Cultivation techniques of watermelon hanging vine in solar greenhouse

The cultivation season is in the early spring. The seedlings were sowed and raised in the middle and last ten days of February, the seedling age was 35 to 40 days, the seedlings were raised by heating, planted in the greenhouse in the first and middle of April, and listed in early June. The cultivation is postponed in autumn. The seeds were sown in late July and the seedling age was about 20 days. Cover greenhouse film in early September, cover thermal insulation grass curtain in late September, and appear on the market around October. Cultivated in winter and spring. After sowing in early October, New Year's Day began to harvest melons and finished them after the Spring Festival. For the selection and treatment of excellent varieties, mid-precocious varieties with low temperature tolerance, weak light tolerance and good melon bearing ability are selected as scions, such as Texiaofeng, scenery, Xiaolongnu, Xiaobawang and so on. Rootstocks can use vegetable gourd, bottle gourd, or black-seeded pumpkin. First, soak the seeds in warm water. The method is as follows: soak the seeds in 50 ℃ warm water, pour them in, stir them continuously until the water temperature is 30 ℃, soak them for 24 hours, remove them and put them under the condition of 30 ℃ to accelerate germination, then sow the seeds in white. Nutritious soil is best composed of high-quality garden soil and fully mature fine dung dry soil that has not been planted with watermelons for more than 10 years, each accounting for 50%, plus a small amount of pressed diammonium phosphate, if the garden soil is clayey loam, slag ash accounting for about 1x3 of the total should also be added. The nursery bed with thick 10cm was made with the prepared nutritious soil. Key points of grafting techniques grafting seedlings of watermelon in solar greenhouse, vegetable gourd and bottle gourd are generally selected as rootstocks. When grafting, it is better to take advantage of the warm and windless weather. 1-2 hours before grafting, rootstocks and scions were fully watered, and bamboo sticks, blades, grafting clips, nutrition bowls and so on were prepared. The nutrition bowl has a diameter of 8cm, high 10cm and contains 9cm nutrient soil. The grafting method adopts the method of relying on and inserting. Sowing time by grafting method: when sowing, watermelon should be sown 5-7 days earlier than rootstock (vegetable gourd, bottle gourd). Rootstocks (vegetable gourd, bottle gourd) and watermelon seeds are soaked in warm water to promote sprouting, respectively sowed on the seedling bed, the bed soil should be loose, the plant spacing should be larger, in order to prevent injury when raising seedlings. The suitable grafting time is 10-12 days after watermelon sowing, and it is suitable for the first true leaf to unfold. Rootstocks are usually grafted 3-5 days after sowing, when the two cotyledons are unfolded. Grafting method: first, rootstocks and watermelon seedlings are raised from the seedling bed, with as little root damage as possible, using bamboo sticks or blades sterilized by alcohol, the growing point and true leaves of the rootstock are dug out, and the upper part of the Hypocotyl is at an angle of 30 °from the cotyledons to the cotyledons. Cut a 3-blade-5 oblique upward incision with a depth of about stem diameter, so that the watermelon leaves are on the top and the rootstock leaves are on the bottom, and it is best to cross 4 leaves into a cross shape. Fix it with a grafting clip and immediately plant it in a nutrition bowl and place it in the seedling bed. When planting, we should separate the roots of the two seedlings and make the watermelon roots in one direction so that the watermelons can be cut off later; they are cultivated according to the row spacing of 10cm × 70cm plants. After planting, timely watering and inserting bamboo arch to cover the film, raise the temperature and moisturize, and promote wound healing. In the method of insertion, rootstocks are required to sow 2-3 days earlier or sow at the same time. Generally speaking, 7-8 days after sowing, the first true leaf of the rootstock is unfolded and the two cotyledons of watermelon are unfolded. When grafting, the growth point, axillary buds and true leaves of the rootstock are removed with sterilized bamboo sticks, and 0.5~0.8cm is punctured downward from the base of one side of the leaves with bamboo sticks, so as not to pierce the outer skin of the embryo stem. Then the watermelon seedlings were taken out of the seedling bed, cut down into a slope from the lower part of the cotyledons about 1~1.5cm with a blade, and then inserted into the rootstock and fixed with grafting clamps, and then planted into the seedling bed. Management of grafted watermelon seedlings the environmental management of grafted watermelon seedlings is directly related to the survival rate, so it is necessary to create suitable environmental conditions. To accelerate the healing of the interface and the growth of seedlings, it is mainly to master the appropriate temperature, humidity, light and ventilation conditions. Temperature management the suitable temperature for grafting healing is about 28 ℃. The seedlings should be planted in a small arch grid immediately after grafting. After the grafted seedlings are full, the film should be pressed around in time to keep warm and moisturized. The temperature of seedling bed is generally grafted within 1 ~ 3 days, 23: 30 ℃ in daytime, 24: 28 ℃ in ground temperature, and 18: 20 ℃ at night. After 6 days, ventilation was started and the temperature was reduced to 22: 28 ℃ during the day, 15: 18 ℃ at night, 20: 25 ℃ at night, 23: 25 ℃ during the day, 10: 12 ℃ at night, and 15: 18 ℃ at night. Humidity management appropriate humidity should be maintained in the seedling bed after grafting to prevent the scion from withering and affecting the survival rate. However, 3-5 days after grafting, the humidity in the arch shed should not be too high and should be controlled at 85%-95% to prevent rotten seedlings. In the initial stage of light management, in order to prevent the temperature in the seedling bed from being too high and maintain the humidity of the seedling bed, the small arch shed should be covered with sparse grass and sunshade net to protect the seedlings from withering caused by direct sunlight. Insert seedbed should pay more attention to sunshade and sunscreen, when the temperature is low, should see more light, promote wound healing, generally 2-3 days after grafting, can be removed in the morning and evening to accept scattered light, shading should be covered before noon. After 7 days, the light will no longer be shaded. Ventilation management 3-5 days after grafting, the grafted seedlings should be ventilated at the beginning of growth, the initial ventilation should be small, gradually increase the ventilation, 8-10 days later, large ventilation, cooling, seedling refining. However, attention should be paid to the growth of seedlings. If wilting is found in seedlings, ventilation should be stopped, sun shading and water spraying should be stopped. After the grafted seedlings survive, the roots of watermelons should be cut off in time after 15 days. Generally, the grafted seedlings can be planted when they have 4 leaves and 1 heart. After planting, the grafting clip can be removed during normal growth. Cultivation management and colonization applied high quality organic fertilizer 5000kg, cake fertilizer 50kg, diammonium phosphate 50kg per 667m2. Hanging vine or erect frame cultivation, plant row distance 40cm × (90cm 100) cm,667 square meter 16001800 plants. After temperature management, squatting seedlings were mainly used before melon bearing, keeping 23: 27 ℃ in daytime and 13: 15 ℃ at night, and hanging rope after vine extension. The weather gradually turns cold after the middle of November. We should pay great attention to the heat preservation, keeping 25: 30 ℃ during the day and 14: 17 ℃ at night. Fertilizer and water management from planting to flowering is the period of promoting seedling, so it is necessary to apply quick-acting chemical fertilizer properly to promote the moderate growth of stems and leaves. Especially after grouping, it is necessary to decide whether to topdressing and the amount of topdressing according to the leaf color of the plant, so that the plant can develop to a suitable leaf area as soon as possible. Grafted seedlings have well-developed roots and strong absorptive capacity, so they should apply less available nitrogen fertilizer than self-rooted seedlings, so as to prevent the growth of stems and leaves and delay flowering and fruiting. After setting melon, the root growth of grafted seedlings slowed down, and the difference between grafted seedlings and self-rooted seedlings became smaller and smaller. As the fruit expands, it needs more and more water and nutrients, so it is necessary to make a heavy topdressing. Topdressing is generally mastered 4-6 days after pollination and fertilization of female flowers, when the young melons grow to the size of eggs, the hairs on the surface gradually fall off, and the melon surface shows obvious luster. At this time, it shows that the watermelon has been sitting down, and the fruit drop will not happen again. Depilation also showed that watermelon began to enter the period of rapid fruit expansion. At this time to rush into the chemical fertilizer with water, 667 square meters with compound fertilizer 20~30kg. In the later stage, the method of extra-root topdressing was mostly used, and the mixture of 0.3% urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate could be sprayed on the leaf, and the special growth regulator and pest control agents for watermelon could be added at the same time. On the basis of planting hole watering, flood water should be watered once along the ditch after slowing down the seedling, and then pay attention to hoing and paddling to preserve soil moisture. In the rosette stage, combined with topdressing, appropriate amount of water should be watered in the ditch of the cultivated border to promote the fast growth of the plant. If the plant grows vigorously and is not short of water, it can not be irrigated, but the lack of water can be judged not only by the soil surface (moist surface is often just an illusion), but by the appearance and growth of the plant. During the fruit expansion period, the water requirement increases, and it is generally necessary to irrigate the fruit for 2 or 3 times. As a result, watering was stopped in the later stage to prevent the accumulation of less sugar and affect the quality of watermelon. The plant adjusts the pruning of three vines and retains the main vine and 2 daughter vines. Hang the vine with nylon thread. Because Shouguang solar greenhouse is equipped with three east-west tension steel wires (No. 24 or No. 26 steel wire) specially for hanging vines, on the east-west tension hanger steel wire, according to the row spacing of the north-south watermelon line on the shed, set up the anterograde hanger wire (usually No. 14 wire); on the anterograde hanger wire, hang the nylon rope hanging to the ground according to the plant spacing in this line. The lower end of the rope is fastened to the short bamboo pole deeply inserted between the plants, and the height of the short bamboo rod on the ground is 20~30cm. When manually leading the vine to the hanger, gently loosen the watermelon vine on the hanger rope. The main advantage of the hanging vine is that the row spacing of the hanger stem can be adjusted by moving the distance between the hanger wire tied to the east-west tension hanger steel wire, and the hanger stem distance can also be adjusted by moving the hanger rope adjacent to the hanger wire, so that the stem and leaf distribution can be evenly distributed, the space can be fully utilized and the light transmission condition between rows and plants can be improved. Protected cultivation must be artificially pollinated and marked after pollination. When leaving fruit, the first female flower on the main vine can be removed, and the rest can be left with 2 or 3 fruits per plant. The fruiting stem leaves 10 or 12 leaves in front of the young fruit to top. After the melon expands to 2kg or so, use a grass ring or net bag to lift the melon. The management of disastrous weather is the continuous overcast rain, low temperature, strong wind and heavy snow that cause harm to the production of warm winter greenhouse under the external environmental conditions. Rainy, snowy and windy weather affected the normal growth of watermelons in the greenhouse during the overwintering. The harm of disastrous weather is mainly caused by freezing injury and "light starvation" caused by weak light. After the occurrence of disastrous weather, active protective measures should be taken according to the situation to prevent undue losses in the shed. Protective measures against low temperature and freezing injury. When continuous cloudy days, first of all to strengthen heat preservation, cover grass or rain insulation film, to reduce the consumption of temperature in the shed. When the temperature in the shed drops below 8 ℃, temporary heating should be considered. There are many ways to heat up, including coal stove with exhaust chimney, charcoal brazier or electric hot line. Pay attention to safety when heating, first of all to prevent gas (carbon monoxide) poisoning. When heating with coal stove or charcoal brazier, we should pay attention to the concentration of harmful gas and discharge it in time. Some people mistakenly believe that the use of charcoal combustion does not produce gas and does not take any protective measures when heating the shed, resulting in the poisoning of operators. During electric heating, it is necessary to prevent casualties caused by wrong connection and disconnection. Management measures for lack of light: in cloudy, rainy and snowy days, not only for heat preservation, but also for grass cover for 4-5 days, which is extremely disadvantageous to watermelons and will starve to death because of light. It should be exposed in cloudy days, and in rainy and snowy weather, it can be exposed one by one, so that it is more advantageous to enter a small amount of scattered light. if there are conditions, you can hang light bulbs in the shed to make up light, which has a certain effect. After the cloudy and snowy weather has suddenly cleared for more than 4 or 5 consecutive days, do not uncover and uncover the grass early to prevent the sudden rise of temperature and light, resulting in the death of "flash seedlings". It is necessary to uncover the "flowers" and spray warm water to prevent the death of flashing seedlings. That is to say, it is appropriate to postpone the time for uncovering the grass to receive light, and one grass should be opened at intervals of one or two, so that the upper segment of the cultivation bed area in the greenhouse will be exposed to light and shade. When the sun-exposed watermelon plants wilt, spray about 15 ℃ of warm water immediately, and cover the uncovered grass again, while uncover the grass that is still covered. In this way, one day of operation and management, the next day can be managed according to the conventional management to uncover the grass, so that there will be no wilting and flashing seedlings. This technology Shouguang vegetable farmers call it "continuous cloudy days, uncover flowers, spray warm water, prevent flashing seedlings." The main pest control diseases and insect pests are: seedling disease blight, quenching disease; growing period is mainly virus disease, vine blight and anthrax; insect pests are mainly aphids. In order to take chemical control, we should pay more attention to prevention than control. For the control of blight and quenching disease, 72.2% Purek water agent can be used to control the disease, 20% virus A powder can be used to control the virus disease, 8000 times of DuPont Foxing EC can be used to control the vine blight, 60% anthrax can be used to control anthracnose, and 2000 times of 20% anthracnose can be used to control aphids. The melon can be picked and put on the market 45-50 days after harvest.