Management of cultivation techniques of muskmelon in open field

1. Producing conditions: 1.1.The lowest temperature for muskmelon is 15 ℃, the optimum temperature is 18 ℃-32 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature of ≥ 15 ℃ for the whole growth period is more than 1500 ℃. 1.2 the soil condition is deep, the ph value is 7.0-8.0, the soil salt content is less than 0.3%, and the texture is loam or sandy loam. The content of organic matter is more than 1%, and the rotation has been carried out for more than 5 years. 1.3 the irrigation conditions are flat and can draw water from the Yellow River (or motor wells) for irrigation, irrigation and drainage. 1.4 the environmental selection of the producing area has good ecological conditions, far away from pollution sources, and the test results of atmosphere, water quality and soil should meet the requirements of ny/t391-2000 (environmental quality standard of green food producing area). 2 seed and its treatment 2.1 Variety selection 2.1.1 Melon Variety selection: according to the market demand, select high yield, high quality, disease resistance, storage and transportation resistant varieties adapted to the local environmental conditions, such as early Queen, Ganmibao, Keqimibao, Youmibao, Yujinxiang, Xicheng No. 3 and so on. 2.2 seed quality requires a purity of more than 95%, a purity of more than 98%, a germination rate of more than 90% and a moisture content of less than 7%. 2.3.1 soak the seeds in warm soup, soak the seeds in 55 ℃ warm water (two portions of boiled water to one portion of cold water) and stir continuously for 15 minutes, then add cold water to room temperature. Then soak the seeds with 0.2% potassium permanganate solution or carbendazim 500 times solution for half an hour, and then soak the seeds with clean water for 4-6 hours. 3. Soil preparation and fertilization 3.1Base fertilizer: combined with autumn turning, 3000-5000 kg per mu of rotten organic fertilizer was applied and watered to preserve soil moisture after ploughing. 3.2 make sure that the land is flat, loose, stubble-free and has good soil moisture before sowing. 3.3 before sowing, diammonium phosphate 20 kg / mu, urea 5 kg / mu and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 10 kg were applied once. Or concentrated deep application of muskmelon special fertilizer 50 kg / mu. 3.4 Fertilizer methods and soil disinfection should be marked according to the row spacing of 3 meters, with three legs and 40 centimeters between the middle legs on both sides of the line, sown with fertilizer and poisonous soil. Put fertilizer into both legs and poisonous soil into the middle leg. The poisonous soil is prepared and evenly mixed with 50% carbendazim or dimethazone 0.2-0.3 kg and 15 kg fine soil per mu. (4) sowing 4.1 trenching for border cultivation with high furrow mulching and line ploughing or artificial trenching. The groove opening is 50 cm wide, 30 cm wide and 25-30 cm deep, so that the bottom of the trench is straight, the groove edge and the groove slope are neat and consistent. 4.2 Film mulching method: after trenching, 70 cm plastic film is used to cover each side of the ditch, or 140 cm plastic film can be used to cover the trench together. The film should be tightened and pressed strictly to prevent the loss of soil moisture. 4.3.The sowing time of muskmelon 4.3.1 the sowing time of plastic film mulching in open field should be controlled at the depth of 10 centimeters, and when the ground temperature stably passes through 15 ℃, the seedling stage should end at the end of late frost. The sowing time of early ripening cultivation should be from April 15 to 20, and the sowing date of middle and late ripening cultivation can last from the beginning of May to the beginning of June. 4.4 planting density 4.4.1 small fruit type varieties according to middle to middle row spacing 300 cm, small row 70-80 cm, large row 220-230 cm, plant spacing 50 cm, leaving 890 seedlings per mu. 4.4.2 the middle and late maturing varieties of large fruit type have row spacing of 300 cm, plant spacing of 55 cm and 800 seedlings per mu. 4.5 sowing method seeds should be sowed in the middle of two fertilizer bands 10-15 cm away from the furrow edge, early-maturing cultivation should make a 10-cm sowing hole under the film to sow seeds at the bottom of the hole, then cover 1.5 cm thick fine soil, sow seeds in middle and late maturity, sowing depth not more than 3 cm, open holes to sow triangular seedlings, sowing 2 seeds in each hole. 5Field management 5.1 after seedling inspection and fixed seedling are unearthed, seedlings should be checked in time, sprouting and replanting, timely ploughing and weeding, and setting seedlings when 2-3 true leaves are planted. 5.2 pruning melon 5.2.1 single vine pruning (one-stop pruning) removal of 1-7 nodes of the main vine, leaving melons on the vines of 8-10 nodes, fruit vine after 2 leaves heart-picking. When the melon grows to 6-8 cm in diameter, leave only one melon per plant. The sub-vines on the 11-18 nodes of the main vine are removed, the branches are not pruned after 18 nodes, and the 25-leaf main vines are coring. 5.2.2 improved single vine pruning the main vine 1-4 nodes, the cotyledon leaves 2 leaves to pick the heart, the 5-7 knots are removed, the melons are left on the vines occurring in 8-10 nodes, and the melons are fixed when the melons grow to 6-8 cm. Leave only one melon per plant. The daughter vine was removed in section 11-18 and the heart was removed in 25 leaves. Compared with single vine pruning, improved single vine pruning not only increases the leaf area, but also contributes to the normal growth of root system and creates conditions for high yield and high quality. 5.3 watering and fertilization are generally not watered at the seedling stage, the first water is shallowly watered during the vine extension period, and the second water is watered during the melon expansion period (6-8 cm in diameter). At the same time, 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 15 kg of urea are applied per mu, and the watering does not exceed 2x3 of the ditch depth. 5.4 after the first pruning of foliar fertilizer (6-7 leaves), 0.2-0.3% urea was sprayed in combination with pest control, and then 0.2-0.3% foliar fertilizer such as 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed 2-3 times after melon sitting, with an interval of 7 to 10 days. Foliar spraying is prohibited during flowering. 5.5 Fruit management should select, fix, pad and turn melons in time. The melon was fixed when the young melon egg was the size, and the melon was padded and turned in the later stage of melon fruit expansion. 5.6 Prevention of diseases and insect pests before the disease, spraying 80-100 times of 27% high-fat film emulsion to form a protective film on the leaf surface can reduce the occurrence of the disease. 5.7 at present, the main diseases of muskmelon are bacterial diseases, fungal diseases and virus diseases. Bacterial diseases include bacterial leaf spot (fruit spot), bacterial angular spot; fungal diseases include vine blight, downy mildew, powdery mildew, leaf blight (black spot), Fusarium wilt; insect pests are mainly Liriomyza huidobrensis and aphids. 5.7.1 Prevention and control of bacterial leaf spot and bacterial angular spot: agricultural streptomycin can be sprayed with 7 grams of agricultural streptomycin plus 45 kg of water or 0.2 ml / L of neoptomycin or 50% can kill 400 times of wettable particulate powder or 500 times of 60% Chlorothalonil wettable powder. 5.7.2 Prevention and control of vine blight: choose 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600x liquid or 70% methyl thiophanate wettable powder 800x-1000 times liquid or 80% Dasheng wettable powder 800x liquid spray. Stem disease can be used at 1:50 methyl topiramate or add a small amount of antiseptic alum or streptomycin liquid into a paste smear disease part. 5.7.3 Prevention and control of downy mildew: 47% Garinon wettable powder 600 times or 72% Kelou wettable powder 600 times or 72.2% Pulic water 600-800 times or 64% poison alum 600 times, 25% Ruidui wettable powder 500 times. 5.7.4 Prevention and control of powdery mildew: you can choose 2% Nongkang 120 water agent 200x liquid or 47% Ruinong wettable powder 600x liquid or 40% Fuxing EC 800x spray or 10% nitrilazole 2500 times or 20% triadimefon EC 1000 times spray. The above pesticides should be used alternately, once every 7-10 days, and 2-3 times even. 5.7.5 muskmelon leaf blight (black spot) control: use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500x liquid or 50% prohydantoin wettable powder 1000-1500 times liquid or Nongkang 120water agent 200x liquid or 50% Sukeling wettable powder 1000-2000 times liquid spray. 5.7.6 Fusarium wilt control: use 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 500x or use 64% alum 400x or 95% Luheng No.1 3000 times solution to irrigate and spray. 5.7.7 muskmelon virus disease prevention and control: 20% virus a wettable powder 500,700 times or antiviral agent 1 300 times or 1.5% Zhishanling 800-1000 times can be sprayed. 5.7.8 Control of Liriomyza huidobrensis: it can be sprayed with 1000-1500 times of 40% green vegetable treasure wettable powder or 6000-8000 times of 1.8% insect mite Kexing and 1500 times of Sodimetin. 5.7.9 aphid control: you can choose 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2500-3000 times or 50% aldicarb 2000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin, 2.5% Kung Fu, 21% EC 4000 times spray. Melons are allowed to use each pesticide only once during a growth period, and the use of any chemical synthetic pesticide is prohibited within 10 days before harvest. 6. Management of melons before ripening in the later stage of fruit expansion, melon should be turned and padded in time, every 5-7 days, preferably in the afternoon, along a direction, each turning angle is not easy to be too large. When the net pattern of the melon begins to appear, you can use grass or melon vines to shade the sun on the melon, or you can use old newspaper bags to prevent sunburn. 7. The appropriate harvest time is determined according to the market and the distance of transportation. Such as local sales, harvest when maturity reaches more than 90%; long-distance transportation and marketing, harvest when maturity is 80%. A 3-4 cm stalk should be left during harvest to prevent the wound from being infected with germs. It should be collected separately, stored separately, and should not be mixed with watermelons, which are non-pollution food.