Key points of fertilization techniques for high-quality planting of banana

(1) according to foreign research, banana needs 150.5 grams of nitrogen, 40.7grams of phosphorus and 561grams of potassium per plant. But the plant can only absorb part of the fertilizer, of which nitrogen accounts for 50% of the amount of fertilizer applied, potassium accounts for 50% of the amount of fertilizer applied, and phosphorus accounts for only 20% to 30% of the amount of fertilizer applied, that is to say, 50% of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers applied are lost or fixed by the soil. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer application should include the total amount of absorption and loss or fixation of the plant. In order to determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer applied to the garden, we must also consider the local climatic conditions. The soil structure and fertility of the garden, as well as the status of water supply, production objectives (i.e. yield per unit area, single or multiple plantain cultivation, new or persistent roots), planting density, variety type, management level and so on. For example, Hainan Province should apply less fertilizer than Guangxi, those with lack of potassium in the soil should apply more potassium fertilizer, the level of fertilization with high yield and high quality must be higher than that of general production, and the application of deep burrowing should be less than that of spreading, and so on. In the banana garden in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. If the yield is to reach 30000-45000 kg per hectare (2000-3000 kg per mu), it is required to apply 518-823 grams of nitrogen, 186-297 grams of phosphorus and 750-1185 grams of potassium per plant a year. In order to make fertilization scientific and reasonable, that is, not only to meet the needs of banana growth and development and production objectives, but also not to waste fertilizer, it is best to carry out banana leaf nutrition analysis and soil nutrient analysis, and guide fertilization according to the analysis results. according to its lack of quantity, reasonably supplement the insufficient part. (2) the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in banana fertilizer will affect the absorption, growth and development of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in banana. Based on the experience of banana formula fertilization in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan in recent years, the author thinks that in order to obtain good fertilization effect, the proportion range of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be 1.1mm 2.0 to determine the reasonable proportion of banana nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The following two points should also be achieved: ① must vary according to the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the garden soil, especially the content of potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The soil rich in potassium (exchangeable potassium more than 0.06%) should be 1V 0.3V 0.5, those rich in K (0.025% ·0.059%) should be 1V 0.3V 1, and those with medium K content (0.015% ·0.0249%) should be 1V 0.3V 1.1V 1.3. Those with low potassium content (0.0075% exchangeable potassium 0.0149%) should be 1.4mm 1.7, and those with low potassium content (only 0.0075% exchangeable potassium) should be 1.8mm 2.0, and those with low potassium content (0.0075% exchangeable potassium) should be 1.4mm 1.7. ② must be determined according to different growth and development periods of bananas. According to the results of the analysis in Guinea, Africa, the ratio of nitrogen to potassium is 1.351.6 in the early stage of flower bud differentiation and 1.51.7 in the later stage of flower bud differentiation, which is harmful to the growth and development of banana. (3) during the important fertilization period, the nutrient demand of banana generally increased with the increase of leaf stage. The growth and development of banana at 18-40 leaf stage plays a decisive role in the yield and quality of banana, so this period is an important fertilizer application period for banana. This period can be divided into two periods: the middle and later stage of vegetative growth and the period of flower bud differentiation, and most of the fertilizers should be concentrated in these two periods. In the middle and later stage of vegetative growth of ① (18-29 leaf stage), that is, 3-5 months after spring planting, 5-9 months after planting in summer and autumn, and 5-9 months after shoot setting. From the leaf shape, this period is from just drawing the middle leaf (at this time, most of the new leaves are curved like a tiger's tail) to entering the big leaf. This period is in the peak period of vegetative growth, and the demand for nutrients is very strong, and the response is the most sensitive. the growth and development of banana plants is determined by the abundance and lack of fertilizer supply. if heavy fertilizer is applied at this time, banana plants with large stems and thick leaves can grow and assimilate efficiently, accumulate a large amount of organic matter, and lay a good material foundation for flower bud differentiation in the next stage. ② flower bud differentiation period (30-40 leaf stage), that is, 5-7 months after spring planting, 9-11 months after planting in summer and autumn, and 9-11 months after bamboo shoots. In terms of leaf shape, from 1-2 large leaves to short round sunflower fan leaves, the leaf distance changes from the thinnest to dense, and the leaf drawing speed slows down; from the stem, the pseudostem develops to the thickest, and the corm (banana head) begins to expose to the ground, showing a jar shape. From the point of view of bud absorption, it has entered the peak period of bud absorption. This period is in the process of flower bud differentiation of reproductive growth, and a large amount of nutrients are needed for the growth and development of young ears in order to form ears with large ears and long fruit. According to foreign research, when vegetative growth enters flower bud differentiation, the nitrogen content of leaves decreases suddenly, because a large amount of nitrogen is urgently needed to supply flower bud differentiation, and when the nitrogen absorbed by roots from soil can not meet the needs, nitrogen has to be transferred from leaves, stems and other tissues and organs. At this time, the application of heavy fertilizer can promote leaf assimilation to the maximum extent and produce more organic matter for the formation, growth and development of young panicles. (4) Banana fertilization times banana has the characteristics of annual growth, rapid growth and large growth, while the climate in China is characterized by high temperature and rainy weather in the best season of banana growth, which is easy to leak and volatilize after fertilizer application. Banana fertilization must carry out the principle of frequent application and re-application in key periods. In recent years, the number of banana fertilization in China is generally more than that in the past, ranging from 5 to 9 times a year to 10 times to 20 times a year. How many times a year is appropriate? some people have done experiments on banana fertilization times. The first component was applied 13 times, the second component 8 times, and the total amount of fertilizer applied was the same. Results: the stem of the first group was 15 cm higher and 2.7 cm thicker than that of the second group; the first group had all the buds before the middle of August, and the second group 9 had finished smoking in the first ten days; the yield of the first group was 10% higher than that of the second group. The application of fertilizer for many times can reduce the loss, improve the utilization rate and give full play to the fertilizer effect. For the banana plantation in sandy soil, the effect of multiple application of fertilizer is more obvious. According to the above situation, we think that the suitable times of banana fertilization is 12-15 times in a year, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 7 times of thin fertilizer. (5) Banana fertilizer types and fertilization methods ① fertilizer types. The fertilizers used in bananas can be divided into two categories: organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is organic matter fertilizer, including manure and urine of human and livestock, poultry, animal waste, crop stems, leaves and dregs, plant ash, green manure and other organic matter of animals and plants, as well as river mud, pond mud, floating mud and other alluvium, which contains more comprehensive nutritional elements. The application of organic fertilizer can improve the physical properties of soil, improve the drainage and aeration performance of soil, and increase soil humus and nutrient elements after soil microbial decomposition. Organic fertilizer is generally used as newly planted banana base fertilizer or early spring fertilizer or over-cold fertilizer, while easily decomposed bran cake fertilizer can be used as flower bud fertilizer or strong seedling fertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer. Most inorganic fertilizers are chemical fertilizers with high element content, can be dissolved in water or weak acid, and are easy to be absorbed and utilized by bananas. the fertilizer efficiency is high and fast, and the use is also very convenient. However, the improper use of some inorganic fertilizers will cause soil hardening or excessive acid or alkali, which can be overcome by the combined application of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. The commonly used inorganic fertilizers for bananas are urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, etc., phosphate fertilizers include calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, defluorinated phosphate fertilizer and phosphate rock powder, and potassium fertilizer include potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and so on. Compound fertilizers generally contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is generally 15:15:15. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of banana BB fertilizer produced by Guangzhou Huangpu Canadian foreign-funded factory is 1.33. ② fertilization method. There are two kinds of banana fertilization, namely rhizosphere fertilization and extra-root topdressing. Fertilizing mainly in the rhizosphere, supplemented by topdressing outside the root. Rhizosphere fertilization can be divided into liquid application and dry application, while dry application can be divided into spreading application, hole application and furrow application. Liquid application. After liquid application, the fertilizer is dissolved and diluted with water, and those that are easy to dissolve are immediately used. For organic fertilizer bran cakes, human and livestock and poultry, it is necessary to use water or human and animal urine to rot and mature, and thin soil should be covered immediately after dissolving into paste. The advantage of liquid application is that fertilizer is easy to contact the root system, easy to be absorbed without harming the root, and it also plays the role of irrigation in case of drought. Sasha. To spread fertilizer is to spread fertilizer on the border, usually after the rainy season and when the soil is still moist. Dry soil should not be sprinkled in sunny and dry days. If spreading in sunny and dry days, the border must be drenched (irrigated) first. Sprinkle it evenly, and you'd better drench it once. The advantage of spreading is to save labor, expand the absorption surface, and quickly see the effect of fertilizer, but improper application is easy to hurt roots and waste, especially when banana roots are easy to expose soil from May to July, we must control the dependence of fertilizer. Acupoint application. The hole application is to dig a hole 30cm and 100cm away from the banana plant, with a depth of 15cm and 23cm (depending on the amount of fertilizer). Put fertilizer into the hole and cover it with soil. In case of drought, it is necessary to get wet enough to facilitate the decomposition and melting of fertilizers. The advantage of hole application is to prevent fertilizer loss, less fertilizer injury, but narrow absorption surface, slow fertilizer effect and more gardeners. It is generally used for spring fertilizer and excessive cold fertilizer. Goushi. Ditch application is 30 cm 100 cm away from the banana plant 1 to 2 arc-shaped trenches, 15 cm wide, 35 cm 50 cm long, 8 cm deep, fertilizer will be evenly applied in the ditch, and then covered with soil. In addition to preventing fertilizer loss and fertilizer injury, furrow application has wider absorption surface and faster fertilizer effect than hole application, but it is also more effective than gardener. It is generally used for spring fertilizer, autumn fertilizer and cold fertilizer, but it is not suitable to be used from May to July, when the fine roots of banana plants are all over the garden and exposed to the ground, and ditching is easy to hurt fine roots. Topdressing outside the root of a banana is spraying low-dependent liquid fertilizer on the leaf or fruit surface. The advantage of extra-root topdressing is that fertilizer is easy to be directly covered by leaves or fruits. Rapid absorption can replenish nutrients in time to meet the nutrient needs of banana growth and development, especially from flower bud differentiation to young fruit development, which can be replenished by extra-root topdressing in time. It plays an important role in improving banana yield and quality. On the other hand, when foliar and fruit fertilizer is sprayed, the fertilizer absorption rate can be as high as 90%, which is significantly higher than that of rhizosphere fertilization. However, extra-root topdressing also has some shortcomings, mainly because the amount of fertilizer applied each time is small, it needs to be applied many times, and there are more gardeners. Which kind of fertilizer should be used for extra-root topdressing depends on the content of soil nutrient elements, the status of plant deficiency and different growth stages of bananas, generally using urea (excluding biuret) and ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium is 15:15:15). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, foliar fertilizer (such as Yemanbao, etc.) and various trace fertilizers (zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, ferrous sulfate, borax, neutral copper sulfate, etc.). The concentration should also be determined according to the types of fertilizers and the growth period of bananas, such as urea and ternary compound fertilizers at the young stage (7-12 leaf stage), urea and ternary compound fertilizers from 22 leaves to 40% fleshy degree of fruit, 50 × 100 times for urea and ternary compound fertilizers, 250 times for potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 800 times for Lvwang, 2000 times for magnesium sulfate, and 3000 million times for other trace fertilizers (zinc sulfate, etc.). The foliar fertilizer containing auxin, such as Yemanbao, is 8000mm 10000 times liquid. Extra-root topdressing should also be paid attention to: use a sprayer with good spray performance, the fog point is fine and uniform; it is best to add 0.5% developer (such as neutral detergent); the best spraying time is after 4 o'clock in the afternoon. After years of production practice, it has been proved that the effect of banana rhizosphere fertilization combined with extra-rhizosphere topdressing is better than that of single rhizosphere fertilizer. it can increase yield and improve fruit quality, especially for pericarp color, fruit endoplasm and storage resistance. at the same time, it can save fertilizer and reduce the cost of banana production. (6) the cultivation time of banana is different in different cultivation, the target requirement is different, and the time and times of fertilization are also different. New plantains were planted in ①. The fertilization of newly planted banana varies from spring planting to summer and autumn planting, and there is also a difference in whether banana seedlings are sucking bud seedlings or tissue culture seedlings. The initial fertilization of tissue culture seedlings has been mentioned above, and the post-planting fertilization here is mainly sucking bud seedlings. Liquid fertilizer was used in the initial stage of fertilization. Chun-sik. About 20 days after planting bananas in spring. The seedlings began to apply dilute fecal water or bran water or urea solution every 10 to 20 days for a total of 3 times when they produced 1 or 2 new leaves. The fertilizer at the end of spring was applied again in May to promote the growth of banana seedlings and cultivate strong seedlings. The total number of new leaves of banana plants from July to August has entered the flower bud differentiation stage. Therefore, heavy fertilizer was applied twice from July to September to promote flower bud differentiation and young ear formation, and three times of thin fertilizer was applied between the two heavy fertilizers (during this period, it not only promoted flower ear growth, but also promoted banana sprouting), 85% of the fertilizer had been applied in the whole year before September. The strong fruit fertilizer was applied twice in October and the cold heavy fertilizer was applied once in November, which laid a good foundation for strong fruit and banana plants overwintering. In the 10 months of the whole year, there were 12 to 15 times of fertilization, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 7 times of thin fertilizer. Xia Qiusik. From the first year of planting to the beginning of winter, thin fertilizer was applied for 3 times to cultivate strong seedlings, and once cold and heavy fertilizer was applied in late October to provide nutrients in the later stage of vegetative growth and enhance the overwintering ability of plants. In the first ten days of March of the second year, heavy fertilizer was applied once in early spring to accelerate the growth in the later stage of nutrition and provide sufficient nutrients for the period of flower bud differentiation. Flower bud differentiation has entered from April to May. Flower bud chemical fertilizer should be re-applied twice in April-June or May-July, and thin fertilizer should be applied three times to promote banana plants to bud early, to draw strong buds and to provide sufficient nutrients for strong seedlings under culture. From August to October, three times of thin fertilizer were applied to strengthen fruit, and at the same time, the growth of banana was promoted in the early and middle stages of nutrition. The heavy application of cold fertilizer at the end of October and the application of thin fertilizer before overwintering in December laid the foundation for the later vegetative growth of banana plants. A total of 1415 times of fertilization were applied in 17 months in two years, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 10 times of thin fertilizer. ② was used to fertilize bananas with persistent roots. The fertilization of persistent root plantain is different according to the cultivation of spring and summer banana and plantain production. Spring and summer bananas. The application of early spring heavy fertilizer at the beginning of March accelerated the fruit development and the early vegetative growth of banana plants. Applying thin fertilizer 3 times from March to May and heavy fertilizer once in late May accelerated the growth of banana plants in the early and middle stages of nutrition. From June to July, thin fertilizer was applied three times to promote the growth of banana plants in the later vegetative stage. From July to September, the total number of leaves reached 2830, which marked the beginning of flower bud differentiation. At that time, heavy fertilizer should be applied twice to promote the formation of young panicles and the emergence of lower plantains. The strong fruit was topdressing twice from September to October. Strong seedlings and thin fertilizer were re-applied with cold fertilizer at the end of October and once more in December to promote fruit development and early vegetative growth of lower banana plants. In the 12 months of the whole year, there were 1314 times of fertilization, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 8 times of thin fertilizer. I'm making bananas. Early spring heavy fertilizer was applied once at the beginning of March to promote the growth of banana plants in the later vegetative stage. It has entered the stage of flower bud differentiation from April to July. Flower bud differentiation chemical fertilizer should be applied twice to promote flower bud differentiation and lower banana emergence, and thin fertilizer should be applied three times between heavy fertilizer in the same period. From August to October, three more times of thin fertilizer were applied to promote the development of fruit and the early and middle growth of banana nutrition. Cold fertilizer was applied at the end of October and thin fertilizer was applied once in December to enhance the overwintering ability of banana plants and promote the growth of banana in the later vegetative stage. There were 12 times of fertilization in 12 months in the whole year, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 7 times of thin fertilizer. ③ has more bananas to fertilize. The fertilization of multiple plantains in perennial roots should be based on early words and foot words. In the first year, in addition to the lower basal fertilizer, the newly planted banana should also be fertilized early and fertilized. the amount of fertilizer applied in the whole year was more than that of single banana, and the number of fertilization was 2 or 4 times more. In the first year, thin fertilizer was applied from 10 to 20 years after planting, and 4 times from March to April to promote the early growth and rapid development of banana plants. The application of heavy fertilizer at the end of spring at the beginning of May accelerated the growth of banana plants in the early and middle stages of nutrition. Applying thin fertilizer twice from May to June accelerated the growth of banana plants in the later vegetative stage and promoted the sprouting of banana plants. Two times of heavy fertilization from July to September promoted flower bud differentiation and young panicle formation of the first banana plant, accelerated the growth of the second banana plant before and after nutrition, applied thin fertilizer three times from August to October to promote early budding and strong buds, and accelerated the growth of the second banana plant. At the same time, the growth of the second banana plant was accelerated, and once cold fertilizer was applied at the end of October, followed by one application of thin fertilizer, which laid the foundation for the growth of the first banana plant and the second banana plant in the later vegetative stage to ensure the fruit and banana plant to survive the winter smoothly. The early spring fertilizer was applied again from February to March in the second year to accelerate the growth of the second banana plant in the later vegetative stage and promote the third sprouting. The spring and summer fertilizer was applied twice from April to June, and the thin fertilizer was applied three times between the heavy fertilizer to promote the flower bud differentiation of the second plant and accelerate the growth in the early vegetative stage of the third plant. The fruit development of the second plant was promoted by applying thin fertilizer once in July, and the third banana plant grew in the later vegetative stage. The summer and autumn fertilizer was applied twice from August to October, and the thin fertilizer was applied for 3 times in the same period to promote the flower bud differentiation of the third plantain. From November to December, thin fertilizer was applied twice to promote the development of the third fruit. In the 10 months of the first year, 15 times were applied, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 10 times of thin fertilizer, and 14 times in the 12 months of the second year, including 5 times of heavy fertilizer and 9 times of thin fertilizer.