Key techniques for High quality and High efficiency cultivation of Nai Youmanai in Ningde City

Key techniques for High quality and High efficiency cultivation of Nai Youmanai in Ningde City

Oil (Munai) is a famous and special fruit in Fujian Province, which has a long history of cultivation and is mainly distributed in Gutian, Fu'an and surrounding counties and cities in eastern Fujian. Peach-shaped plum, peach-shaped, fleshy plum-like, single fruit weighs 80-120 g, the largest single fruit can reach 350 g; the pericarp is yellow-green, the flesh is yellow, thick, tender, crisp and juicy; the taste is sweet and the quality is excellent. The kernel is small and semi-detached, and the top of the core is often separated from the pulp to form a fruit cavity, which is one of the main characteristics of the fruit. Rich in nutrition, with heat-clearing, diuretic, lung-moistening, digestion, appetizer, spleen and other health functions, become the outstanding eight Min good fruit, favored by consumers at home and abroad.

Ningde Institute of Agricultural Sciences was supported by the Science and Technology Program of Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology in 2006 and 2008 to carry out the research on the selection of superior plants and cultivation techniques of oil (Manai). Four superior plants of oil were selected in 2008, and a set of high-yield cultivation techniques were summarized. and through the provincial identification, the cultivation area has gradually expanded, and the yield has been increasing. As producers value output, but ignore quality management, leading to the decline of product competitiveness, increase production but not increase income, seriously hurt the enthusiasm of fruit growers. In order to enhance the market competitiveness of products and realize the healthy, stable and sustainable development of oil (Manai) industry, the author visited and analyzed the construction and cultivation technology management of oil (Manai) standard garden in 2013. A set of key matching techniques suitable for high quality and efficient cultivation of oil (Manai) in eastern Fujian were summarized, which overcame the unfavorable factors such as premature senescence, unstable yield and declining quality of oil (Manai) trees. The technical problem of oil production is solved and the planting benefit of oil is greatly improved. The key technologies are introduced as follows.

1 selection of garden site

Oil (Monai) is a light-loving deciduous fruit tree, which is suitable for areas where the average annual temperature is below 19 ℃, the average temperature in January is lower than 9 ℃, the average temperature in March is more than 12 ℃, and the temperature in full flowering stage is above 15 ℃. The construction of the garden should choose the flat land on both sides of the stream with a good ecological environment or the gentle slope with a slope of less than 25 ℃, the southeast or south slope with a higher topography and a sunny leeward; the soil layer is deep, fertile, loose and breathable, and the content of organic matter is high; the land with low groundwater level, good conditions for drainage and irrigation, and land with sufficient light, convenient transportation, no environmental pollution and no serious wind damage is better. It is required that the planting plot should be unplanted, peach, plum, pear and other tree species at an interval of at least 5 years, otherwise it will seriously affect the growth and development, yield and quality of oil (manna) and shorten the economic life of trees.

2 planting techniques

2.1 Seedling selection

The grafted seedlings with hairy peach as rootstock should be selected for oil (Manai) seedlings, and the first-class seedlings with pure varieties, developed roots and complete marriage interface without quarantine diseases and insect pests and strong growth should be better.

2.2 planting period

Oil (Monai) seedlings can be planted from defoliation to sprouting, but autumn planting is better than spring planting. Autumn planting is usually from October to November, when the soil temperature is higher, and the wound can heal and grow quickly after planting, while spring planting because the above-ground activity is earlier than underground, the root injury recovers slowly, thus affecting the growth of the tree in the same year. But autumn planting should pay attention to timely watering and moisturizing, or tree plate covering, so as to avoid withering seedlings caused by drought.

2.3 planting density

The row spacing of plants planted in oil (Monai) flat land is 4 m × 4 m or 4 m × 5 m, and that in mountainous area is 3 m × 3 m or 4 m × 3 m.

2.4 planting methods

Flat land can be rectangular, square or triangular; mountain areas are mainly planted with contours.

2.5 colonization method

Dig planting holes or ditches (0.8 m deep and 0.8 m wide) 1-3 months before planting, and pay attention to separate stacking of topsoil and subsoil when digging. After the planting hole (ditch) is dug, the bottom layer is divided into two layers with straw, weeds, green manure or rice straw and covered with one layer of thin soil for every 10 cm. The middle layer is mixed with mature livestock manure or commercial organic fertilizer for 50 kg per plant plus calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for 2 kg and then backfilled into two layers and one layer of soil. After backfilling, the upper layer of the planting hole was mixed with mature manure or commercial organic fertilizer 2.5 × 5.0 kg+ calcium magnesium phosphate 0.25 × 0.50 kg ∶ topsoil according to 1 ∶ 10 to form a colonized mound 2530 cm higher than the border surface. Cut the injured or moldy roots of the seedlings to be planted properly, soak them with 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 10: 30 min, then dig a small hole in the center of the planting pier, put the seedlings vertically in the hole, so that the seedlings are upright, the roots stretch, the soil is solid, and the soil is watered. In case of sunny and dry weather, water should be replenished in time to keep the soil moist. Planting seedlings in autumn is best covered on the tree plate to reduce water evaporation and overgrowth of weeds, which is beneficial to tree growth.

(3) soil fertilizer and water management

3.1 soil management

3.1.1 increasing the application of organic fertilizer to improve soil in September and October every year, long or curved ditches with a width of 20 cm 30 cm, a depth of 40 cm and a length of 100 cm were alternately dug on both sides of the planting ditch or around the planting hole. The soil improvement materials were put into the bottom of the ditch with straw, straw, weeds and green manure 10-15 cm thick, sprinkled with a small amount of urea or lime to promote rot, and then covered with soil for 5-10 cm. Adding mature livestock manure or commercial organic fertilizer 25 kg and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1 kg in the middle layer, and then adding proper amount of burning soil or peat soil into two layers, it is beneficial to improve the formation of soil aggregate structure and increase the content of organic matter and permeability.

3.1.2 Deep ploughing of mature soil in winter is best to promote soil ripening once a year in winter. It is required that 50 cm around the trunk should be turned over 5 / 10 cm, and the periphery should be turned over 20 / 25 cm. During deep ploughing, some weeds or litter in the garden can be buried, underground pests can be dug out to reduce the harm of underground pests and clean the orchard, reduce the source of overwintering diseases and insect pests, promote soil ripening and improve permeability.

3.1.3 intercropping green manure or growing grass to fertilize the soil, some green manure crops can be intercropped in the oil garden, such as alfalfa, white clover, cassia rotundifolia, thistle, Indian bean, purple manure, etc., and grass mulching in orchards can also be implemented. Grass mulching can be cut by stages according to different grasses. When the growth height of green manure or weeds hinders orchard management, it is generally cut when the height is more than 40 cm, especially when it enters the dry season. This measure can effectively reduce soil temperature, reduce ground evaporation, increase soil organic matter, promote microbial activity and increase the content of available potassium in soil. At the same time, it can conserve soil and water, reduce labor intensity, save cost and achieve the purpose of enriching soil.

3.2 fertilization management

3.2.1 Young trees are fertilized and fertilized when the new shoots grow to 5: 10 cm. Due to the lack of roots and weak absorptive capacity of the newly planted trees, it is required to apply thin fertilizer frequently. In March and July, fertilization is applied twice a month. In early spring, 0.3%-0.5% ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate plus 0.5%-1.0% calcium superphosphate plus 0.1% true root fertilizer solution can be selected. 0.2%-0.5% ammonium phosphate plus 0.1% potassium sulfate aqueous solution can also be used for rotational pouring, preferably combined with organic fertilizer solution, and the concentration can be increased step by step. If the tree grows fast in August and September, when it is required to hang fruit in the second year, it is necessary to properly control nitrogen and increase phosphorus and potassium, fertilize once a month, apply 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 50% 100 g, and irrigate water to preserve soil moisture. In the growing season, 0.3% 0.5% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% trace element fertilizer can also be applied in combination with the spray root, which is beneficial to promote flower bud differentiation. If the tree is still small and does not bear fruit in the second year, it is still dominated by nitrogen fertilizer, which is conducive to promoting vegetative growth.

3.2.2 Fertilizer oil for fruiting trees can blossom and bear fruit in the second year after one year of careful management, but it must be mastered to enlarge the crown, with a small amount of fruit or no fruit. The fertilization in this period should be based mainly on base fertilizer, and in the autumn of each year, combined with hole expansion and soil improvement, the application of organic fertilizer 1 500 kg per mu, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 100 kg, and compound fertilizer 15 kg should be increased by 60% to 70% of the annual fertilizer application. Topdressing can be applied 4 times a year, and applying more nitrogen fertilizer in the first half of the year is beneficial to the rapid expansion of the crown. For 2-year-old 3-year-old trees, 50% diamine phosphate 100 g was applied from late February to early March, urea 50 g plus 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.1% 0.2 kg was applied to promote secondary shoot growth, and nitrogen control and phosphorus and potassium were applied in the second half of the year, which was beneficial to flower bud differentiation. 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.1 / 0.2 kg plus 5 kg biogas liquid or organic liquid fertilizer was applied in early July. 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.15-0.25 kg was applied to the plant in the first ten days of September. At the same time, 0.3%-0.5% urea, 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.1%-0.3% 10-element boron fertilizer are added to the spray root. From late August to September, rich trees combined with postharvest fertilizer were enlarged to improve soil by applying 1 500 kg per mu of organic fertilizer, 100 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer plus 15 kg of urea, 25 kg of 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, accounting for 60% and 70% of the whole year. Topdressing is applied 2 to 3 times a year, that is, the first post-anthesis fertilizer (fruit expansion fertilizer) is applied to the plant during the rapid growth period of young fruit within 10 days after flowering. Diammonium phosphate 0.5 kg + 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.5% 1.0 kg The second topdressing was from late June to early July when the fruit began to expand for the second time. The plant applied 50% potassium sulfate 0.25-0.50 kg plus 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 0.25-0.50 kg plus biogas liquid or organic fertilizer solution 10-20 kg. At the same time, combined with spraying 0.3%-0.5% urea, 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2%-0.3% medium and trace element fertilizer, etc., and the third fruit fertilizer after fruit harvest, usually from late August to early September, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, can also be combined with the application of base fertilizer.

3.3 Water management

Oil (Monai) likes to dry and is afraid of waterlogging, so it is required that the orchard can discharge energy and irrigation, and it is convenient for drainage and irrigation. For example, when clearing the garden in winter, it is necessary to ensure that the drainage ditch is unobstructed, and the drainage ditch should be cleared in time in the first half of the year, especially in the flowering period and the rainy season in April and May, so that the rain stops and the water is dry. When the season of high temperature and summer drought enters in late June, it is necessary to irrigate in time to reduce temperature and preserve soil moisture, and the fruit ripening and picking period should adapt to water control to prevent fruit cracking and improve fruit quality. After fruit picking and fertilization, a small amount of water should be irrigated to promote the tree growth, and water should be controlled after 9 months. Keeping the soil properly dry is beneficial to flower bud differentiation.

4 tree management

4.1 Young tree shaping

The growth potential of oil (Manai) is strong, the growth of new shoots is more upright, and the ability of new shoots is strong, so the plastic management of the growing season in the same year is very important, the plastic management is in place, and the skeleton shape of the plant is basically formed in the same year, which can enter the fruiting period earlier. Most of the plastic surgery is based on the natural happy shape of the 3 main branches. When the spring shoot begins to shoot, wipe out all the new buds below 30 cm of the trunk. When the shoot length of more than 30 cm is about 10 cm, three new shoots with different directions and more prosperous and uniform growth are selected as the main branches. The distance between the main branches is more than 10 cm, and the opening angles of the main branches are 75 degrees, 60 degrees and 45 degrees respectively. Those that can not meet the requirements can be achieved by artificial pull and support, and the rest of the new shoots can be erased in time. There are 2 or 3 side branches on the main branches, and the direction of the first side branches on the 3 main branches should be the same. When the length of the three main branches is about 40 cm, pick the heart at 30 cm in time to promote the secondary shoot to sprout, leave the top new shoot as the main branch on the secondary shoot, leave one of the oblique secondary shoots on both sides in the same direction as the secondary shoot on the other main branches as the first side branch culture, and the other secondary shoots are coring or twisting to remove the erect branch and the main shoot competitive branch. When the apical elongation branch grows to 50 cm, the secondary secondary shoot is promoted by coring again at 40 cm. When the secondary secondary shoot is more than 10 cm, the apical new shoot is selected as the main branch for elongation culture, but attention should be paid to the adjustment of opening angle and direction, and the selection and retention of cutting bud position, pulling and brace can be used. The culture of the second lateral branch is the same as the first lateral branch, but in the opposite direction. The other secondary secondary shoots should also be coring, twisting or removing dense extruded branches and erect branches in time. When the first and second lateral branches grew to 40 cm, the hearts were removed at 30 cm to promote new shoots, and the fruiting branches or fruiting branches were cultured. When the elongated shoot of the main branch grew more than 40 cm, it continued to pick the core at 40 cm to promote the growth of new shoots and cultured into fruiting shoots. After one year of timely summer pruning and nursing, the plant has three main branches, each main branch is equipped with the first side branch and the second side branch, the first side branch and the main branch extension branch have a certain amount of fruit branch or fruit branch group, the plant skeleton shape is basically formed. Winter shears only need to cut and put the strong vegetative branches properly, cut the weak branches short, delete the erect branches, closed branches and competitive branches, retain the developing branches and fruiting branches as far as possible, and maintain the happy structure.

4.2 pruning of primary fruit trees

The pruning in the first fruit stage in the second year should be mainly to expand the crown, continue to configure the third side branches, and focus on the cultivation of fruit branches and fruit branches. In the growing season, the methods of sprouting, coring, pulling, twisting, shortening and thinning are mainly used to control the growth of erect and prosperous branches, to remove the long branches, and to adjust the distribution and growth angle of branches. In May and June, the top growing strong branches and erect branches were cut short, branches were promoted and cultivated into fruiting branches or fruiting branches, so as to promote the rapid formation of high-yield tree crown. After July, strong and strong branches and upright branches should not be cut short, but should be plucked or lightly cut. Winter pruning mainly removes erect branches and competitive branches or pulls and presses branches to increase branch angle, thinning disease and insect branches, thin and weak branches and dense squeezed branches. The branches with suitable growth and angle were selected as elongated branches, and the backbone elongated branches were truncated or changed to promote the growth of new shoots, and the fruiting branches or fruiting branches were cultured.

4.3 pruning of fruit trees

Pruning should be strengthened during the growing period of fruit trees, and the elongated branches of all kinds of branches should be properly shortened before the middle of June to promote branches, cultivate good fruiting branches or fruiting branches, thinning the erect branches, overgrown branches, overlapping branches and competitive branches on the extended branches, and the backbone branches drooping back to the oblique branches to restore the tree potential, while keeping the crown ventilated and transparent. During winter pruning, the elongated branches were cut at 30-40 cm, and the weak fruiting branches were renewed at 10-15 cm. The fruiting shoots were cultured, and the fruiting branches were cultured alternately. Thinning the overgrown branches, over-dense branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, the competitive branches of the backbone extension branches and the over-dense bouquet-like fruit branches and thin and weak short fruit branches on the fruiting basal branches, so as to promote the ventilation and light transmission of the crown. For the fruit trees with more fruiting branches in the periphery of the crown and in the middle and upper part, the winter shearing should cut part of the fruiting branches to the base, leaving only 2-3 buds at the base to promote the growth of vegetative shoots. It is generally required to "3 cut 1, 5 cut 2", maintain the relative balance between vegetative and reproductive growth, reduce fruit thinning, improve fruit quality, and help to overcome the annual fruit.

4.4 Regeneration and pruning of aging trees

When the tree is more than 15 years old, the backbone branches are weak, the growth of extended branches is less than 30 cm, the number of slender branches increases, a large number of small and medium fruiting branches die, the trees with different degrees of baldness in the crown and the crown height more than 3 m are retracted, renewed and pruned, and the trunk branches are retracted and retracted to restore the tree potential. The retraction pruning of the backbone branches should be carried out year by year, and attention should be paid to maintaining the subordinate relationship of the main and lateral branches in the culture of the regenerated branches. The weak backbone branches can be replaced by large branches with appropriate position, aggravate the shearing and renewal of the branch group, leave more reserve branches and remove the thin and weak branches.

5 Flower and fruit management

5.1 Flowers and fruits

Although oil (Manai) is a self-flowering and fruiting variety, cross-pollination can improve the seed-setting rate.

The main results are as follows: (1) releasing bees in the garden can increase the cross-pollination rate and seed setting rate.

(2) strengthening tree management, improving tree resistance and improving the quality of flower organs are beneficial to pollination and fruit setting.

(3) if low temperature and overcast rain occurs during flowering, 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.1% Zhixin high boron can be sprayed before flowering; 20 mg/kg gibberellin + 0.1% Zhixin high boron mixture is sprayed at full flowering stage; 0.2% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.1% Zhixin high calcium is sprayed at the young fruit stage.

(4) girdling of main branches: the oil growth potential is relatively strong. The girdling width of 0.3-0.5 cm can effectively improve the seed setting rate of prosperous trees 1-2 weeks before flowering (about the first ten days of March).

5.2 thinning fruit to protect fruit

5.2.1 Fruit thinning is to better protect fruit. Fruit thinning is generally carried out after the second physiological drop of fruit in the young fruit stage (about the first ten days of May). Deformed fruit, disease and insect pests, small fruit, overdense fruit and outer fruit of crown are removed first, one fruit is left in bouquet branches and short fruit branches, fruit spacing is 10 cm, 1 fruit is left between medium and long fruit branches, and the leaf-fruit ratio is 35 ∶ 1. Generally, the yield of rich fruit trees is controlled at 1 500 kg per mu.

5.2.2 Fruit protection is mainly achieved through timely prevention and control of diseases and insect pests combined with foliar supplementation of 0.2% 0.3% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% Zhixin high calcium and so on. Foliar fertilizer is generally carried out in the young fruit stage and the fruit color conversion period.

5.2.3 Fruit management and picking can overcome the large and small annual fruit in oil production and effectively improve the product quality by controlling the yield of oil trees. When the fruit enters the ripening and picking period, attention should be paid to water control and waterproofing to ensure that there is no stagnant water in the garden. In case of high temperature and drought, appropriate amount of irrigation should be carried out in the morning and evening to preserve soil moisture. The fruit should be picked and put lightly, keep the fruit powder as far as possible, and get rid of the damaged fruit. And carry on the grading packing.

6 Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

6.1 Oil (Manai) main diseases and insect pests and their control include red spot disease, perforation disease, anthrax, brown rust, white mildew, gum disease, aphids, pear heart borer, leafhopper, leaf beetle, mulberry scale and so on. Prevention and control should be based on comprehensive control measures, one is to strictly implement the plant quarantine system to put an end to the occurrence and spread of pear heart borer and root nodule disease, and the other is to strengthen agricultural control measures, the most important is to strengthen cultivation management and enhance tree potential. Improve tree resistance and create a good orchard ecological environment at the same time Third, timely prevention and control work should be done during the critical period, such as cutting off diseased branches and leaves in winter, cleaning the orchard and keeping the garden ventilated and transparent.

6.2 critical period and medication techniques

First, spray 30% turpentine sodium water emulsion 20 times 30 times after winter pruning, spray 5 Baume stone sulfur mixture + 0.3% pentachlorophenol sodium during bud germination, kill overwintering diseases and insect pests; second, spray broad-spectrum protective agents such as 80% mancozeb wettable powder 600 times + 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000 times before flowering to prevent various real, bacterial diseases and aphids. The third is to spray 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1000 times + 72% agricultural streptomycin 2000 times + 20% fenvalerate EC 3000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin EC 2000 times in the young fruit stage after flowering to prevent bacteria, fungal diseases and leaf-eating and fruit borer pests. Fourth, spray 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder 1000 times + 50% fenitrothion 1000 times in the hard core stage. In the event of the occurrence of specific diseases and insect pests, such as bacterial perforation, 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000 times, 3% Zhongshengxin wettable powder 1000 times or zinc sulfate lime solution (0.25 parts of zinc sulfate, 1 part of lime, 60 parts of water) Anthracnose and brown rot can be treated with 80% anthrax 800 times, 25% prochloraz EC 2000 times, 25% bromofenapril wettable powder 1000 times, red spot disease 50% prohydantoin 1 000 times, 20% triadimefon EC 1 500 times, brown rust 1 500 times, 25% triadimefon wettable powder 1 500 times 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder and 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder can be used for mildew disease, while rheumatosis can be smeared with mixed mud of 10 Bomedulite sulfur mixture, 4% Chunleisu 5-fold solution, carbendazim ∶ ∶ yellow mud = 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 50. Aphids, pear heart borer, etc., can use 1.8% avermectin EC 3000 times, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000 times, pyrethroids 1000 times; shell insects can choose 40.7% Lesben EC, 30% turpentine sodium water emulsion 500 times 800 times, 20% Guofengling compound wettable powder 1000 times A little leafhopper can use 2000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder and 600 times of 25% chlorpromazine wettable powder. The medicine should be used in rotation to ensure that the drug is effective and safe.