New management technology of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus with corncob

A large amount of corn is planted in northern China, and corncobs can be used for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus after crushing. In recent years, the area of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus with corncobs has increased rapidly. The content of organic matter in corncob is 91.3%, soluble carbohydrate is 51.8%, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen is 56.70%. The cultivation area of Pleurotus ostreatus is 200 K corncob, 200 K cow dung, 20 K urea, 150 K gypsum powder, 100 K superphosphate, 100 K cake fertilizer and 200 K cottonseed shell. First, the pre-fermentation technology of composting fermentation of cultivation materials (each locality flexibly grasps the time of composting fermentation according to the actual situation of temperature change). The general stacking time of a fermentation is about 22 days and the pile is turned 5 times, which mainly includes the technical links such as pre-wetting of fermentation material, building pile, turning pile and so on. (1) pre-wetting. In order to make the corncob and cow dung fully absorb water, pre-wetting was carried out 3 days before the reactor was built. The pre-wetting method can be used to spread corncobs on the bottom of a clean and clean hardened road, covered with cow dung, and stacked to a height of 1. 5% according to the size of the site. About 0 meters, unlimited length and width of the pile, every day in the top sprinkled with PH value of about 8.5 lime water, until the bottom of the water overflow, in order to make the material fully wet. (2) build a pile. The fermentation site should be high-lying, near the water source and close to the mushroom house. It is better to harden the road surface of the site to prevent the mud lump from being mixed with the culture material during the stacking process. The pile is 2.0 meters wide, 1.5 meters high and unlimited in length. Material and cow dung should be mixed as evenly as possible. If the material is too dry, water can be fully added in the stacking process. The temperature was measured on the second day after construction, and the normal reactor temperature should rise to 70 ℃ on the third day. If not, the cause should be found out as soon as possible and remedied in time. (3) turn over the heap. The specific time of turning the pile is determined by the change of the temperature in the material. When the temperature of the material rises above 70 ℃ and no longer rises and keeps a downward trend for 1-2 days, turn the pile immediately. The principle of turning the pile is alternating up and down, inside and outside, but because the corncob is relatively broken, it is difficult to operate in practice. When turning the pile for the first time, all the urea should be sprinkled into the material and mixed evenly, and the water should be sprayed appropriately according to the dry and wet of the material. Auxiliary materials should be added in batches during the first and second turn. If there is a certain degree of "white flower" phenomenon in the material is normal, if the proportion of "white flower" is too large, it means that there is a shortage of water in the material, and water should be added to adjust humidity in time. In the process of turning the pile, if the material is sticky and sour, it is stated that the material is wet and the heap temperature is low, so the material should be turned to dry in time and lime and gypsum should be added properly. The partial materials infected by insect pests should be turned to the central high temperature area of the material as far as possible. Attention should be paid to testing the P H value, and the partial acid of the material can be adjusted with quicklime or lime water. After the end of pre-fermentation, the judgment standard of high-quality culture material is that the culture material is dark brown, the corncob is fully soft, the hands are not tied and shiny, and the slightly dry culture material can see white actinomycetes. The water content of the culture material is moderate, 5-6 drops can be dripped when held by hand, and the water content is about 70%. There is a small amount of ammonia and a light fragrance, neither sour nor smelly. The value of PH is about 8.0. ⒉ post-fermentation technology. Transport the culture material before fermentation to the bed frame while it is hot, seal the doors and windows, use the boiler or modified oil barrel to pass the hot steam into the shed, control the temperature by fire when the temperature rises to about 63 ℃, and cool it with fresh air if necessary, keep the temperature at about 60 ℃ for 12-24 hours. Generally can maintain this temperature during the day, the key is to constantly put in the right amount of hot steam at night. When the temperature dropped to about 50 ℃, it was maintained for 5-7 days, and finally ventilated and cooled down, so that the waste gas and residual ammonia produced in the fermentation process were discharged. When the material temperature is below 28 ℃, the seeds are laid and sown. (1) after entering the shed, whether or not to transfer water should be decided according to the degree of dryness and wetness of the material. Because a large amount of water in the culture material is consumed in the process of post-fermentation, the purpose of this water transfer is to avoid not transferring water after the end of post-fermentation, so as to reduce the probability of miscellaneous bacteria infection. (2) the culture material should be stacked in the middle and upper layer as far as possible. In principle, the top and bottom layers are not stacked, the upper layer has condensed water, and the lower layer has a low temperature. The culture material should be fluffy and piled on the bedstead and must not be compacted. ⑶ strictly controls the temperature of post-fermentation material. The temperature in the early stage was no more than 65 ℃, so that the culture material was too dry to produce a large number of actinomycetes, resulting in more nutrition loss. The average temperature should be maintained at about 60 ℃. Second, ⒈ sowing should be managed during the inoculation period. According to the morning and evening of the sowing season and the thickness of the material to flexibly control the amount of sowing, generally 1. 5% per square meter. 5-2. Five bottles. Before sowing, you must thoroughly disinfect all the tools with potassium permanganate solution, and at the same time, shake the culture material loose and smooth, with a thickness of 20-25 cm. Sow seeds in real time according to local climatic conditions. Heze, Jining, Liaocheng and other cities in Shandong Province usually sow seeds in August, and Taiyuan and Luliang in Shanxi Province usually at the end of August and the beginning of September. In the actual operation, the direct seeding method is generally used, that is, all the bacteria are scattered on the surface, this method is simple and fast, and the mycelium can seal the material surface in just a few days, and it is not easy for miscellaneous bacteria to invade. After sowing, gently compacted with sterilized wood, and then covered with film. If the material is slightly wet, it can also cover newspapers or other sterilized paper. Close the doors and windows and enter the germicidal period. ⒉ was infected. During the period of bacteria infection, the water droplets attached to the film should be shaken off gently on the ground, and the film can be uncovered in about 7-10 days after mycelium germination. If there are miscellaneous bacteria infecting the material surface or covering the space with too much humidity, the film can be uncovered in advance. The main results are as follows: (1) in the bacterial period, the growth of mycelium and the speed of mycelial feeding should be observed, and the problems should be dealt with in time, so as to avoid delaying the best period of treatment, resulting in the spread of insect pests and miscellaneous bacteria, thus reducing the yield. If the culture material is too dry or too wet, the hyphae will not eat or return bacteria. Too dry can spray water into the air to increase air humidity, if the culture material is too wet, you can take anti-brazing or pry material and increase ventilation. (2) always pay attention to observe the change of material temperature. When the material temperature is higher than 30 ℃, measures should be taken to drill holes and compact the material surface, and ventilation can also be done at night. It is also necessary to prevent excessive ammonia in the material and inhibit the normal growth of hyphae. If the ammonia in the material is heavy, brazing and loosening the culture material should be taken, and 2% formaldehyde solution should be sprayed on the ground wall aisle and other places to neutralize. If the ammonia smell in the material is really too heavy, which has caused the mycelium to shrink and cannot be saved, it is necessary to steam the material again and replant it. (3) when it is found that miscellaneous bacteria and insect pests should be dealt with in time, the drugs that should be injected and those that should be dug up should be dug up. If you encounter mites, you must not be careless, treat them in time, and fumigate with drugs if necessary. This requires us to pay attention to the quality of the culture material after the end of pre-and post-fermentation, and take timely measures to avoid this and that kind of problems after sowing as far as possible and delay the best time for treatment. (4) for 1-5 days, the bacteria were mainly insulated and moisturized, and there was no ventilation or less ventilation when the mycelium germinated normally, so as to promote the mycelium germination and colonization as soon as possible and seal the material surface. After 6-10 days of infection, the mycelium has been basically covered, and the ventilation rate is gradually increased with the depth of the mycelium feeding. For 11-18 days, when the mycelium eats 1 / 2 of the material layer, it should be brazed and ventilated in time, at the same time, increase the ventilation rate and increase the oxygen content in the material. When the mycelium eats more than 2 to 3 of the material layer, prepare to cover the soil (preferably the entire material layer). Third, manage the selection of ⒈ covering materials after covering and after covering. The quality of the covered soil, the size of the soil particles and the thickness of the soil layer have a direct impact on the morning and evening of mushroom production, yield and quality. Generally speaking, the soil covering material should have good aggregate structure, good water holding capacity and air permeability. The nutrients in the covered soil should not be too rich, and the nutrients are poor. It is required to choose the soil with no pathogens and insect pests below 20mm in the surface layer, and avoid the alkaline soil with high concentration of soluble salt. At present, the best covering material is peat soil, followed by sandy loam soil. Peat soil has good water-holding capacity and air permeability. The following is a brief introduction to the management method of using peat soil as covering material. Preparation of ⒉ peat cover material. Add 10K quicklime to each cubic meter of peat soil (or spray peat soil with lime water with a pH of 7.5-8.0) and 0.2m3 sand. First mix the sand, quicklime and peat soil together, turn them twice, mix them as evenly as possible, pile them into a large pile, and water them with clean water from the top until the bottom overflows, and the next day you begin to turn the pile. Turn the pile 4-5 times until the whole pile is uniform, finally covered with thin film and sealed for 24 hours. The treatment of the bed surface before ⒊ covering. Before covering the soil, if there are miscellaneous bacteria on the bed surface, 300-500 times fungicides should be sprayed. If the bed surface is too dry, it can be combined with spraying 0.5% lime water, and then ventilated to dry. If the humidity of the material surface is too high, it can be ventilated in advance to keep the material surface slightly dry. ⒋ soil covering and post-mulching management. According to the thickness of the material, the thickness of the covered soil is flexibly controlled, the thickness of the soil layer is generally controlled at 3.5-4.5 cm, and the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil is adjusted to hand-held water exudation, and it is appropriate to disperse when it falls to the ground. During this period, the key is to observe the material temperature, strive to control it below 28 ℃, use night ventilation or brazing in the material if necessary, and often spray water in the walls, doors and windows of the shed to control the temperature. The humidity in the shed should be controlled in the range of 65-70%. Fourth, mushroom production management ⒈ kink mushroom. The hyphae should spray water slightly when they begin to climb the soil, and spray water frequently as soon as they climb the soil, and gradually increase the amount of water spraying as the position of the mycelium rises. When spraying water, it should be combined with ventilation. When the mycelium crawls 1 cm from the surface, the water should be pumped to the maximum limit. At the same time, the temperature of the material should be controlled below 20 ℃, so that the hyphae can kink effectively. Control mycelium growth to prevent bacteria, once bacteria occur to increase ventilation and cooling, and spray 0.5% lime water. If the false bacteria are serious and form a bacterial quilt, the bacteria should be destroyed with a knife or rake, combined with the above management methods. When the hyphae begin to kink, close the vents according to the actual situation in the shed, or ventilate as little as possible. ⒉ adjustment of air, temperature and humidity. Mushroom buds generally grow to the size of soybeans, they should be sprayed with heavy water. For peat soil, the amount of water from the mycelium climbing to the beginning of kink should reach 7-9 kg. As the mushroom body is small and needs to be sprayed with water, this requires that the spraying of water should not be too hasty and too big, and should be completed within three days. At this time, the temperature in the shed should be controlled at 14-16 ℃, not more than 20 ℃ as far as possible. However, in practice, due to the constraints of natural conditions, the first tide mushrooms often produce uneven, especially the upper and lower layers, doorways and corners, the time of mushroom production is very different, and the size of bed mushrooms is more or less the same, which brings inconvenience to management, so we should use it flexibly in practice. The head tide mushroom is usually sprayed enough in stages when spraying mushroom water, so that the water content of the covered soil is saturated, then close the ventilation hole for 3-5 days, and then start spraying water when the mushroom grows to about 1.5-2m. More mushroom spray, less mushroom spray. Try to avoid high temperature when spraying water, you can spray water sooner or later. Be sure to be ventilated when spraying water, and do not turn off the door. Spray water combined with external weather conditions, spray more on sunny and dry days and less on cloudy and rainy days, but don't spray water before picking mushrooms to avoid redness and reduce commodity quality, but you can spray water the day before picking mushrooms or after picking mushrooms to replenish soil. After 80% of the mushrooms on the bed have been picked, spray heavy water again, then remove the dead mushrooms and mushroom roots, clean up the bed, close the vents and wait for the lower tide mushrooms to be unearthed. In the daily management of ⒊, we must accurately grasp the relationship among ventilation, heat preservation and moisturization according to the changes of weather. The main results are as follows: (1) the temperature is high in the early stage of mushroom emergence in autumn, and the hyphae and fruiting bodies grow rapidly, so we should strengthen ventilation and adjust moisture in time, maintain the humidity of mushroom shed, and ventilation and water pumping should be carried out sooner or later. In the late autumn, the temperature decreases gradually, the mushroom production is also gradually rare, and the growth is slow, so we should reduce the water spray ventilation, which is generally carried out when the temperature is high at noon. When the temperature in the shed is lower than 8 ℃, it is necessary to keep the mushrooms naturally, occasionally spraying a small amount of water when the temperature is high at noon and passing through the wind for a short time. (2) as the temperature drops day by day, when the temperature is lower than 5 ℃, it is necessary to enter the overwintering management, basically stop spraying water, and keep the soil cover without whitening. Ventilate when the lunchtime temperature is high, keep the soil dry, and then begin to clean up the bed, remove dead mushrooms, and remove old roots and aged yellowing fungal cords. (3) if the amount of mushrooms is large and the hyphae are exuberant in autumn, the surface soil should be gently raked with a rake, then sprinkle a small amount of lime on the surface and sprinkle 4K quicklime thoroughly into the winter.