How to cultivate umbrellas? It is necessary to sow and reproduce and control diseases and insect pests in this way.

Umbellifera is a special tree species in China, which belongs to the second class protected plant. Gather to watch, eat, and economic value in one. The wood can be used for oil refining or furniture making. So how do you cultivate such a precious tree? The following editor will talk to you in detail about the methods of sowing, breeding and pest control of umbrella trees.

1 seed collection and storage

Umbrella trees can be picked from early October to mid-November every year after observing the transition of fruit color from turquoise to black. Cut off the fruit sequence and knead it to get the seeds. About 98 seeds can be obtained from a single inflorescence. Put the seeds in the cloth bag to ensure the dry and ventilated environment. The weight of single seed of cymbidium is about 0.08-1.0g, the mass of every thousand seeds is about 80g-100g, the purity is 99%, and the germination rate of cymbidium seeds is usually in the range of 80%-90%.

2 raising seedlings

2.1 preparation of seeding bed

The choice of nursery land: flat terrain, fertile soil, good sunshine conditions, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil layer. The nursery is made into a high bed with width of 1m, height of 15cm and trail width of 40cm. The specific size can be determined according to the actual terrain.

2.2 preparation of container seedling substrate

The plastic film container with the size of 10cm × 16cm was selected as the seedling container. Substrate: add 10% sand, 50% red soil, 40% forest humus soil, grind the nutrient soil and mix it evenly, put it into a container.

2.3 seed treatment

There are two methods of seed treatment. Before treatment, the seeds are soaked in 0.5% potassium permanganate to soak 30min, and then washed in clean water. The first method is to soak the seeds in warm water with a temperature of 45 ℃ and sow them after 3 days. The second method is the wet storage method of mixed sand: on the basis of the first method, the river sand is mixed with the seed, and the humidity of the sand storage is determined when the hand is held in a mass without coming out of the water, and the sand will not be released after the handle is released.

After experimental comparison, it was found that the germination time of the seeds soaked in warm water was about 30 days, and the germination rate was about 80%; while the seeds stored in mixed sand showed whiteness after 15 days, and the germination rate was more than 90% within 5 days after sowing, and the seedlings emerged neatly.

2.4 sowing

The best sowing time is from mid-March to early April, and 0.5% potassium permanganate is used to disinfect the soil 2 days before sowing. The seeds were sown according to the strip sowing method, the furrow depth was about 2cm, the row spacing was kept at 10cm, and the soil thickness was about 1cm. Finally, it was covered with pine needles or grass to reduce the loss of soil water. The sowing rate of cymbidium seeds is in the range of 9 ~ 10kg/ mu.

2.5 Seedling transplanting

The cotyledons of Cymbidium are narrow and long in length between 3~5cm. The true leaves can appear in about 6 days, and the seedlings can appear in about 45 days. By the middle of May, when the true leaves of Umbellifera grow to 2~3cm and the buds are 4~5cm, they can be transplanted. Pay attention to the morning and evening of cloudy or sunny days, and wet the nutritious soil and seedbed in the first day to promote seedling emergence. Finally, the shading arch shed is built to prevent the seedlings from being burned in the sun, and the suitable humidity is used to maintain the growth and development of the seedlings. The transmittance is about 50%, and the height of the arch shed is set to about 55cm.

3 management and protection

3.1 after sowing and seedling management

After completing the sowing task, the temperature and humidity of the seedling bed should be adjusted in time, and the mulch on the seedling bed should be removed after the seeds germinate.

3.2 Management of container seedlings

After completing the transplanting of the bud seedlings, carry on the sunshade treatment to the bud seedlings, the shading rate of the selected sunshade net is 50%, and water regularly, once every 4.5 days. If the weather is too dry, it can be watered once every morning and evening. The initial growth stage of bud seedlings is from mid-April to early July, and the growth stage is from early July to late September. Therefore, wet recovery should be carried out every half a month, using 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate combined with 0.1% 0.2% urea. The rhizome length of 1-year-old seedlings is between 1.05~1.35cm and the height is about 50cm.

3.3 loosening the soil and weeding

Cymbals are raised in containers, so it is necessary to weed and loosen the soil regularly. The time for weeding is chosen after rain or irrigation. The principle of weeding is to remove early, small and clean.

3.4 Disease and pest control

In the seedling stage of Umbellifera, effective measures can be taken to prevent diseases and insect pests if no diseases and insect pests are found. After the seedlings germinated, the pest control treatment was carried out every 10 days, and the selected drugs were 0.1% chlorothalonil, 0.125% dimethazone, or 0.125% carbendazim wettable powder. Spraying enemy kill and dimethoate once a month to control diseases and insect pests in order to improve the resistance of seedlings.

Cymbidium is an endemic tree species in China, which is generally distributed in the middle and south of the subtropics. It is a very precious tree species. The above is about the sowing and reproduction of Umbellifera and the cultivation techniques of pest control, which you can use for reference.

How to culture and reproduce Spiraea przewalskii

How to raise Spiraea Li Ye? How do you breed? Spiraea is a shrub of the family Rosaceae and Spiraea. Spiraea shows flowers in spring, with a white color, dense as snow, such as a smile, very beautiful. Let's learn more about the breeding and breeding methods of Spiraea and other related information.

An introduction to Spiraea nigra

Spiraea przewalskii Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. Et Zucc.: Rosaceae, Spiraea shrubs up to 3 m tall; branchlets slender, leaf blade ovate to oblong-lanceolate, slightly pubescent above when young, pubescent only below when old, with pinnate veins; petiole pubescent. Umbels sessile, 3-6 flowers, double, 1 cm in diameter, white. It blossoms from March to May.

Spiraea is distributed in Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou and Sichuan in China. It is also distributed in Korea and Japan. Spiraea przewalskii spring flowers, the color is white, dense as snow, such as a smile. Corrugated bushes are planted on the banks of ponds, hillsides, roadsides or the edge of trees. They can also be planted in groups on lawns and corners of buildings. Most of them are double petals, which are beautiful ornamental flowers and trees. Garden landscaping, tree species for environmental greening. Gardens around the country are commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes.

How to raise Spiraea morifolium

I. cultivation techniques and planting

It can be held in both spring and autumn. Generally, it is mainly ornamental by planting on the ground. It should be selected in the place with plenty of sunshine and good ventilation, and the survival rate of dipping holes and dipping pulp is higher. It grows poorly in a shady environment.

1. Maintenance

Light and temperature: can survive the winter in the open field. It grows well under the condition of sufficient light and temperature of 20-25 ℃. Freezing injury and even death will occur when the temperature is lower than-25 ℃ in winter.

Watering and fertilization

Apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting, generally apply rotten manure, turn tree holes deeply, apply 2-3 times of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) at flowering stage, apply overwintering fertilizer at the end of autumn, it is better to use rotten manure or barnyard manure, stop fertilizing in winter and reduce a small amount of watering.

2. Shaping and pruning

Spring is better. Cut off dry and withered branches, over-dense branches, diseased and weak branches and aged branches before sprouting in early spring, so that the plant looks beautiful, flowers and leaves flourish, and the plant grows vigorously.

2. The propagation mode of Spiraea przewalskii

1. Sowing and reproduction

The seeds generally begin to blossom and bear fruit in 2-3 days, and can bear fruit normally after 4 days. The seeds had no obvious dormancy habit. Soak the seeds in warm water (30 ℃) for 1 day and night, take them out and put them in a petri dish covered with moist filter paper. In the room of 18-20 ℃, the seeds begin to germinate in 8-10 days, and the germination ends in about 10 days, with a germination rate of 80% 95%. When the seeds are dry in early summer, they can be sowed immediately after harvest, potted or sown in the open field. Sowing in autumn in the southern region can germinate quickly and survive the winter in the state of seedlings. Seeds can be sowed in Beijing in early April and in Nanjing in early March. After sowing, the soil was covered with 0.5-1.0 cm and covered with plastic film to preserve soil moisture, which could be unearthed smoothly in 7-10 days, and primary leaves grew after 7 days. The height of the seedlings in that year can reach 30-45 cm. It can be planted after one transplant and bloom generally in about 3 years.

Wet sand accelerates germination for 3-5 days, sowing rate 1.50-2.25 kg / m2, covering soil 4 mm and shading after sowing, the seedling yield can reach 150-225 plants / m2. Spiraea using mother tree to create moderate shade is beneficial to seed germination and rapid growth at the initial stage of seedlings, and can improve seedling emergence rate and seedling growth rate.

2. Cuttage propagation

Hardwood cuttings are used in spring and soft wood cuttings are available in summer. Cut 1-2 natural cuttings with branch cuttings, 10-15 cm long, soak in BT rooting powder for 1 day and night, shade with shading net after insertion, and spray to keep the seedbed moist, the survival rate is more than 95%. Guo Xiaofan summarized the technique of raising seedlings by softwood cuttings of Spiraea, soaking the base of cut cuttings in 50-100 mg / kg naphthalene acetic acid for 12-24 hours, setting up a sunshade net (50%) after insertion, and the survival rate was more than 90%. Spiraea plants are highly sprouting, so they can also be propagated in separate plants, and it is better to propagate in October-December every year.

3. disease control of Spiraea przewalskii

When Spiraea przewalskii is cultivated in the nursery, it has strong resistance, few diseases and insect pests, and no serious diseases have occurred, but after rainstorm, too much water on the ground and water in the roots for a long time will easily lead to root rot, so it should be drained in time. For diseased plants, 1000 times mancozeb or 800x chlorothalonil can be irrigated and foliage for three times, the symptoms can disappear.

Variety classification of Spiraea przewalskii

Main variety

Hairy variety of Spiraea morifolium

The leaf quality is slightly thicker, the flower shape is slightly smaller, and there are more hairy hair, which can be distinguished from the original variety. Produced in Taiwan (Hualien Port).

Spiraea przewalskii var. monova

Flowers single, ca. 6 mm in diam.; calyx tube campanulate, pubescent on both sides; sepals ovate-triangular, apex acute, outside puberulent, inner hairs densely; petals broadly Obovate, apex obtuse, 2-4 mm long, several as wide as long, white; stamens 20, ca. 1 hip 2 or 3 as long as petals; disk annular, with 10 conspicuous lobes; ovary pubescent, style shorter than stamens. Follicles pubescent only on ventral sutures, opening, style terminal on back, with erect sepals. The flowering period is from March to April and the fruiting period is from April to July. Produced in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian. Born on slopes or rocks, 550m-1000 m above sea level.

Cultivation and maintenance of Lingxiao in North China

Lingxiao is a deciduous vine of the family Lingxiao, which is also known as Lingxiao, Vitellophora, Vitellophora, Cephalotaxus and so on. It is native to central and eastern China and is also distributed in Japan, and is now cultivated in all parts of our country. The North China oil mining area of Renqiu City, Hebei Province, where the author is located, is a moderately saline-alkali land. Lingxiao has grown well in recent years. Its cultivation and management techniques are introduced for reference.

Morphological characteristics

Lingxiao can also develop a shrubby shape, can climb to other objects by the aerial roots of the branches, and the branches can be more than 10 meters long. The bark is grayish brown and longitudinally split in thin strips. Branchlets purple-brown, compound leaves alternate, leaves rough, leaflets 7 to 9, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, apex long pointed, base asymmetric, both sides smooth and glabrous. Terminal cymose panicle, calyx 5-lobed to middle, Corolla lip funnelform, bright red or orange. Capsule apex obtuse, flowering from June to August, ripening from September to October.

Ecological habit

Ling Xiaoxi warm, moist and sunny environment, more shady, requires good drainage, leeward to the sun, fertile and loose soil. Resistant to drought, avoid stagnant water, sprouting ability and tillering ability are strong. The cold tolerance of Lingxiao is not strong, especially the seedlings, cold prevention measures should be taken in winter, the larger ones can survive the winter in the open field in North China, but they need to be planted in the leeward and sunny place, and the autumn shoots are easy to be drained by freezing. Loose and well-drained soil is required to be resistant to weak alkali and barren.

Reproduction method

Cuttings and striping methods are mainly used for reproduction, and ramet and sowing methods can also be used.

The hardwood cuttings are generally carried out from March to April in spring, and the cuttings are harvested and cut in November for sand storage. The cuttings are 15 cm to 20 cm long, the cutting depth is 2 to 3 of the cuttings, and the seedling bed should be turned over, fine raked, leveled and watered. After the water is infiltrated, the cuttings can take root from May to June and the survival rate can reach more than 90%. If the branches with aerial roots are taken for cutting, the survival rate is higher. It is also easy to survive with soft wood cuttings from June to July.

Between early May and August, new branches born in 2012 can be selected to be bent and buried in the soil, up to 8 cm to 10 cm deep, to keep moist and easy to take root. It can also be pressed directly into the basin, and a lot of fibrous roots will be produced two or three months after pressing. It is cut in autumn and blossoms the following year. It is appropriate to press the strip in a place with sunny direction and good drainage.

During ramet propagation, the tiller buds at the base of Lingxiao plant were dug out with roots, and then planted separately after being truncated, so that it was easy to survive. Sowing can be picked and sowed or sowed in the following spring.

Sowing and reproduction due to the fruiting of Lingxiao, the seed germination rate is as high as 63%. Therefore, it can be sown and propagated, and it only takes two or three years to grow seedlings because of its rapid growth.

Cultivation and management

The planting time of Lingxiao can be carried out in spring and autumn in the south, and it is suitable to be planted in early spring in the north. After planting, it is necessary to set up a support to make the branches climb on it, apply rotten organic fertilizer as base fertilizer during planting, pour water thoroughly after planting, and water it again every three or five days, usually three or four times in a row. Water should be watered according to soil moisture every spring to keep the soil moist.

Pruning can be carried out before sprouting in winter and spring, the main and side branches can be straightened out, the dense branches, dry and withered branches and overlapping branches can be removed before sprouting, and the overlong branches can be cut short, so that the branches and leaves can be evenly distributed, so that all parts can be ventilated and visible, which is beneficial to more flowering. After germination, a slightly thicker liquid fertilizer was applied and watered in time to promote the growth and development of branches and leaves.

After maintenance and germination, apply a fertilizer rich in phosphorus and potassium, such as rotten chicken and duck manure or compound fertilizer, and pay attention to regular watering, you can grow leaves and flowers. During the growth period, weeding should be carried out to improve soil conditions and reduce nutrient consumption. The rotten barnyard manure was trenched around the rhizosphere after falling leaves every two or three years.

The cold tolerance of Lingxiao is poor at the seedling stage, and it should be slightly protected in winter when cultivated in the courtyard in North China. Most areas of Northeast and Northwest China need to dig vertical ditches before winter, bury the branches and vines in the ditches, cover with fallen leaves and grass curtains to survive the winter.

Pest control

Lingxiao insect pests mainly include aphids, frost moths and so on.

For aphids, combined with pruning, cutting off branches with eggs, spray control during the peak incubation period of overwintering eggs. It can be sprayed with 1.2% bitter tobacco EC 800x to 1000 times, or 6% imidacloprid EC 3000 times to 4000 times, or 5% acetamiprid EC 5000 times to 6000 times, or 2.5% dichlorvos 2500 times to 3000 times, etc. one of them is used for foliar spraying, and pay attention to safety when spraying. Omethoate is also a good medicine to control aphids, but omethoate may cause drug damage to Rosaceae plants such as peach blossom, elm leaf plum, sticking begonia and so on, so we should be very careful when using it in garden plants and try not to use it.

For the frost moth, it is necessary to turn the soil in winter to kill the overwintering pupae; according to the feces and fragments of the ground and leaves, artificially kill the larvae; install an insecticidal lamp to trap and kill adults; when it is serious, it can be sprayed with 25% diflubenzuron 2000 times to 2500 times, 20 meters full of suspension 1500 times to 2000 times, 50% phoxim 2500 times, 2.5% deltamethrin 2000 times to 3000 times and other drugs, the control effect is better.

The main diseases of Lingxiao are black spot, powdery mildew and so on.

The stone sulfur mixture of Baume 3 to 5 degrees can be evenly sprayed in the dormant period to eliminate the source of overwintering disease. Spray protective fungicides before the onset of the disease, such as 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 75% chlorothalonil, 70% mancozeb, etc. The internal inhalation fungicide was sprayed after the disease. The wettable powder is a specific drug for the treatment of powdery mildew, and its residual period can reach 20 to 25 days. After spraying, the powdery powder layer of the affected part becomes dark gray, shrinks and disappears, which is an ideal agent for the prevention and treatment of powdery mildew. Spray 2000 to 3000 times of carbendazim wettable powder, 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder every 7 to 10 days. Spray 2 to 3 times continuously. Different agents should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.

Garden use

Lingxiao summer and autumn flowering, the flowering period is very long, the branches and leaves are dense, the flowers are bright, the flower branches are hanging from high places, the soft stripes are tendril, the growth is exuberant, it is an excellent vine. Its stem node has vital roots, which is often used in the garden to climb scaffolding, flower gate, rockery, wall and so on. It is also an ideal good material for vertical greening and beautification of flowers and trees. If it is configured with other climbing plants that like shade and dampness, it can form a clear layer of good ornamental effect. Therefore, it is a famous ornamental vine in summer with few flowers. Lingxiao can also be potted, planted on the balcony, and a little traction can form a green barrier decorated with flowers. But Lingxiao pollen is poisonous, so attention should be paid to its configuration. At the same time, the stems, leaves and flowers of Lingxiao can be used as medicine.