Cultivation techniques of muskmelon "three avoidance"

1. Cultivation season and stubble in recent years, the market period of muskmelon has a tendency to advance year by year. Combined with the temperature and light conditions of solar greenhouse, most of the seedlings were planted in mid-January, flowered around February 10-15, entered the initial harvest period in late March, harvested two crops from the end of April to early May, and finished pulling seedlings in mid-May. When the second crop of melons is not harvested, if the vines are strong and the management is strengthened, three crops of melons can be harvested, so the time of pulling seedlings will be delayed by 1 month accordingly. In the past two years, the earliest sowing date has been advanced to around November 10, planted in mid-December, flowered from January 10 to 15, the first harvest time of the first stubble melon is in late February, and the harvest time of the second crop melon is in the first ten days of April. In order to increase the early yield, there must be a stable ground temperature in the planting period, and the seeds can be sown in the middle and late December. This melon is more active in management and has plenty of light, especially in the squatting seedling stage after planting, the seedlings are quite strong. No matter whether early sowing or late sowing, the latest seedling pulling period of muskmelon in winter warm solar greenhouse is May, that is, the stubble should be finished one month before the next crop is sown. Loofah, balsam pear, cucumber, bean, sweet (spicy) pepper, eggplant, celery, fennel, coriander, cabbage and cauliflower can be sown or planted in advance. 2. The variety selection is mainly precocious Elizabeth, and in recent years, sun, Toyota, number one and other varieties have been introduced, and Elizabeth is the main variety. From the point of view of market demand, the champion may have a better development prospect in the future. For those harvested in the first and middle of March, those with single melon weighed between 350 grams and 600 grams, of which 400 grams were 450 grams, while those with double melons were uneven in size, and those with single melons weighed 200 grams and 300 grams, with about 200 grams in the majority. Although the yield per plant of single melon and double melon is roughly the same, but the price difference is large, and the price of big melon is high, so it is appropriate to keep single melon. 3. Key points of seedling raising techniques the seedling of muskmelon is mainly raised by conventional breeding, and the area of raising seedlings by using electric hotbed has increased year by year in recent years. With the increasing severity of Fusarium wilt, grafting cultivation using Xintuo pumpkin as rootstock will become the main form of cultivation in winter greenhouse in the future. The main technical points of different seedling raising forms are as follows: (1) the conventional seedling ① farm manure should be fully mature and the crude fertilizer for seedling cultivation must be fully mature and fermented. From the time point of view, it is better to mature from July to August. Should be repeated uniform fermentation, to avoid using semi-rotten fattening seedlings. It is more suitable and safe to use pig manure as nutrient soil, and pig manure accounts for about 30%-40% of the total nutrient soil. ② seedbed watering uses plastic or paper bowls to raise seedlings, and the bottom water of the seedbed must be fully watered. The nursery bed should be watered once 3 days before the nutrition bowl is placed, and then irrigated again after putting it into the nutrition bowl. The amount of water should be 3 cm and 5 cm submerged. The soil temperature of nursery bed raised by ⑧ should reach 16-18 ℃. In this way, the whole seedling can be guaranteed, and the quenching disease is not easy to occur after emergence. The temperature of ④ seedling bed is controlled by the method of "three high and three low", that is, under the condition of pouring bottom water, the bed temperature should be high before emergence, low after emergence, high after exposure of true leaves, low after two leaves, and high before squatting seedlings, low when close to planting. One high is to prevent the Hypocotyl from growing rapidly and form high-footed weak seedlings; the second is to accelerate the increase of leaf area and promote the root growth; the second is to control the seedling growth; the third is to promote the root growth again when the soil moisture is low in the later stage of seedling cultivation; the third low is to make the seedlings adapt to the environmental conditions after planting. The specific way to master the temperature is: when the ground temperature is between 16 and 22 ℃, it should be high or low. The temperature should be controlled within the range of 13-28 ℃. For example, "one high and one low" increases by 3 ℃ on the base of 13: 28 ℃, that is, it forms 16: 31 ℃; after being unearthed, it decreases by 3 ℃ on the base of 13: 28 ℃, that is, 10: 25 ℃. This is "one high and one low". In other stages, the temperature of seedlings increased or decreased by 2 / 5 ℃ according to the required temperature conditions. (2) in addition to the basic methods of raising seedlings in an electric hotbed, we should also pay special attention to the following points: the power of the ① power hotbed generally controls 80 kilowatts per square meter according to the seedling season, light and temperature. The amount of water in ② seedling bed is more than that of conventional seedling bed, which is about twice as much as that of conventional seedling cultivation. The ground temperature of ③ should be suitable for raising seedlings in electric hotbed and the suitable ground temperature should be 20: 24 ℃. The combination of ④ hotbed seedling raising and conventional seedling raising was carried out by electrothermal method at low temperature in the early stage and conventional breeding in the later stage or when the temperature was suitable. The ⑤ nutrition bowl is larger than the conventional one in the electric hotbed to meet the growth of roots and leaves. (3) if grafted seedlings are raised in early winter, the temperature, light and humidity are basically managed according to electric hotbed or conventional methods except during the grafting period. The key points of grafting seedlings are as follows: ① chooses the sowing time to use Xintuo pumpkin as rootstock and muskmelon as scion, sowing melon first and then pumpkin. Due to the influence of climatic conditions, pumpkin sowing time is generally 4-6 days later than muskmelon, pumpkin sowing time should be accurately determined. That is, when the cotyledons of the melon are flattened, the pumpkin begins to soak the seeds, and the true leaves of the melon are exposed to half-unfold when the pumpkin is sown. The cotyledons of pumpkin are flattened, and the one leaf of melon is the suitable time for grafting. There are two sowing methods in ② sowing method: one is to sow melon and pumpkin separately, and then plant them in a nutrition bowl after grafting. The other is to sow the melon 1.5 cm next to the center of the nutrition bowl, and then sow the pumpkin rootstock seeds in the center of the nutrition bowl when the melon leaves are exposed. This method has the advantages of convenient operation and high survival rate. The local method of ③ grafting is the insertion method, which is 1 ~ 2 cm below the cotyledons of pumpkin seedlings, and cut obliquely at an angle of 40 °upward. Muskmelon is 1.5 °2 cm above the knife edge of pumpkin and 35 °~ 40 °downwards, so that the rootstock is closely grafted with the knife edge of scion. A few days later, the pumpkin grew rapidly, and the stems of pumpkin and melon were the same in height. Otherwise, the growth of pumpkin seedlings will be blocked due to the excessive growth of pumpkin stems. Controlling temperature, humidity and light intensity by ④, keeping moisture strictly and controlling mild shading are the keys to improve the survival rate of grafting. After grafting, it was properly watered, covered with arch film, tightly closed, and shaded into flowers with Reed foil, so that the relative humidity reached more than 95%. In the first 3 days, the temperature was 25: 28 ℃ during the day and 18: 20 ℃ at night. The survival rate and seedling quality are closely related to the temperature at night. From the fourth to the seventh day, the two ends of the arch shed were gradually opened for release, and the vents were from small to large, and the arch film could be removed in 7 days. From the third day, the shade Reed foil was covered when the light was strong, and when the light was weak, the Reed foil was removed. If the seedlings do not wilt after 5 days, the Reed foil can be removed. After 4 days, the temperature can be controlled at 25: 28 ℃ in daytime and 18 ℃ at night, and the ground temperature should always be kept at 20: 22 ℃. ⑤ root cutting should be managed sooner rather than later according to the above-mentioned management, wound healing in 3 days, vascular bundle connection in 7 days, small part of root cutting in 10 days, slight wilting may occur in light intensity, proper shading can return to normal, muskmelon roots can be completely cut off 10 days later, stubble should be small, and muskmelon roots should be pulled out after root cutting. 4. The planting period and planting density planting period are better in mid-late January, but in terms of market and economic benefits, it can be advanced from early December to early January. The key problem here is to keep the ground temperature not lower than 12 ℃ and above 18 ℃ during flowering. In winter and spring, too high planting density will affect the ground light, resulting in low ground temperature, but low planting density will lead to low yield, which will directly affect the income. According to the large area investigation, the suitable planting density is about 2200 plants per mu. Generally, the line spacing is about 60 cm and the plant spacing is about 50 cm. This is not only conducive to ventilation, light transmission, improve the ground temperature, but also conducive to safe overwintering. 5. the regulation of temperature and light in the greenhouse, on the one hand, the physiological needs of muskmelon plants in each stage should be taken into account, on the other hand, ecological methods should be taken into account to prevent the occurrence of diseases. After planting, the light time should be prolonged as much as possible, the temperature in the greenhouse should be increased, and the ground temperature should be increased so as to create favorable conditions for squatting seedlings from planting to flowering. It is the low temperature season after muskmelon seedlings are planted, and heat preservation is more important than other management. In the squatting seedling stage, taking deep roots and taking more roots is the central goal of management. Under normal circumstances, it is feasible to uncover the greenhouse at 08:30 in the morning and cover it at 4 p.m., and keep the greenhouse at 17: 15 ℃ in the first half of the night and 14: 12 ℃ in the latter part of the night. There was no obvious adverse effect on the continuous overcast for 3 to 5 days and the minimum temperature appeared at 8: 9 ℃ for a short time. In case of continuous cloudy days, after taking measures such as wiping shed film, less or no ventilation, and appropriate early cover and heat preservation, they can survive the winter safely. According to the investigation in Daxinge Township, from January to February 1994, when the external temperature dropped to-16.3 ℃ and the low temperature of 4.3 ℃ appeared in the greenhouse for a short period of time, melon seedlings could also withstand the low temperature. However, it has a certain effect on the early expansion and early heat of melon fruit. After entering the expanding period, with the extension of light time and the increase of light intensity, the temperature increases, and the focus of temperature and light regulation turns to the ecological control of diseases. 6. Pruning and shelving method muskmelon was cultivated in winter warm solar greenhouse in winter and spring. Under the condition of density of 2200 plants per mu, single vine pruning method was adopted. When the main vine grows out of 6-7 leaves, it begins to bind the vine and hang the vine, leaving no seed vine at the base, and using the 12th node of the main vine to knot melons. Because of the short light time and low light intensity, 2 melons can be left. With the change of market demand, the method of keeping a melon in the past two years can significantly improve the benefit. After fruit setting, there are 2-3 leaves in front of the melon, and the main vine will top when it grows to 25-30 leaves. At present, most of the melon racks use nylon rope hangers, which are characterized by labor-saving, money-saving and conducive to lighting. 7. Fertilizer and water management apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting, focus on applying sufficient crude fertilizer, generally apply rotten chicken manure 1012m3, diammonium phosphate 50kg, potassium sulfate 20kg, turn 40cm deep after applying chemical fertilizer and crude fertilizer, and rake twice to make the soil fertilizer mix evenly, and then pour enough moisture at the bottom to stabilize the soil. Watering enough fixed planting water is an important measure for seedling management. In the early stage of planting, the ground temperature is relatively high, if the planting water is not irrigated enough, the seedling water should be irrigated immediately. After this water enters the squatting seedling stage, if small water is often poured in the squatting seedling stage, it will seriously affect the rooting and create obstacles for water and fertilizer management in the future. Due to the sufficient base fertilizer, less fertilizer is needed in the seedling stage, so it is not necessary to apply fertilizer when watering and planting water. When muskmelon sat fruit, 150 kg of cake fertilizer per mu, or 1520 kg of urea, 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu. Watering should be appropriate to prevent flooding. When part of the fruit grows to turn white, pour the third water. During this period, 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves. 8. Pest control of muskmelon is less, and the common diseases are Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew and downy mildew. Fusarium wilt mostly occurs in the continuous cropping ground, and the previous continuous cropping of cucumber or melon for more than two years, the occurrence of Fusarium wilt is more serious, the general disease can cause about 30% of dead seedlings, in case of continuous overcast and sunny weather in the fruit expansion period, the rate of diseased plants can reach 50%-80%. The root can be irrigated with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 50% 100 times, 2 kg per mu and irrigated for 3 times. The control effect is better. According to a survey in the village of Jiabalizhuang, the mortality rate of diseased plants can be reduced to less than 10% if the drug is injected for the second time after 5 days of drug control. For those who fail to prevent and cure them in time, the mortality rate is more than 40%. Ecological control is mainly used to control downy mildew and powdery mildew, supplemented by chemical control. These two diseases do not occur when the temperature is appropriate and the humidity is not appropriate, and neither do they when the humidity is appropriate and the temperature is not appropriate. For example, downy mildew, the optimum onset temperature is 18-24 ℃, and infection can be caused between 15-30 ℃. We can take the method of late release, controlling the night temperature below 15 ℃, not letting out below 30 ℃ in the morning, opening a large tuyere for more than 30 ℃, and reducing the relative humidity as far as possible, so as to effectively control the incidence of the disease.