High-yield cultivation techniques of Rose Cuttage seedlings in greenhouse

Roses are planted in many places in our country. Yongdeng and other places in Gansu Province adapt to the planting and production of roses because of their natural conditions and environmental characteristics. Let's take a look at the cuttage planting techniques of roses in the greenhouse.

I. morphological characteristics and living habits

1.1 morphological characteristics

Erect shrub, plant height 100~200cm, leaflets 5-7, round or oval, flowers and leaves rolled backward, flowers colorful. The stem is stout, tufted, with dense spines on the stem, usually solitary, aggregated and terminal, but mostly aggregated.

1.2 Life habits

Roses like sunny growing environment and are more resistant to drought and cold. Like good drainage, deep soil, fertile and loose soil.

Rose is a positive plant, which needs abundant sunshine time in the growing season, which can not be less than 8 hours a day. There are also requirements for air temperature and humidity, the temperature is not enough, too moist can easily lead to rust and powdery mildew, too dry or too high temperature will affect growth and development and reduce yield. The most suitable temperature for rose growth is 15: 26 ℃, and the air humidity is 75% 80%. When the greenhouse temperature exceeds 30 ℃, the growth is inhibited, the flower buds no longer differentiate, and the high temperature for a long time will kill the seedlings; when the greenhouse temperature is below 15 ℃, it enters the dormant period and stops growing. Therefore, we should pay attention to the heat preservation measures of roses to avoid damage and affect the growth. The requirement of soil is relatively not very strict, and it can grow under the condition of slight acid or slight alkali.

2. Cultivation techniques

2.1 Land leveling, greenhouse selection and fertilization

2.1.1 formation of land. Planting in the greenhouse should choose plots with open and flat terrain, adequate light conditions, convenient irrigation, ventilation and drainage.

2.1.2 selection of shed and fertilization. The use of ordinary solar greenhouse in the north, covered with drip-free plastic film, taking into account the ventilation and other conditions, the solar greenhouse needs ventilation facilities. Before planting roses, turn over the land in advance to ensure that the soil is loose and suitable. Combined with soil preparation, rotten cow dung, peat and appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer were applied as base fertilizer to ensure adequate nutrients in the greenhouse.

2.2 colonization

2.2.1 preparation before colonization. Before planting, the whole plot needs to be irrigated once, a process that lasts for half a month. The aim is to water the land thoroughly and make the soil moist and firm. At the same time, pesticides are sprayed to control diseases and insect pests.

2.2.2 colonization. When planting, it is necessary to keep the soil moist, using rose seedlings with many roots and strong branches and leaves to plant. When planting, it is necessary to bury the seedlings of 2thumb 3 in the soil, and the seedlings of 1thumb 3 are exposed to the ground. It should be noted that you should not apply too much force, but only need to plant them gently into the soil so as not to damage the rose seedlings. The planting density of rose seedlings is plant spacing 20cm and row spacing 30~40cm. After planting, the soil should be compacted all around and the bottom water should be poured.

2.3 fertilization and irrigation management

2.3.1 fertilization and irrigation. Drip irrigation is generally used for planting in greenhouse. When installing drip irrigation facilities, each aisle needs water pipes and is connected to droppers, which can improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer. The principle of topdressing is mainly organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium, a small amount of frequent application, mainly in early spring germination, bud stage, flowering stage as the focus.

2.3.2 irrigation time. It needs to be watered in time after planting, usually every 10 days, so that the roots are in full contact with the soil and increase the absorption of nutrients and water. Spray with clean water every morning to keep the humidity in the greenhouse.

2.4 Intermediate tillage and weeding

Weeding is also a very important link during the growth of roses. In order to prevent the growth of weeds, diseases and pests, and to protect the growth of flowers, pesticides can not be used directly and need to be pulled out manually. At the same time, combined with weeding, artificial ploughing and loosening soil between rows of rose plants is needed to increase soil ventilation and promote root expansion, so as to provide better conditions for rose growth.

2.6 pruning and updating

Roses in the peak growth period, often luxuriant branches and leaves crisscross, it is necessary to prune the branches and leaves in time to ensure ventilation, light, and prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Pruning combined with specific conditions, scientific pruning, neither cut off too much to affect the yield, nor can it leave branches too dense, causing diseases and insect pests. Generally speaking, pruning is not needed in the first 3 years, and proper pruning and renewal are needed for plant aging in the fourth year.

Pruning roses can be divided into renewal pruning and thinning pruning. Renewal pruning is a kind of renewal and maintenance for the vigorous growth of plants and the production of better and more flowers. thinning pruning is mainly aimed at cutting off the roots of roses, mainly removing residual branches, withered branches, old branches and diseased branches.

III. Picking and storage

Due to the short flowering period, roses need to be harvested quickly, and the most suitable picking time is from the morning to the end of dark. It is best not to store the flowers for more than 2 hours after picking, so as to keep the flowers fresh. After flower harvest, trenches were opened around the plant to fill organic fertilizer, and withered branches, diseased branches and cross branches were cut off at the same time.

Planting methods and cultivation techniques of roses

Rose belongs to Rosaceae, Rosaceae deciduous shrubs, branches multi-needle, odd-pinnate compound leaves, leaflets 5-9, oval, the back is densely covered with white villi with edge thorns. Petals Obovate, double to semidouble, purplish red, white, fruiting August-September, oblate.

Soil preparation

Rose is a perennial woody plant with a long production cycle. Cutting seedlings can be harvested for 3-4 years, and grafted seedlings can be harvested for 5 years. In order to obtain the high quality, high yield and high benefit of cut flowers, the soil for planting roses must have good physical and chemical properties during cultivation. It is better to choose muddy loam with low groundwater level and loose ventilation. The soil should be rich in organic matter, and the content should be more than 10%. The pH value of soil is about 6 and 5. Soil improvement should be combined with planting bed arrangement, through deep turning and applying a large amount of organic fertilizer, the soil permeability and water retention and fertilizer can be improved and maintained for a long time, and promote the long-term growth of rose root system. The kinds of organic manure for improving soil can be cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure, chicken manure, bone meal, rotten leaf soil, compost and so on.

The planting border should be smooth according to the width of the border surface 0.9m, the bottom width of the walkway 0.5m and the height of the border 0.5m. After the planting bed is finished, it is necessary to check the pH value and EC value of the soil again, and adjust it with fertilizer, acid and alkali so that the pH value is about 6.5 and the EC value is adjusted to 0.8~1.2mS/cm. If the EC value is less than 08, the EC value can be leached with water. Drip irrigation is pre-installed.

Cultivation mode and planting

The broken branch cultivation method is mostly used in rose production, and the cultivation method is single-row and double-row cultivation, plant spacing 12cm, row spacing 50cm, planting 5000 trees per mu. The cultivation in greenhouse can be planted all the year round, and it can be planted in a straight line when planting to ensure that the seedlings are straight and beneficial to management. The planting depth is slightly deeper than the cutting depth, but the soil should not exceed the main bud of the seedling. The slow seedling period of modern industrial production is short and the survival is fast.

After planting, pour enough root water in time, pay attention to shading and cooling and spray water to the leaves when planting in high temperature weather. Fully ensure that the root soil and topsoil are moist within a week after planting, spray water on the leaves during the day, and properly shade; gradually reduce the amount of foliar watering after 7 days, but keep the topsoil moist, and spray fungicides such as carbendazim or chlorothalonil for a disease control; gradually reduce the amount of soil watering after 15 days, and then timely watering according to the soil dry and wet conditions, keep the soil moist, and begin to use drip irrigation system; enter normal management after 30 days.

Cultivation environment control

The cultivation environment of rose mainly includes: water, fertilization, temperature, humidity, light and other environmental factors.

1. Water management

Choose non-polluting river, spring or well water for irrigation. The watering time, watering times and watering amount of roses are affected by season, weather, soil and plant growth. Producers are mainly determined according to production experience or instruments, continuous observation, detection of soil water content, plant growth and so on. The instrument can use a soil tensiometer for rapid determination of soil moisture, monitor soil moisture with a tensiometer, and make a reference basis for drip irrigation. Watering twice a day in sunny days (soil water tension PF is about 1.8), watering time is 10:00 and 14:00, not in the morning or evening, to avoid lowering soil temperature due to low watering temperature; from April to June, the air temperature is high and dry, the cultivated soil is also dry, rose plant growth is accelerated, water consumption is also increased. Mainly by increasing watering times, increasing soil moisture; soil moisture tension PF is maintained at 1.6 to 1.8, watering time is chosen to watering in sunny day 10: 00 to 16: 00, greenhouse without cooling facilities needs to increase spray cooling, spray time is 14: 00 in sunny days, July to September, the temperature is high, rainy, humidity is high, cultivated soil moisture is high, but rose plants grow fast and need to consume a lot of water. By increasing the amount of each watering, to meet the rose plant growth of a large amount of water needs, soil water tension PF kept at 2.2, cloudy days to reduce air humidity, reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests only at 10:00 watering. Stop watering on continuous rainy days, wait for the rain to stop and clear up, and water in time, which is beneficial to the regulation and control of the air humidity in the greenhouse; the cool weather in autumn is more suitable for the growth of cut rose flowers, watering once or twice a day, and the soil water tension PF is kept at about 1.8.

2. Fertilization management

In the vegetative growth period, the demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for roses is 3:1:2, and the flowering stage is 3:1:3. Medium elements and trace elements can be applied regularly every month. Medium elements include calcium, magnesium and sulfur; calcium and magnesium are high in river and well water, so they can not be added or less added when fertilizing. Zinc and boron are deficient in trace elements, so attention should be paid to the addition in production. There is no lack of iron in soil, but the absorption of iron is related to soil pH. When the pH value is 5.5-6.5, a small amount can be added. When the pH is greater than 7, it is difficult for iron plants to absorb. The soil nutrients should be detected regularly in production, and whether the various nutrient elements in the soil can meet the normal growth and development of roses can be judged according to the test results. When various nutrient elements in the soil reach the optimum value, better cut flower yield and quality can be obtained. The most suitable value is referred to the following table. If the nutrient elements in the soil are insufficient or low, it can be gradually increased by 10% of the original amount of fertilizer each time, until the most appropriate amount; if the nutrient elements in the soil are too high, the amount of fertilizer application can be reduced or water leaching can be carried out. The root system of rose is developed, the growth rate is fast, and the yield of fresh flowers is high, so there is a great demand for nutrients in the soil, and the demand for nutrients of roses is diverse. only with the reasonable combination of different kinds of nutrients can we make the flowers of high quality and high yield, and harvest in successive years.

Different effects of different kinds of ① nutrients on Rose

Nitrogen fertilizer is an important nutrient for rose, which plays an important role in the vegetative growth and flower yield of rose. Only when the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is sufficient, can the school grow luxuriantly and grow normally. If the nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, it will make the rose school strip thin, the leaves yellow and the new shoots grow slowly. However, if there is too much nitrogen fertilizer in the soil, it is easy to cause excessive growth of branches, loose tissue, less flowering, and even flower deformities.

Phosphate fertilizer can promote the root growth of rose, so that the root system is developed, the leaf surface is thick and the flower color is bright. If there is a lack of phosphate fertilizer in the soil, it will make the branches weak and the flowers drooping and powerless, so when applying base fertilizer every autumn, an appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer should be added.

Potash fertilizer can promote the normal growth of rose shoots and leaves, increase the number of flowers, full buds, and flowers contain high content of rose oil.

Roses need not only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also certain kinds of trace elements, such as iron, boron, manganese, zinc and so on. Such as the lack of trace elements in the soil, it will make plant leaves green, and even make plant organs deformed, resulting in a variety of physiological diseases, affecting the normal growth and development of rose plants.

Types and requirements of Chemical Fertilizer commonly used in ② Rose

A, urea. Urea is a nitrogen fertilizer often used in rose production, mainly used as topdressing. Topdressing is generally applied in ditch and hole, and it is effective 5-7 days after fertilization. Watering should be carried out in time after urea application. The dosage per mu is generally 10-15 kg. Urea can be applied 3 or 4 times a year. Attention should be paid to the application of sandy soil frequently and less.

B, ammonium bicarbonate. Referred to as ammonium bicarbonate, is a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, can only be used as topdressing, ditch or hole application, avoid ground application, volatilization quickly, need to cover the soil in time and combined with watering. It was effective within 2 days after fertilization. When applying fertilizer, do not let the fertilizer fall on the plant leaves and burn the leaves. The amount of fertilizer applied each time is 1020kg per mu, which can be applied 3 times per year. The fertilizer is easy to dissolve and lose, so special attention should be paid to frequent application and less application. The long-term use of the fertilizer will not destroy the soil structure and make the soil solidified, so it is widely used in production.

C, calcium superphosphate. Mainly used as base fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency is slow, production is often mixed with soil fertilizer in autumn as base fertilizer. It is mainly applied in ditch, and the dosage per mu is generally 30kg to 50kg. Calcium superphosphate is easy to agglomerate and should be fully crushed or mashed when in use, otherwise it will burn out the plant roots. In the late autumn growth of roses, 1% superphosphate extract can be used for foliar fertilization, and the effect is also very good.

D, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The properties, usage and dosage of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer are the same as calcium superphosphate, but calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is non-corrosive, non-hygroscopic, non-caking and easy to use, so it is widely used in production.

E, potassium sulfate. Potassium sulfate has little mobility in soil, so it can be used as base fertilizer or topdressing fertilizer, especially before rose bud appearance, and the effect is remarkable. The more high-yielding the rose garden is, the more potash fertilizer is needed. Potassium sulfate is generally applied in trenches, with a general dosage of 10 to 15 kilograms per mu and can be applied once a year. Long-term use of potassium sulfate will make the soil harden, so it is better to mix it with organic fertilizer as base fertilizer. Potassium sulfate is acidic and corrosive, so it should avoid burns on branches and leaves. Potassium sulfate should not be mixed with nitrogen fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, otherwise it will seriously reduce the fertilizer efficiency. Potassium sulfate in the rose bud before the use of foliar fertilization effect is very good, the concentration is 0%, 5%, fast absorption, the effect is obvious.

F, potassium chloride. The properties, usage and dosage of potassium chloride are basically the same as those of potassium sulfate. Potassium chloride should not be used in saline-alkali soil.

G, diammonium phosphate. Phosphate diplating is a good nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer with long and high fertilizer efficiency, which is mainly suitable for base fertilizer and ditch application, with a dosage of 30kg to 50kg per mu. When phosphoric acid secondary plating has been added to the base fertilizer, there is no need to add phosphate fertilizer.

H, potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphorus and potassium composite material with high solubility and is suitable for foliar fertilizer. The conventional concentration is 0.2%-0.3%. It is generally sprayed every 15 days. It can also be combined with spraying at the same time.

The time of fertilization in ③

The types of rose fertilization include base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer.

A, base fertilizer. Rose base fertilizer should be carried out after defoliation in autumn, and the fertilization time should be as early as possible. Early application of base fertilizer in autumn can not only heal the roots injured in ditch fertilization and produce new roots, but also make the soil fertilizer fully mature and decompose in the soil, which is beneficial to promote the exuberant growth of plants in the coming spring. The specific time in the northern region should be from September to early October. The late application of base fertilizer in autumn often affects the normal growth of plants in the coming spring.

B, topdressing. Rose topdressing is carried out in the growing season in spring and summer, and the fertilizer is mainly chemical fertilizer, which has fast fertilizer effect and strong pertinence. The specific time of topdressing can be divided into four stages: budding stage, flower bud stage, full flowering stage and late flowering stage. In these four periods, plants have a large growth and need a lot of fertilizer, so nutrients should be added to the soil in time to ensure the yield of flowers. The fertilization experiences of flower growers in rose producing areas in southern China are as follows: "three-five red" and "four water, three fertilizers". It means that from the beginning of the bud formation of roses to the complete harvest of flowers, it is necessary to water them four times and fertilize them three times. This shows that the repeated application of chemical fertilizer in the rose flowering stage is of great significance to the yield of fresh flowers.

3. Temperature control

The most suitable temperature for rose production is 24 ℃ ~ 26 ℃ in daytime and 14 ℃ ~ 16 ℃ at night. In winter, when the night temperature is lower than 8 ℃, the growth is slow, the branches become shorter, and the double heart flowers increase. When the night temperature is lower than 5 ℃ for a long time, the new branches are shorter and the blind branches are more. The ideal temperature difference between day and night is 10 ℃ ~ 12 ℃.

The temperature and humidity recorder or dry and wet thermometer are installed in the greenhouse to observe the temperature change in the greenhouse, and the temperature is adjusted and managed according to the temperature change. When the temperature is too high, open the skylight and the surrounding side windows for natural ventilation to cool down. When the daytime temperature is higher than 30 ℃, shading is used to cool the temperature. Spray cooling can be adopted in the high temperature and dry season; when the temperature is on the low side, the side windows around the greenhouse are closed, and the heat preservation curtain is added in the greenhouse, which is mainly used to prevent heat exchange and loss at night. increase the temperature of plant leaves to prevent the formation of dew, so as to increase the yield and improve the quality of cut flowers, especially for red varieties, but the heat preservation curtain can not always be completely closed during the day.

4. Humidity control

The relative humidity required for rose sprouting and branch and leaf growth is 70%-80%, 40%-60% during flowering, 40% during the day and 60% at night. The humidity in the greenhouse is more than 90%. The film, flume, plants and leaves begin to form water droplets, which is easy to induce a variety of diseases. Soil water condition is very important to the growth, development and yield of rose. We should pay close attention to the change of soil water condition in the whole rose growing season. Generally speaking, the weather is relatively dry in spring in northern China, so we should timely water sprouting water, flowering water, blooming water and post-flowering water, watering every 15-20 days, so as to maintain good soil moisture at all times. In fact, watering and fertilization are combined in production, as long as it does not rain immediately after each topdressing, it should be watered in time, otherwise topdressing can not achieve the desired effect. Border irrigation is generally adopted in rose garden watering, but this method consumes a large amount of water and is easy to lose a large amount of soil nutrients, so the amount of water should be controlled during watering so that it is appropriate to irrigate the rhizosphere soil. Narrow border irrigation should be advocated in production, which can save a lot of water. Where there are conditions, drip irrigation should be developed in the rose garden, which can not only save a lot of water, but also maintain the ventilation of the soil and prevent the soil from hardening.

5. Lighting control

Roses like light, especially scattered light. The light saturation point of leaves is 35000~50000Lux, and the light compensation point is 10000Lux. The synthesis of rose anthocyanins in cut flowers needs ultraviolet light, but too strong ultraviolet light will cause black edges of petals of red varieties, and red varieties are suitable to choose greenhouse films with 0~350nm band transmittance of about 20%. Ensure a certain amount of scattered light on cloudy and rainy days. Do not use shading net during rose branching to ensure that the plant has sufficient light; after budding, you can use 60% 75% silver gray shading net between 10:00 and 16:00 on sunny days; no shading on continuous rainy days in summer and no shading in winter. Greenhouse soil surface is too wet, downy mildew, Botrytis cinerea is not shaded.

6. Ploughing and weeding

After every watering and rain, the rose garden should be ploughed and weeded in time, which can not only loosen the soil, but also prevent the growth of weeds and compete with roses for water and nutrients. With the advent of the rainy season every year, the rose garden should be ploughed many times in order to effectively loosen the surface soil, increase soil permeability, improve soil air condition, ensure normal root growth, and prevent the occurrence of root rot and other diseases.

Pruning techniques of roses

1. Plant type culture

In the seedling stage, all flower heads are picked when the pea is the size, and the leaves are retained. When the length of the branch is more than 50cm, press the branch down, be careful not to break the branch. The newly germinated coarse branches are used as cut flower branches, and the over-thin branches are pressed as vegetative branches; the thin and weak branches from the vegetative branches continue to press the branches. When pressing branches, pay attention to the plants and branches can not cross each other, the number of broken branches should be covered with the sides of the border, so that the leaves can get sufficient light. Generally speaking, the pressing should be operated on a sunny afternoon. While pruning vegetative branches, it is necessary to remove the thin and weak branches and short branches in the root 10cm, which can increase the lower light and promote its germination.

2. Flowering pruning

The pruning principle is to keep low piles in spring and summer and high piles in autumn and winter. If the diameter of the lower part of the branch is about 0 or 5cm, keep 2 or 3 bud holes, and if the diameter of the lower part of the branch is about 0 or 8, leave 3 or 5 bud eyes; cut off the branches whose length is less than 50cm or blind flowers, deformed, and the diameter is above 0 or 5cm in time; pruning the branches with diameter below 0 or 5cm and higher germination position, the main branches can be pruned by piles or retraction, and the branches with low germination position can be directly pressed into vegetative branches. The general principle is that the thick branches are lifted up and the twigs are pressed down.

3. The whole skill of roses

Pruning refers to cutting off all the branches of a rose from the base, and pruning refers to cutting off a small part of the branch. In order to promote the vigorous growth of rose bushes, bright colors and high oil yield, proper pruning and pruning must be carried out. Wrinkled-leaf roses are upright and clustered and have strong germination. When pruning, attention should be paid to ventilation and light, school strips should be evenly distributed, and a certain distance should be maintained so as to avoid wind-blown branches rubbing against each other and damaging flower heads. After pruning, the flowers can be harvested and the field management operation is convenient. For newly planted one-to two-year-old rose bushes, the branches and leaves should grow well and blossom ahead of time after pruning. Rose gardens with more than three years old have a high yield of fresh flowers and need to be pruned in time to prevent premature senility from reducing production. If you want to prune the roses, you must understand the reaction after pruning. Different varieties of roses, different levels of cultivation and management, as well as differences in soil fertilizer, the response after pruning is also different. Through pruning, the rose strips should be able to become stout, and the buds in the upper half of the roses are of better quality, germinate earlier and grow vigorously than the buds at the base. Pruning and rectification must understand the variety characteristics and growth habits of roses and master pruning principles. When pruning, the sturdy branches should be controlled to grow upward, cut off the top tip in the appropriate position, promote the rose growth side correction, restrain the rise of the flowering part, and avoid the occurrence of emptiness and baldness in the lower part of the school strip. Two proper pruning in summer and winter can make the branches ventilated and transparent, enhance the light, and concentrate nutrients on the flowering branches. Rose bushes with particularly exuberant branches and leaves do not necessarily collect many flowers, because most of the nutrients are consumed in vegetative growth. On the contrary, if the shrub blossoms too much and consumes too much nutrition, it is easy to cause the growth weakness of the shrub and seriously affect the fresh flower yield in the coming year.

4. Pruning roses

The principle of rose pruning and pruning is: if the flower clump is a chain bead planting method, each clump can choose to leave 15-20 thick and strong branches; if it is a hedge planting method, keep a certain distance between the branches. cross branches, dense branches, overlapping branches, slender branches, lodging branches, dead branches and branches of diseases and insect pests should be cut off, so that nutrients can be concentrated on the flower branches in order to make the flowering branches grow healthily. Pruning should be combined with specific conditions, mainly light pruning, to remove unnecessary branches. If too many branches are pruned at one time, it is disadvantageous to the production and storage of nutrients, destroy the balance between aboveground parts (branches) and underground parts (roots), and affect the growth of flower branches and the yield of flowers in the coming year. After pruning, fertilizer and water management must be strengthened, otherwise the purpose of sprouting new shoots. The pruning method is as follows:

①, one-time update method. Before and after Frosts Descent, all the branches of the roses were cut off 5 to 6 centimeters from the ground, and then covered with fine soil to form steamed bread. In the following spring, many new twigs were born at the roots of the rose. after the new shoots stopped growing, the overdense and thin branches should be cut off, the branches should be evenly distributed in space, ventilated and transparent, and the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened. in the third spring, roses grow vigorously and flowers are harvested.

②, secondary update method. Cut off half of the senescent branches of the flower bushes, use the branches left behind to produce flowers, and wait for the roses to blossom and harvest before updating the school strips, so that the yield of flowers will not be reduced by pruning branches.

③, year by year updating method. This method is widely used in various places for rose pruning. Every year, according to the growth of rose bushes, timely cut off withered branches, slender branches, senile branches and pest branches, so as to promote the growth of new branches every year, keep the school bushes growing vigorously, keep the yield unchanged, and achieve the purpose of renewal and rejuvenation.

[notes]

①, for the grafted rose seedlings, cut off all the branches on the rootstock. Pruning branches should be distributed reasonably, not biased to one side, properly cut off senescent branches, and be renewed and rejuvenated in time. Pruning annual branches should retain extroverted buds to promote lateral branches to form a large number of flowers. Leave the residual pile 1 / 1.5 cm above the extroverted bud to prevent the downward drying of the branch from affecting the bud growth under the cut.

②, when pruning, cut the erect stout branches at a height of 80 cm above the ground to promote the formation of lateral flowering branches. The time should not be pruned too late, otherwise it will not sprout and grow branches. The senescent branches should be cut off 5 to 6 centimeters from the ground to sprout new branches. When pruning, you should choose to leave the full buds on the school bar in order to cultivate strong branches.

The time of ③ and pruning should be carried out after the roses are harvested. Because from the end of the flower harvest to the dormancy and defoliation of the rose, this period is the growth and development period of the rose, which requires a lot of nutrients. If it is allowed to grow naturally, it will increase the nutrient consumption, which will be disadvantageous to the growth of flowering branches in the coming year and affect the yield of flowers.

The cutting edge of ④ and trimming tools should be kept sharp, and the cutting edge should be smooth and tidy, so as to avoid tearing the cutting edge and affecting the germination growth.

According to the relevant experiments, the pruning of roses has many advantages. Taking the six-year-old rose bushes planted with chain beads as an example, under the same management conditions, the pruned rose bushes have stout and uniform distribution, ventilation and transparent light, exuberant growth, large leaves, lush green color, large flowers and many branches, and high oil yield. 300-400 kg fresh flowers per mu. Unpruned plants are prone to decay, dense branches, poor light transmission and ventilation, many slender branches, small leaves, yellow color, small flowers, few flowers, poor quality, low oil yield, diseases and insect pests, and only 1540kg fresh flowers per mu.

Pest control

In the process of rose production, the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests adopts the principle of "prevention first and comprehensive control". Once diseases and insect pests occur, the quality of cut flowers will be reduced and the economic benefit will be affected. Regularly check the isolation measures of the greenhouse to control the invasion of pests; clean the greenhouse film in time, ventilate and drain moisture in time with the change of temperature and humidity. Do not splash water and fertilizer on the leaves when watering and fertilizing, and avoid watering water. Timely removal of weeds inside and outside the shed, do not provide overwintering places for pests. In order to control the further spread of the disease, the susceptible plants were pulled out in time, the diseased leaves were removed and treated with chemicals at the same time. After each flower picking, the plant should be sprayed with protective agents to prevent the disease from invading from the wound. Fumigation (sulfur fumigation and chlorothalonil compound fumigation) should be used as far as possible when using chemical pesticides, and pesticides that are not easy to leave stains should be selected as far as possible when spraying, such as suspending agents, water agents, EC and other insecticidal and fungicides.

Cut rose harvesting

Cut rose roses can be harvested every day at 7 am, 30 am, 10 pm, or after 16:30. Before picking flowers, the fresh-keeping solution must be added after cleaning the flower bucket and placed in the harvesting shed to ensure that the cut flowers will be inserted into the fresh-keeping solution within 5 minutes after harvest, and the cut flowers should be transported to the cold storage for pre-cooling as soon as possible, and the cold storage temperature is 5 ±1 ℃. The harvest standard must be determined according to the variety of cut flowers, entering the market, transportation distance and time, etc., and the flowering index:

1. The sepals are slightly loose and the petals are clasped at the top, which is suitable for long-distance transportation and storage.

2. The calyx is loose and suitable for long-distance transportation.

3. Petals protruding sepals can be used for both long-distance and short-distance transportation.

4. The outer petals begin to loose and are suitable for short-range transportation and nearby wholesale sale. In addition, according to the characteristics of varieties and harvest season, the harvest standard can be adjusted appropriately, early harvest when the summer temperature is high, and harvest maturity is larger when the winter temperature is low. Early or too late harvest will affect the vase quality of cut flowers.

Cultivation techniques of Rose

Rose belongs to Rosaceae, Rosaceae deciduous shrubs, branches multi-needle, odd-pinnate compound leaves, leaflets 5-9, oval, the back is densely covered with white villi with edge thorns. Petals Obovate, double to semidouble, purplish red, white, fruiting August-September, oblate.

Soil preparation

Rose is a perennial woody plant with a long production cycle. Cutting seedlings can be harvested for 3-4 years, and grafted seedlings can be harvested for 5 years. In order to obtain the high quality, high yield and high benefit of cut flowers, the soil for planting roses must have good physical and chemical properties during cultivation. It is better to choose muddy loam with low groundwater level and loose ventilation. The soil should be rich in organic matter, and the content should be more than 10%. The pH value of soil is about 6 and 5. Soil improvement should be combined with planting bed arrangement, through deep turning and applying a large amount of organic fertilizer, the soil permeability and water retention and fertilizer can be improved and maintained for a long time, and promote the long-term growth of rose root system. The kinds of organic manure for improving soil can be cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure, chicken manure, bone meal, rotten leaf soil, compost and so on.

The planting border should be smooth according to the width of the border surface 0.9m, the bottom width of the walkway 0.5m and the height of the border 0.5m. After the planting bed is finished, it is necessary to check the pH value and EC value of the soil again, and adjust it with fertilizer, acid and alkali so that the pH value is about 6.5 and the EC value is adjusted to 0.8~1.2mS/cm. If the EC value is less than 08, the EC value can be leached with water. Drip irrigation is pre-installed.

Cultivation mode and planting

The broken branch cultivation method is mostly used in rose production, and the cultivation method is single-row and double-row cultivation, plant spacing 12cm, row spacing 50cm, planting 5000 trees per mu. The cultivation in greenhouse can be planted all the year round, and it can be planted in a straight line when planting to ensure that the seedlings are straight and beneficial to management. The planting depth is slightly deeper than the cutting depth, but the soil should not exceed the main bud of the seedling. The slow seedling period of modern industrial production is short and the survival is fast.

After planting, pour enough root water in time, pay attention to shading and cooling and spray water to the leaves when planting in high temperature weather. Fully ensure that the root soil and topsoil are moist within a week after planting, spray water on the leaves during the day, and properly shade; gradually reduce the amount of foliar watering after 7 days, but keep the topsoil moist, and spray fungicides such as carbendazim or chlorothalonil for a disease control; gradually reduce the amount of soil watering after 15 days, and then timely watering according to the soil dry and wet conditions, keep the soil moist, and begin to use drip irrigation system; enter normal management after 30 days.