000 to 3000 trees must be felled for each kilogram of taxol extracted. If only natural resources are used to obtain raw materials, even if all natural resources are harvested, they can only meet short-term needs. In addition, the United States, Canada and other countries have implemented legislative protection for Taxus plants, and the source of Taxol has shifted to China and other countries. In this case, driven by economic interests, in the early 1990s, many merchants at home and abroad rushed to Yunnan and other places to develop and acquire Taxus chinensis, and Taxus chinensis resources suffered serious damage in some areas. Because of the highest taxol content in the bark of Tsuga sinensis, many yew trees were badly peeled, and the final outcome of yew trees whose bark was peeled was death. This makes resources that are genetically affected (dioecious plants, low seed production) and generally poor in natural regeneration due to strict requirements for growing environments more scarce, and the preservation of species is greatly threatened. In order to change this situation, since 1992, our country has formulated a series of protection measures, the yew resources will be classified as natural reserves or natural forest protection projects, strictly prohibited felling. At the same time, large-scale and intensive afforestation projects will be carried out. The researchers also focused on the ecological and biological characteristics of Taxus plants, the changing rules of paclitaxel content, and the extraction techniques of different parts, trying to convert paclitaxel analogues contained in Taxus plants into paclitaxel through certain chemical reactions. In fact, as early as 1984, some species of Taxus were listed as rare and endangered plants in the Red Book of Chinese Plants issued by the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council. In 1996, 5 species of Taxus were listed as wild plants under national I key protection by the State Council, and proposed by the United Nations, 152 sovereign countries including China signed the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Taxus is one of the protected plants listed in the appendix to the convention that is prohibited from commercial trade worldwide. Taxus yunnanensis var. mairei, a close relative of Taxus yunnanensis in China: leaves are wider and longer, lanceolate-shaped strips, often sickle-shaped, 2~45 cm long, 3~5 mm wide, thick, with different colors of the lower midvein band and stomatal band, no horny papillae, or one to several rows of horny papillae near the stomatal band, and the edges are rolled outward. Seeds slightly compressed, obovate. Taxus mairei is the most widely distributed species of Taxus in China. It is distributed in more than ten provinces south of Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi. It is scattered in mountain forests below 1200 meters above sea level. Many of them are old trees of Taxus mairei, some (female plants) are full of fruit. A Taxus chinensis var. chinensis Taxus chinensis: leaves texture slightly thick, edge not curled or slightly curled, leaves shorter, strip, slightly sickle-shaped or straight, usually 1.5~2.2 cm long, 2~3 mm wide, the following midvein with dense uniform and tiny round horny hole head-shaped protrusion, its color is often the same as stomata, seeds are mostly oval or obovate. It is produced in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Anhui and other provinces (regions) at an altitude of 1000~1200 meters. Taxus cuspidata: leaves arranged in irregular two rows, more dense, often "V"-shaped development, strip, below the midvein with no horny papillary point, seed oval or triangular oval, usually with 3~4 blunt ridges above, hilum triangular or square. Produced in Heilongjiang, Songhua River basin south of Laoyuling, Zhangguangcai Ridge and Changbai Mountain 500~1000 meters above sea level mountains. Amazing anticancer plant Taxus chinensis

Taxus is the general term for taxus plants. There are about 11 species in this genus, distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 4 species and 1 variety in China.

Taxus is a shallow-rooted plant, its main root is not obvious, lateral roots developed, is recognized as endangered natural rare anti-cancer plants in the world, is an ancient tree species left over from the Quaternary glaciers, has a history of 2.5 million years on earth. Due to the slow growth rate and poor regeneration ability of Taxus chinensis under natural conditions, there has not been a large-scale Taxus chinensis raw material forest base in the world for a long time.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a yew forest in the western mountains of the United States. There was a small village in the mountain forest, where more than 2000 residents lived. Although this small village is not big, it is famous for its longevity in the United States. The shortest life expectancy of people in this small village is over 95 years old, and the vast majority of people live over 100 years old. Centenarians can be seen everywhere! This news attracted the attention of many scientists. Scientists came here to investigate one after another. However, they did not find anything strange about the people here. Their diet and life were not much different from those in other regions. After careful observation, we found that the residents here have two habits related to yew: one is that they like to pick yew leaves to make tea; the other is that they often go to the yew forest for a walk or exercise. This phenomenon has aroused great interest of scientists, after their unremitting efforts, in 1992, the United States Shigui company extracted natural anticancer substance paclitaxel from Taxus. Then, British, Russian, Korean and Chinese researchers also extracted this precious drug from it. Paclitaxel has a unique anti-tumor effect, can significantly inhibit tumor growth, advanced ovarian cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, Kaposi sarcoma and other curative effect, and very small side effects. When all countries in the world are anxious about not being able to conquer cancer, the discovery of paclitaxel in Taxus chinensis is like a life-saving Ganoderma lucidum, which brings hope to cancer patients. Experts and scholars believe that Taxus chinensis is the most promising anticancer drug in this century, and it is also recognized as one of the most effective anticancer drugs in the world. Taxol is expensive, up to 8 - 11 million US dollars per kilogram on the international market, which shows how precious it is! Taxus is a treasure all over, bark, trunk, leaves, roots and seeds are very important Chinese herbal medicine. Its bark is sour and sweet, can be used as raw material for beverage, seeds can be pressed oil, leaves can be used as tea, these things not only have health care effect, but also have significant curative effect on dredging channels, diuresis, lowering blood pressure, treating diabetes and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the continuous development of science and technology, new uses of paclitaxel have been continuously discovered. According to the European Doctor magazine, paclitaxel has a good therapeutic effect on a variety of chronic diseases, such as progressive sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, eczema, etc., and the therapeutic effect is good. Over time, the utility of paclitaxel will be further recognized and its therapeutic scope expanded. Taxus has such a magical role, it should be carried out in large areas, a large number of development; however, it is not optimistic that the annual production of paclitaxel in the world is below 300 kg, because Taxus is an endangered rare plant, is an ancient tree species left over from the tertiary glacial period, has a history of 2.5 million years, very rare in the world. Its growth rate is also very slow, DBH about 50 cm of adult trees need to grow more than a hundred years, the age can live to more than a thousand years. Taxus chinensis is an evergreen tree with great ornamental value, but its own breeding ability is very poor, and the new trees cannot catch up with the natural death state; while the artificial asexual breeding (cutting branches, etc.) rooting rate is only 17%. It is understood that there are about 10 species of Taxus chinensis in the world at present, and there are 5 species in China, including Taxus chinensis of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Taxus chinensis of Yungui Plateau, Taxus chinensis of South China, Taxus cuspidata, Taxus chinensis and so on. Due to the small amount of resources and huge medicinal value, man-made damage has caused serious, many places have fallen into the endangered situation. CCTV once exposed the farce of cutting down Taxus chinensis in Yunnan: a large number of Taxus chinensis forests were found in Yunnan virgin forests, and the taxol content was more than double that of other varieties. Some lawbreakers colluded with foreign businessmen to purchase the branches, bark and roots of Taxus chinensis at a price of 1 yuan per kilogram. In just a few months, tens of thousands of yew trees were peeled, rooted and felled. In this disaster, more than 92000 yew trees were felled in Yunlong Nature Reserve alone, with direct economic losses of US $1.0 - 1.3 billion, becoming an unprecedented disaster for yew trees. It is understood that yew trees in other areas have also been damaged to varying degrees. Even yew trees in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in the transition from the remote eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Qinba Mountain area have also been damaged. The painful lesson awakened people. In August 1999, the State Council approved the "First Batch of National Key Protected Wild Plants List" and listed Taxus chinensis as a first-class national protected plant. Protection plans have been formulated for each distribution area of Taxus chinensis, combining development and utilization with protection, rational harvesting and strengthening the protection of tree species. Scientific workers in Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Gansu and other places began artificial planting and breeding according to the characteristics of Taxus chinensis, such as its shade-loving nature, no choice of soil, cold tolerance and barren soil, developed root system, and ability to mix with other tree species, so as to expand the number of Taxus chinensis trees and meet the demand of the pharmaceutical industry for raw materials. It can be expected that the era when yew, a magical "national treasure" plant, will make greater contributions to mankind is coming.