Spring cultivation techniques of Mini Pumpkin

Mini pumpkin is a hybrid bred by Suzhou vegetable Research Institute. It has medium growth potential, dark green leaves, 2.0 ~ 2.5m long stem, short internodes and medium branches. Both main and lateral vines can bear melons. Strong adaptability, fast growth, high yield, small size, golden color, good taste, suitable for long-distance transportation and long-term preservation, deeply loved by consumers. The twinning county of the project of "strengthening Agriculture and enriching the people" in Jiangsu Province is Suining, Xuzhou, which is located in the south of Huang-Huai alluvial plain, longitude 117 °55 east and latitude 33 °53 north, with a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. It has four distinct seasons, the annual average temperature is 14 ℃, the precipitation is 800mm, the frost-free period is 210 days, the sunshine is sufficient, the annual sunshine is 2200h, the soil is the sandy saline-alkali soil of the ancient road of the Yellow River, and the groundwater level is low. The area meets the conditions needed for the cultivation of mini pumpkins, so we choose to plant mini pumpkins on a trial basis in the implementation of the project of "strengthening farmers and enriching the people in Hang County". In order to ensure the quality of pumpkin, the experiment requires that all agricultural products should be cultivated in greenhouse to facilitate moisture control. The main results are as follows: (1) the protected land in spring and delayed cultivation in autumn can be used in the cultivation season. Spring protected cultivation can be arranged for sowing from February to March to avoid being too concentrated on the market. In this experiment, the seeds were sown on March 28, planted on April 9, pollinated on May 12, harvested on June 26, and harvested in early July. (2) sowing and Seedling 2.1 Seedling raising in spring protected cultivation in greenhouse and other facilities, various forms such as colorless transparent plastic film mulching or plastic film mulching plus small arch greenhouse mulching can be used to ensure the suitable temperature for seed germination. Sprouting can be accelerated when the temperature is low. After washing the seeds, soak the seeds in 55 ℃ warm water and stir continuously. Let the water cool to about 30 ℃ and soak the seeds for 2 hours. Finally, the soaked seeds were taken out, washed, wrapped in wet towels and germinated in an incubator of 28030 ℃. In about 3 days, more than 60% of the seeds can be sown after they are exposed. When the temperature in the facility is high, the seeds can be soaked and sowed directly. Soak the seeds in clean water for 12 hours, change the water for 2 or 3 times, wash the soaked seeds and drain the water, then sow the seeds directly, and the whole seedling can be sowed in about 5 days. The seeding amount of seedling bed is 200g/ square meters, and proper sparse sowing is beneficial to the cultivation of strong seedlings. 2.2 the sowing method should be watered first after finishing the bed, because in the dry sandy soil, the water is easy to cross-flow during watering, and the infiltration is relatively slow. After watering once, it can be sowed evenly until the soil layer around 10cm is moist. After sowing, gently pat the border surface with a flat-bottomed shovel or plank to make the seeds stick flat on the border surface and come into close contact with the soil. After that, cover the soil with a thickness of about 1cm, pour a little water again, and cover the soil in time when dew seeds are found. It can be covered with colorless transparent plastic film or plastic film plus small arch shed, which can not only retain water but also increase temperature. 2.3.Management of bed temperature before emergence of ① during the day with the increase of temperature in the facility, the small arch shed should be opened in time to make the sun shine on the seedling bed and increase the temperature of the soil. The temperature change was observed by the thermometer buried in the seedbed soil, and the seedbed soil temperature was controlled at about 28 ℃ to promote seed germination. When the soil temperature exceeds 30 ℃, the greenhouse should be properly ventilated to prevent the soil temperature from being too high. About 3 ∶ 30 in the afternoon, the small arch should be covered in time for heat preservation. If you encounter overcast and rainy weather during seedling emergence, you should strengthen the coverage and heat preservation. Temperature management after emergence of ② when seeds emerge from the top soil, plastic film should be removed in time to prevent seedling burning. Increase ventilation, reduce soil moisture of seedbed, according to seedbed humidity and emergence, spread a layer of dry fine soil, which can not only reduce seedbed humidity, but also prevent seeds from "wearing a cap". In sunny days, the temperature should be controlled at 22: 25 ℃ and 15 ℃ at night, with a minimum of 12%. Cloudy days should also be in a period of high temperature around noon, with small ventilation for a short time, dampness prevention and disease prevention. ③ water management at seedling stage after sufficient watering of seedling bed before sowing, water should not be watered at seedling stage and after seedling emergence, and water control and humidity reduction should be given priority to to promote good root system development. It can be planted when the seedling has one leaf and one heart, the cotyledons are fat and thick, the stem is stout, there are many white roots, and the seedling height is about 5cm. Five days before the planting of ④ seedlings, ventilation should be gradually increased during the day to enhance the adaptability of seedlings and shorten the slow seedling time after planting. (3) planting Management 3.1 Mini pumpkin harvested ripe fruits before planting, so the application of organic fertilizer should be strengthened, and 3000kg or cow manure 3000kg and ternary compound fertilizer 50kg should be applied every 667m2 to turn the ground and set up the plot. In order to increase the yield per unit area, 5 rows and 8 rows were planted in a standard galvanized steel pipe greenhouse with a width of 6 m and a length of 100 m. The furrow width is 40cm, there is a narrow border of 65cm width on each side of the greenhouse, and there are 1 row of seeds on each side of the greenhouse, and there are 3 wide beds of 100cm in the middle, each planting 2 rows, the plant spacing is 45cm, and about 1800 plants are planted in each greenhouse. After making the bed, plastic film should be covered in time to maintain good soil moisture. The greenhouse is all closed, and the slow seedling can be promoted by increasing the soil temperature by closing the greenhouse. 3.2 colonization and slow seedling management ① colonization should start at about 2 ∶ in the afternoon in a sunny day, which can avoid sun exposure and is beneficial to slow seedling after one night. If the planting scale is large, it can also be planted in the morning and replenish water again when the sun is strong at noon to prevent the seedlings from wilting. According to the plant distance, the small bamboo pole is used to punch holes in the plastic film as a mark, in order to facilitate the introduction of vines in the future, the "triangle" planting method should be adopted. Then at the corresponding position of the mark, the plastic film is opened, holes are opened, seedlings are planted, and finally watered. When the amount of water is large and fast in the dry sandy soil, the phenomenon of overflowing water is easy to occur, and when it is soft, it sinks, which makes the seedlings lodge. Therefore, watering should be slow and uniform, and it can also be watered in two stages, that is, small water for the first time, and then heavy water for once after the water seeps, which can not only prevent the seedling from falling, but also make the root system in close contact with the soil and improve the survival rate of the seedling. If the inverted seedlings are found during watering, the soil should be cultivated to support the seedlings, such as when the mud is found on the leaves during watering, rinse the leaves with small water. ② management after colonization a. Water and fertilizer management. According to the soil moisture condition on the second day after planting, replenish small water once when dry, avoid flood irrigation, and stop watering if the soil moisture is sufficient. After the seedlings survived, the seedlings should be watered once in time to promote the growth of the seedlings. When the seedlings had three leaves and one heart, 10kg urea was used to lift the seedlings every 667m2 according to the growth trend. Water management for a small number of times, see dry and wet, promote the combination of control, to prevent excessive water caused by overgrowth, affecting the yield. When the first young melon grew to the size of an egg, the second melon sat firmly, and the third female flower bloomed, 20kg potassium sulfate was applied once every 667m2 with water to promote fruit expansion. If the seedling grows thin, it can also be topdressing with 45% ternary compound fertilizer 15kg plus potassium sulfate 10kg every 667m2. b. Temperature management. Before slowing down seedlings after planting, close the shed to increase the temperature of the shed to promote slow seedlings, as far as possible to reduce ventilation or non-ventilation. After the survival of the seedlings, ventilation and moisture reduction, to prevent the excessive growth of seedlings and the occurrence of diseases. The temperature was controlled at 25-28 ℃ during the day and 15 ℃ at night, which promoted the healthy growth of the seedlings. Ventilation should be strengthened in the middle and later stages of growth to prevent diseases caused by high temperature and humidity in the shed. That is, after the middle of May, the apron of the greenhouse should be removed and the vents should be enlarged. At the same time, both ends of the greenhouse should also be opened to speed up the heat emission. c. Set up a fight. When setting up the frame, pull an iron wire directly above the narrow border on both sides, and fix the iron wire directly on the inside of the scaffolding to prepare for the vine; in the middle of the shed, a cement pillar is set up every 10m in the middle of the border, and the iron wire is framed at the top of the pillar, and the two ends of the wire are fixed by oblique tension with iron piles. In order to prevent the iron wire from sagging, the iron wire is hung on the arch frame of the greenhouse with thin wire every 3m or so to enhance the firmness. d. Draw the vine. When the 6 true leaves of the seedling begin to invert, the vine should be introduced in time. If the vine is not introduced for a long time, the vine will also be broken because of its own sagging quality, affecting flowering and fruiting. It is best to use cloth strips to introduce the vine, because the melon vine is hollow and easy to break, the cloth strip is soft and thick, and the contact area with the melon vine is large, which can reduce the damage to the melon vine. The best time to draw the vine is in the afternoon. After the leaf transpiration, the melon vine has good toughness and is not easy to be damaged. In the morning, the water content of leaves and stems is high, brittle and easy to break, so it is not suitable to draw vines. Use cloth strips to buckle loosely at the base of the seedlings, then wind the vines around the cloth strips, leading to the opposite side of the border, and then buckle the cloth strips on the wire to let the melon vines on the shelf, which can increase the length of the vines and increase the number of melons. e. Hit the side branch. Mini pumpkin mostly uses the main vine to knot melon, single vine pruning. Remove the side branches and male flowers in time, and if the side branches are found to be too large, use scissors to cut off the wound area and reduce the damage to the main vine. It is worth noting that when removing lateral branches and male flowers, more early male flowers should be left at the base to prevent female flowers from blooming without male pollination. f. Pollination leaves melons. Pollination should be carried out in time after the dew is air-dried, and it is generally required to be completed before 10 ∶ 00 in the morning. With the increase of air temperature, the pollen viability decreases and the suitable pollination time is advanced. Select the male flower that blossoms on the same day, remove the petals, and apply the pollen directly on the stigma of the female flower. If the amount of pollen of one male flower is less, you can use 2 or 3 male flowers to the stigma of one female flower. The first remaining melon node is about 11 nodes, leaving 1 melon every 4-5 nodes, 4-5 melons per plant, leaving 5-6 leaves above the last melon and then picking the heart. g. Pest control. Insect pests are mainly aphids, and the prevention work should be done in time as the temperature increases in spring. It can be sprayed with 2000 times of imidacloprid. Ventilation is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of diseases. In the middle and later stages of pumpkin growth, if there is insufficient ventilation, high temperature and humidity in the greenhouse can easily lead to powdery mildew. Triadimefon 1500 times liquid spray can be used to control powdery mildew from mid to late May, once every 10 days or so. Twice in a row. High temperature in the later stage is easy to cause the occurrence of virus disease, which can be prevented by spraying virus A800 times, and the susceptible plants should be pulled out in time once they are found. (4) the mini pumpkin can be ripe 40-45 days after pollination, the face is yellow and white, the edges are orange, the surface is waxy, the peel is hardened, and the stalk is woody. The harvest should be carried out in the morning, and the harvested melons should be stored in a cool and ventilated place for sale. Tender melons can also be harvested according to the needs of the market, generally about 20 days after pollination, after the fruit is fully expanded. Mini pumpkin is the most popular in the market with a single fruit of about 500g. At present, the wholesale price is 1.5 yuan per mini pumpkin, and the economic benefit is good.