Cultivation techniques of hericium Erinaceus in Changshan

As early as the eighties of the last century, Changshan hericium Erinaceus was famous all over the country, and its output ranked first in the world. Before the 1990s, the fruit bodies of hericium Erinaceus were cultured in bottles, but after the 1990s, they were cultivated in plastic bags, that is, the culture materials were packed in plastic bags, sterilized, inoculated, cultured, and then grew into fruit bodies under controlled cultivation conditions. First, the site selection production site should choose the ecological environment is good, the water quality is good, does not have the toxic gas, the surrounding 300m does not have all kinds of sewage and other pollution sources. The seat is required to face south, with good ventilation and fresh air; the interior of the cultivation room is required to be flat, with floor windows, doors and windows. 2. Selection of cultivation season the suitable growth temperature of hypha of hericium Erinaceus is 25 ±2 ℃, and the suitable growth temperature of fruit body is 12 ℃ 18 ℃, which is higher than 20 ℃ and grows slowly when it is lower than 10 ℃. It takes about 100 days from the feeding to the end, and the mycelium culture takes about 25 days. Zhejiang area is the best from late September of that year to early January of the following year. Third, the preparation of culture materials and bagged culture materials should consider four aspects: the best formula, preparation method, reasonable moisture, suitable ph value. Culture materials should be used according to local resources, such as cottonseed shell, corn kernel residue, wheat bran, sawdust, rice bran and so on. First, pre-wet the cottonseed shell according to 1 ∶ 1 material-water ratio, add other culture materials according to the specific formula requirements, mix thoroughly, and the water content is controlled at about 65%. Simple test method: there are a few drops of water between the fingers of the hand-pinched culture material, indicating that the water content has reached the requirement. Put the culture material into a 14cm × 27cm polypropylene plastic bag to 12-14cm, the tightness of the culture material should be uniform up and down, slightly firm (the bag material should not be sunken after hand pressure), and the mouth of the bag should be tied with plastic rope. Loading must be completed within 6 hours. 4. Sterilization bag material cultivation should be sterilized under normal pressure, and the sterilization temperature should be kept at 100 ℃ for more than 12 hours. The autoclaved 1.5kg/cm2 was kept for 2 hours. Take the vertical high-pressure sterilizer as an example, its operation procedure is as follows: ① closes the drain valve, turns on the inlet valve or opens the lid, adds an appropriate amount of water to the pot, and then puts the items that need to be sterilized into the pot, do not put too crowded, so as not to affect the flow of steam. ② cover the pot, tighten the intake valve, do not leak, start heating. When the pressure gauge pointer rises to 0.5kg/cm2 pressure, you should unscrew the exhaust valve and let out the cold air in the pot for about a few minutes. When the air is exhausted and the gauge needle falls to zero, close the exhaust valve to continue heating. After ④ sterilization, slowly unscrew the exhaust valve, release all the steam in the pot, open the lid, and take out the items. After the use of ⑤, drain the remaining water from the pot and keep it dry to avoid rust or scale formation. Fifth, the inoculation is generally carried out in the inoculation room or inoculation box, the inoculation environment is required to be clean, dry, and disinfected, and the bacteria used meet the quality standards. When the material temperature is below 28 ℃, put the bag material, bacteria, alcohol lamp, inoculation tools and so on into the inoculation box or sterile room. Put 10ml/m3 formaldehyde and 2g potassium permanganate in the inoculation box or sterile room for reaction or other disinfectants, and then inoculate after closed fumigation for 0.5h. When inoculating, light the alcohol lamp first, hold the inoculation rake in the right hand and burn on the flame, hold the strain bottle in the left hand and close to the flame, pull out the cotton plug, remove the old bacteria block on the surface of the strain, dig the strain into small pieces, and then place the strain bottle horizontally on the strain rack. Then the left hand holds the bag to be picked up, and in the sterile area near the alcohol lamp, insert the strain into the bag and tie up the mouth of the bag. The operation requires quickness, agility and accuracy. Each bottle of bacteria is connected to about 35 bags. When inoculating the rod bag, the right hand uses a conical rod with 1.2cm diameter to connect the seed hole to the material bag, and the hole is deep 2cm, then use tweezers to take a piece of peanut-sized bacteria and insert it into the bacteria hole, one rod can be connected with 4 or 5 inoculation holes, the hole distance is 6cm~7cm, and the hole mouth is sealed with adhesive tape, or only a slightly larger sterilized plastic bag is covered outside the bag, and the bag mouth is tied with rope. 6. Culture method: the pot-shaped bag is double-layer discharge facing upward, and the rod-shaped bag is stacked on the wall with a height of 8-10 bags, and there should be a walkway with about 70cm width between the bacterial walls. Training management: ① training indoor and outdoor should do a good job of disinfection, insecticidal, cleaning and hygiene. When the temperature of ② culture chamber was controlled between 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, the mycelium had strong viability and could not form fruiting body early. When the temperature is higher than 28 ℃, the mycelium is easy to degenerate, and when the temperature is below 20 ℃, the fruiting body will be formed before the mycelium grows full. ③ uses grass curtain and sunshade net to block the light, which makes the bacteria room basically dark (50lx ~ 60lx illuminance). ④ collects miscellaneous bacteria frequently to reduce repeated infection. Management of mushroom production 1. Uncover or open bag: hericium Erinaceus fruiting body formation and growth need a long mushroom opening and good air. The pot-shaped bag body grows from the mouth of the bag, so it is necessary to make the mouth of the bag into a bottle shape. The specific method is to use a plastic packing belt with a width of 1cm~2cm and a length of about 10 cm, which is bent into a ring with a diameter of 4 cm~5 cm, and the connections on both sides are fastened with staples or hot sticks, then the mouth of the bag is pierced into the plastic ring, then folded out of the circle, straightened, and the mouth of the bag is fastened with a rubber band. After the adhesive tape of the inoculation point is torn off by the stick bag, the single layer lies flat on the shelf and the mouth of the hole is up. 2. Environmental control: it is necessary to control the temperature, air, light, space humidity and other conditions when coming out of the mushroom room. If a certain condition is not suitable, it will affect the yield of hericium Erinaceus. Hericium Erinaceus growth requires lower temperature, higher air humidity, better astigmatism, air carbon dioxide content should not exceed 0.1%. During mushroom emergence, the key of temperature can be grasped to manage flexibly. Primordia can be formed at 10 ℃ ~ 25 ℃, and the best is 12 ℃ ~ 18 ℃. ① when the temperature is normal: use ground water sprinkling, space spray, keep the mushroom room air humidity 90%, ensure that there is 100lx scattered light, induce the formation of primordium. In the fruiting body growth stage, it is necessary to keep the space humidity 85%-90%, keep the air in the mushroom room fresh and without a sense of sulk, open doors and windows for 4-8 hours a day, and hang straw curtains at the same time to prevent them from being blown directly by the wind. ② cannot form a fruiting body when the temperature is higher than 25 ℃. Therefore, it is necessary to open the doors and windows, lift the ceiling, and open the straw curtains hanging outside the doors and windows to increase ventilation, reduce humidity and avoid high temperature and humidity. When the temperature of ③ is low, the differentiation and growth of fruiting body are slow. Below 6 ℃, the fruiting body stopped growing completely, so that the surface of the fruiting body froze and became bald hericium Erinaceus. Therefore, it is necessary to increase heat preservation measures, add a layer of film in the air, thicken the curtains, and even heat up. Management of harvesting and post-harvest hericium Erinaceus should be harvested as soon as the fruiting body is mature. The harvest standard is that the fruiting body sphere is basically long and solid, the length of the spines is 0.5cm~1cm, and the spores are picked in time before ejection. The harvesting method is to cut from the base of the fruiting body with a cutter. Handle it gently when picking and send it to the factory for processing within 2 hours after harvest to prevent fever and deterioration. The residue left at the base should be removed after harvest, and then the bacteria should be kept dry for 3-5 days, and the primordium began to form again in 7-10 days, and the mushroom production management can be carried out at this time. Generally, pot-shaped bags can be harvested for 4 times, and each hole in handheld bags can be harvested for about 3 times.