Cultivation techniques of cantaloupe moving eastward

The cultivation experiment of cantaloupe moved eastward shows that it is very easy to cultivate cantaloupe around Beijing. The sandy loam soil with a pH value of 5: 9, salt content of less than 1% and humus of more than 1.5% is the best; high-quality cantaloupe can be produced in areas with a temperature of 28-38 ℃, relative humidity of 15%-70%, light of 30,000 lux (more than 8 hours a day), altitude of less than 4000 meters and sufficient light in the first half of the month. The growing period of Hami melon is short. It takes 82-85 days for seedling transplanting in early spring and 65 days for transplanting in autumn. 600 million 700 plants are cultivated per mu, and one melon per plant weighs about 4 kg. Can interplant strawberries and vegetables. If there are heating facilities in the shed, it can be produced all the year round. Planting 2-3 crops a year in the greenhouse in the southeast of Beijing. The solar greenhouse can grow 3-4 crops with a yield of 1800-2200 kg per mu. Single melon weighs 3-4 kg (medium-sized melon), central refractive sugar 14-15 degrees, large fruit 5-6 kilograms, central refractive sugar 13-14 degrees. Cantaloupe, which was planted in Caochang Village, Tongzhou District in 2007, weighed 3.5 kg on June 5, with a central refractive sugar content of 14.5 degrees. The main results are as follows: 1 the varieties suitable for protected cultivation, such as Queen, 8601, 86y1, Xiyu No. 1 (White Meat), Disease resistant 9288, Hongmi Crisp, Xiangfei Honey, Golden Dragon, Golden Phoenix and Jiashi melon should be selected. Disease-resistant Gashigua, 9288 can also be cultivated on land. (2) Seedling 2.1 seed soaking to accelerate germination of Hami melon seeds, 1000-grain weight 3550g, seed requirement 50g per mu. The seeds were poured into 500-1000-fold boric acid water and stirred (the water temperature was about 50 ℃, all the boric acid was dissolved, and the boric acid water was preferably filled in a large glass bottle) for disinfection and sterilization. According to the local frequent diseases, the seeds can be sterilized with formalin, potassium permanganate, carbendazim, Sukeling and methyl topiramate respectively. Soak in boric acid water for 4 hours, control water, and soak small towels or cloth in boric acid water to disinfect and wring, wrap the seeds of cantaloupe after water control, put plastic bags on the outside and put them into incubators or modified electric mosquitoes, next to the fire (pay attention to avoiding light), it is best to keep the temperature at 30 ℃, but it can also be around the waist of the human body, but not more than 32 ℃, less than 28 ℃. Keep the temperature constant for 30 ℃, the white tip of the new seed is 2 mm long after 15 hours, and the white tip of the old seed is 2 mm after 17 hours. Open the towel every 4-6 hours to breathe and turn the seeds to make the temperature uniform. If you find that the moisture is not enough and the seed coat is dry, you can spray water properly. When more than 80% of the seeds are exposed, put them in a plastic bag and put them in the refrigerator freezer. Keep the low temperature at 0: 5 ℃, exercise at low temperature for 1-2 days, the melon seedlings can resist the cold, and the melon ripens 1-2 days earlier. 2.2 sowing in order to achieve fast seedling emergence, select the sunny side of the shed, 1-1.5 meters away from the shed cloth, and spread 0.01-0.012 mm thick agricultural film on the ground. Lay a flat electric blanket on the agricultural film, spread the old agricultural film on the electric blanket, spread the sand on the old film and the screened sand is 2 cm thick, and spray 1000 times the liquid of carbendazim, methyl thiophanate or Sukeling, spray through the sand and sow. Each seed covers an area of 2 square centimeters and is laid flat on the sand surface. after sowing, it is covered with 1 centimeter thick sand and sprayed with water, and then covered with a 0.012 mm thick film. The seeds can also be sowed in a seedling tray and covered with an electric blanket. The soil temperature should be kept at 2832 ℃. If the film is covered with more than 35 ℃ during the day, the film should be removed in time, and then covered at night when the temperature is low. Spray water properly when the sand is dry. When the temperature in the shed is above 35 ℃, the dry humidity of the soil should be checked once every 2 hours. Two days after sowing, when most of the seedlings arch soil, when it reaches 80%, remove all the covered film, spray water once, and gently remove the seed coat worn on the seedlings while wet, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 22: 25 ℃, at night at 15: 18 ℃, strictly control water spraying to prevent the occurrence of tall seedlings. 2.3 Seedling pseudo-planting and seedling-raising ground hot bed preparation materials are as follows: a 120m-long ground hotline made in Ningbo or Shanghai or Beijing, a 10A knife switch or 10A touchdown insurance, 20cm long, 1.5cm thick bamboo sticks, 1400 10cm plastic nutrition bowls. Choose the sunny side in the greenhouse, from the shed cloth 1 meter wide (or in the seedling shed) to build a geothermal nursery bed, 1 meter wide and 10 meters long. The two ends are 1 meter wide and nailed into 12 20-cm-long bamboo sticks and 15 cm into the soil. The distance between bamboo sticks is 8 cm, 4-9 is 10 cm, 9-12 is 8 cm. Cloth 12 ground hot lines and straighten, fix both ends of the ground hot lines on bamboo sticks at both ends, and connect the power switch. Pay attention to the hot line must not roll, the distance between lines should be more than 3 cm, otherwise it is easy to short-circuit fire. The formula of nutrient soil can adopt the formula of conventional melon and vegetable seedling nutrient soil. The nutrient soil after sifting is filled with plastic nutrition bowls and placed on the ground hotline according to three stars. 132 10 cm × 10 cm nutrition bowls can be placed per square meter. After all the nutritious soil is loaded, spray water repeatedly. The water was added with 1000 times carbendazim, thiophanate methyl or sulfamethoxazole, urea with 2000 to 3000 times and potassium dihydrogen phosphate with 1000 times. The softer soil is beneficial to the pseudo-planting of seedlings. 3-4 days after seed sowing, after the cotyledons were basically flattened, the seedlings were put into 1000-fold liquid fungicide to rinse the soil on the roots with good code, and pay attention to damage the seedling roots as little as possible. Use bamboo to make a seedling board with a length of 16 cm 18 cm, a width of 1.6 cm 1.8 cm and a thickness of 0.2 cm in front of a semicircle smooth without burr. Insert the seedling plate into the middle of the nutrition bowl, 4cm deep, tilt to the side, form a deep hole, pull out the seedling plate, put the melon seedling into the hole, use the seedling plate down the seedling root, fill the soil. The stem under the cotyledons is 2-3 cm away from the soil. 2.4 after all the seedlings were pseudo-planted, the seedling bed set up a bamboo arch shed. During the day, the soil temperature is kept at 25: 30 ℃. When the greenhouse temperature exceeds 35 ℃, the shed should be opened for ventilation. The soil temperature can be kept at 15: 18 ℃ at night. The small arch shed must be covered with plastic sheeting before sunset, and the temperature controller should be used to adjust the ground temperature appropriately. Check the dry humidity of the nutrition bowl soil after 5 days. In principle, the dry soil is better, and a few too dry can be watered properly with a spray can. Put the nutrition bowl flat and swap the position between the fast-growing seedlings in the middle and the slow-growing seedlings on the edge. About 5 days after pseudo-planting, the cotyledons can grow to 3 cm long, and the growth point begins to appear, and a true leaf can be produced in the next 5 days. The leaf bud of the first real leaf also begins to occur. When it grows to the size of a grain of rice, dig out the leaf bud with an ear digging spoon at any time. When the third true leaf is 2 cm in diameter, pinch off the top. When removing the bud and pinching the top, the hand and ear scoop should be disinfected once. Disinfect water with 84 disinfectants or soapy water with 300 times solution. 2.5 Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in seedling stage, the main disease is quenching disease. The main causes of the disease are low temperature, humidity and lack of light. Spray 80% mancozeb 600x solution once every 7 days to prevent the disease, and spray it with 20% Ruidui 800x solution or 50% Sukeling 1500 times solution after the attack. Get rid of individual disease seedlings. The main pests in Hami melon seedling shed are aphids, thrips, tea yellow mites and red cotton spiders. It is found that the appropriate selection of drugs for pest control. Thrips and mites in old vegetable plots are very resistant to insecticides and can be sprayed with 40% methophos EC. 3Seedling transplanting 3.1 build a plastic greenhouse with a north-south direction, which is 50 to 60 meters long, 12 meters wide and 2.8 meters high. The roof of the shed can be slotted, there are side seams on both sides, and doors are set in the north and south. 3.2 three central parallel corridors are left in the north and south of the soil preparation and bottom fertilizer shed for melon ditch, water discharge and fertilization. The parallel distance of the aisle is 2 meters, 6 meters (the central road of the shed width) and 10 meters away from the shed cloth. Fertiliser grooves 80 cm wide and 20 cm to 25 cm deep were dug on each side of the three parallel aisles. Apply 800kg of high-quality farm manure (chlorine-rich farm manure cannot be used) or sesame sauce dregs, bean cakes, cottonseed cakes and rapeseed cakes in each tank. At the same time, 6 kg of urea, 15 kg of diammonium phosphate, 10 kg of potassium sulfate and 15 kg of double-effect micro-fertilizer produced in Shandong were evenly sprinkled. After fertilizing, hold the soil and fertilizer with three teeth, and then cover the soil back to the original place. Take the central aisle as the center of the melon ditch, dig a ditch 50 cm wide, 30 cm wide and 30 cm deep. The dug soil is spread evenly on both sides of the ditch, flattened and suppressed. The ditch is required to be straight and can also be leveled by releasing water. The two sides of the ditch are covered with plastic film 1 meter wide and 0.015 mm thick. 3.3 Insecticidal, sterilizing and disinfecting seedlings in the shed, after sunset one day before transplanting, close the greenhouse, put 5-6 porcelain pots equidistantly in the central aisle of the shed, put in 0.1-0.2 kg sulfur powder and ignite to produce sulfur dioxide, which is both sterilizing and insecticidal. Transplant the next morning. 3.4 the seedlings are transplanted on both sides of the ditch, with a transplanting pit every 50 cm, and the edge of the pit and ditch is 6 cm. About 660 melon seedlings were transplanted per mu. When transplanting, pay attention to the depth of the pit, the pit depth of the appropriate cushion some soil, put melon seedlings in each pit watering 200 million 250 grams, add 600 times liquid methyl thiophanate or mancozeb, and then cultivate the soil. Note that the soil seams in the pit should be filled and compacted, the cotyledons expose 3 cm of the soil surface, and the plastic film should not leak air. All transplant in time to put an root water, pay attention to the water can not run to the melon box. (4) the temperature of field management 4.1 seedlings was transplanted to melon maturity, and the daytime temperature in the greenhouse was 35-38 ℃, which was the most suitable for Hami melon growth. When the temperature was more than 40 ℃, the edge seam should be opened in the later stage. Don't crack the greenhouse at the initial stage. The temperature outside the shed is not less than ~ 2 ℃ and ~ 2 ℃ at night, and heating measures should be taken from midnight to dawn. The greenhouse should always be kept dry, with a relative humidity of 15% to 75%. 4.2 within 15 days after transplanting, the roots, stems and leaves grew in an all-round way, but mainly rooted and leaf buds (vines) grew at the 2nd and 3rd leaves. The 2-leaf vine only leaves 9 and 10 leaf buds (sun vine) to grow and develop, pinching the top to 14 leaves, and the rest of the leaf buds and straight whiskers should be removed at any time. After the female bud, a leaf is left before the bud to pinch the top. In order to ensure that the buds do not melt, you can't water them at this time. What is more important is to pinch off the small stem vines above the roots and the new leaflet buds in time, otherwise they will turn into buds and the whole plant will not be able to sit still. When the daughter vine is more than 30 centimeters long, it can be gently pushed and tilted to the direction of the melon box, so that the melon vine will crawl and grow to the melon box. When pruning and removing buds in the field, both hands should be disinfected with disinfectant. 4.3 under normal circumstances of artificial pollination, after 6 ∶ 00 melon vine water droplets are removed, the male petals are torn off to show stamens, and smear it on the hands or clothes. If there is a light yellow line, it proves that the anther has burst and can be smeared on the female bud stigma. Be careful to hold the pistil gently so as not to hurt the hair on the female bud. After 4 ∶ 30 in the afternoon, look for the male flowers with yellow petals on the back of the shade, and the female flowers can also be pollinated. The pollen was fertilized into the female bud ovary through microtubule bundles for 34 hours, and the ovary expanded like a jujube after 3 days, which proved that the fertilization was successful. 4.4 there is a young fruit weighing 30 to 50 grams on each of the two vines of each plant. The young fruits with large, high node position and positive fruit shape are selected, and the rest are removed and placed on the root to prove that the plant has thinned the fruit, and a 80 cm high bamboo stick is inserted next to the young fruit after fruit thinning, writing down the date of pollination. Fruit thinning should be completed within 3 days, and fruit thinning should be marked on the stalk after 3 days to prove that the melon is late ripe. The fruit thinning time should be completed 5-6 days after pollination (when the young fruit eggs are big). While thinning the fruit, remove the leaf buds and small stem vines from all the plants. 4.5 turn melon, cushion melon pollination for 15 days or so when the young melon weighs 1.52kg, turn the young melon 60 degrees, leave the original position on the ground, hide under the leaves, or cover the newspaper to prevent burns. All the leaf buds and small stem vines are removed while turning the melon, and the pruning is all over. About 20 days after pollination, a net pattern began to form around the stalk of the melon, and when the weight of the melon reached 3 kg, it was necessary to cover the melon. The melon mat can be made of straw into a straw mat with a diameter of 15 cm and a thickness of 3 cm to 4 cm. The straw mat should be dry. The melon should be turned once in 5-7 days and once in 2-3 days when the melon is basically ripe 40 days after pollination. 4.6 after watering, transplanting and planting, the root water can be irrigated for the first time in the melon ditch. The water should not diffuse the melon root, and it should be 5 cm under the melon root. After each watering can not diffuse melon roots, otherwise it is easy to cause a variety of diseases of melon roots. The second watering was when the sun vine showed buds, did not blossom and had 13 leaves. The third watering was 1-2 days after fruit thinning. The fourth watering is 5 days after the third watering. The fifth watering is on the fifth day of the fourth watering (whether or not watering depends on the dry and wet condition of the soil). 5-25 days after pollination was the fastest time for Hami melon to expand, and then the expansion rate slowed down. As cantaloupe expands, stems and leaves grow rapidly, so the demand for water and fertilizer is the greatest. Hami melon is generally no longer watered in the later stage of expansion, such as the gully soil is too dry, the leaves are rolled down at 2 ∶ 00 noon, half the ditch water can be irrigated properly. Cantaloupe must not be watered during flowering and pollination. During the fourth or fifth watering, 2kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be applied with the water, or diammonium phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be dissolved in the container one day before, and poured into the melon ditch the next day. Hami melon needs a lot of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer during the expansion period. In the mature stage, a large amount of phosphorus and potash fertilizer is needed, especially phosphate fertilizer, which is insufficient and has low sugar content. 4.7 weeding is generally done once after weeding and transplanting, weeding once after pollination or fruit thinning, and weeds are cleared in melon ditches at any time. 4.8 the old leaves of Hami melon are easy to cause disease. when the young melon grows to 2-3 kg, cut off 2 or 3 old leaves from the roots and take them out of the shed near 2-3 cm near the stem on a sunny day. 4.9 Comprehensive prevention of diseases and insect pests the weeds outside the ① greenhouse should be removed frequently, leaving no environment for the growth of diseases and insect pests, and insecticidal lamps should be hung if possible. The crops in the greenhouse should be sterilized at high temperature after harvest, and can be fumigated with sulfur at the same time (there are crops in the greenhouse can not be fumigated with sulfur, otherwise all the crops in the greenhouse will be fumigated to death). During the operation of ② in the field, each plant should be strictly disinfected by the hand to prevent the cross-infection of the plants caused by hand-borne bacteria. ③ can not flood the melon root every time it is watered in the ditch, let alone make the water run to the melon box. The relative humidity in the greenhouse is kept at about 45% during the day and below 75% at night, and no disease occurs. ④ melon seedlings after transplanting to fruit thinning, the plant disease resistance is very strong, but without insecticides. For insurance, you can also use 80% mancozeb 600 times liquid, 70% methyl thiophanate 800 times liquid spray for prevention and control, but in continuous rainy weather, the humidity in the shed can be fumigated with 5% chlorothalonil or 10% Chlorothalonil smoke agent. When the leaf surface is covered with the whole melon box, it is smoked with Sukeling smoke agent, once every 7 days, and the effect is very good. Watch out for thrips when cantaloupe blossoms. Generally, it can be found in the flower heart, and it can also be found in the young melon near the ground in the later stage. It is necessary to spray insecticides in time, and old foam lunch boxes can be put in melon ditches for a long time, which are filled with cheap insecticide or 300 times liquid 84 disinfectant, and thrips will die after falling to the surface. When the temperature reaches 42 ℃, the cantaloupe can still grow normally in the ⑥ greenhouse, so it can be sterilized for half an hour. When the temperature in the shed reaches 50 ℃, the shed is opened for ventilation. ⑦ when individual whitefly, aphid, melon borer and black velvet beetle were found in the greenhouse, the individual plant was killed and spread was controlled. Each greenhouse regularly uses 300 grams of dichlorvos mixed with accelerant, and fumigation is closed at night, the effect is better. ⑧ cantaloupe should stop spraying pesticides 15 days before harvest, and smoke pesticides can be used to sterilize and kill insects. 4.10 when Hami melon is planted in Beijing, the time of transplanting seedlings in early spring in greenhouse is basically the same as that of local watermelons, about March 20 of each year. The harvest time of cantaloupe is from June 10 to 15. 25 days after pollination is the period of sugar accumulation of cantaloupe, during which the climate is dry, the sun is full, the sugar content is high and the quality is good. There is enough light in the near maturity of Hami melon, and the temperature in the greenhouse is about 38 ℃ (calculated on the date of pollination). The refractive sugar in the center of Hami melon can reach 1213 degrees in 42 days and 15 degrees in 45 days. The cantaloupe can be picked when the sugar content reaches 12-13 degrees with a hand-held sugar meter, and the cantaloupe supplied with special needs and hotels must have a sugar content of 14-15 degrees before they can be picked. When picking, cut off 2cm or 3cm away from the handle and handle gently. Each melon is covered with foamed plastic cover and put into the plastic basket. it is strictly forbidden to collide and hurt the melon skin, causing germs to invade and rot the melon.