Introduction to planting techniques and cultivation Management of Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is a kind of excellent tree species for both fruit and timber, which is tall and beautiful, and it is also a beautiful ornamental tree species. Ginkgo biloba has strong adaptability to soil, acid, alkali and drought tolerance, and its life span is as long as hundreds of years, even more than a thousand years. The fruit is rich in ginkgolic acid and ginkgo alcohol, which is rich in nutrition and can be used as food or medicine. The leaves can produce "coronary heart ketone" and other medicines, and can also be used as paddy field fertilizers and pesticides. Its wood is light and flexible, fine-grained and not easy to crack, so it is a good material for construction, craftsmanship and furniture.

Planting value

Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo tree, Gongsun tree or duck palm tree, only existed in China in the late Quaternary glacial period and is one of the most important specialty fruit trees in China. The comprehensive utilization value of ginkgo biloba is very great. Its use part is seed kernel, rich in nutrition, fragrant and delicious, is a good ingredient for high-grade tonic and high-grade dishes, and has certain medical value, such as resolving phlegm, relieving cough, tonifying lung, dysmenorrhea, relieving turbidity, diuresis and sterilization.

Ginkgo trees are tall, straight and majestic, with clean and beautiful leaves, have a certain resistance to smoke pollution, and can purify the air, with few diseases and insect pests, so they are also important scenic trees and excellent tree species for greening around. It is also used to make bonsai stumps.

Ginkgo biloba wood material is soft and flexible, not easy to deform, for fine handicrafts and valuable household materials, but the finished wood lasts too long and the production is less. The leaves can extract new drugs of coronary heart ketone to treat diseases of the vascular system; even if the leaves are fallen, they can also be used for sewing medicine pillows. The extra-nuclear fleshy seed coat can be used to extract tannin extract, smash and add water to make soil pesticides, which has insecticidal effect.

Main species

There is only one genus and one species of Ginkgo biloba. In addition, there are varieties such as leaf seeds, ginkgo biloba, some of which are born on leaves and the stalks are merged into one. In plant classification, ginkgo biloba belongs to gymnosperms. The ovule is produced on the receptacle and there is no ovary wrapped outside, so the seed does not have a pericarp when it is mature. The usually stone-shaped "fruit" is actually the seed of ginkgo biloba.

The cultivated varieties are usually divided into three types: bergamot, plum stone and horse bell according to the characters of seed and seed.

Most of the seed nuclei of bergamot varieties are long Obovate-shaped oval with edges on both sides but no obvious wing edges. The kernel is plump and delicious.

The seed nucleus of plum nuclear varieties is small, often nearly round, slightly flat, the dorsal ventral surface is often uneven, the edges on both sides are oval or hammer-shaped not far from the base, and the wings are not obvious on the side.

The seed nucleus of potato varieties is oval or hammer-shaped, the side is angled but the wing is not obvious. The shape is between bergamot and plum nucleus.

Growth habit

Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous fruit tree with slow growth, late inoculation and long life, which is dioecious and often forms a tall crown with strong dryness and obvious layers. The canopy of real trees is mostly tower-shaped, conical or oval. When the production of grafted trees is blocked without central trunk or central trunk, the crown can begin to be semicircular or happy in the later stage of growth. The branches in the crown can be divided into two types: growing branches and short shrinking branches. The long branch is formed by the upward and outward extension of several buds at the end of the branch, which is the basis of the crown.

The short branch is formed by the buds in the middle and lower part of the branch, and then extends weakly every year. The internodes are extreme, also known as "scale branch" or "milk branch". Under certain conditions, short branches can also produce long branches. Young trees under 10 years old have a higher proportion of long branches, accounting for about 70% of the total branch volume. A tree that is more than 50 years old. The number of long branches decreased sharply, and the proportion of short branches increased significantly, accounting for more than 80% of the total branches, so the crowns of adult trees are often sparse. Sometimes, the hidden buds of old trees or big branches can also sprout directly to form short branches.

After fruiting age, the female flowers and male inflorescences of ginkgo trees are clustered on the short branches of female and male plants, respectively. There are 5 to 14 leaves on short branches, and flower buds can be formed on sturdy short branches with more than 6 leaves. Flower buds are mixed buds, terminal, very short in spring and then blossom in leaf axils. Each shortening branch on the female plant can be inoculated with 2-14 (usually 5-6). The formation of flower buds on short branches is related to the nutritional status of the tree and the age and growth status of the basal branches. Generally speaking, the fruiting ability of shortened branches is the most on the basal branches of 3-12 years old, and then the fruiting ability decreases gradually.

The sprouting rate of the long branches of Ginkgo biloba is very high, except for the first top buds, the axillary buds on the other nodes can produce short branches, and form flower buds to blossom and bear fruit, which is very easy to form big and small years. However, the shortening branches on the same basal branch sometimes bear fruit alternately. Male inflorescences grow between axils of shortened branches and leaves, and 4-6 inflorescences can be borne on each shortened branch.

Reproduction method

There are many propagation methods of ginkgo biloba, such as seedling, ramet, grafting and so on, and the methods of plant division and grafting are widely used in production. The seed-bearing method is late, and the seed seed is small, so it is mostly used to cultivate wood and fruit trees, or to cultivate rootstock seedlings. The seeds can be sown in winter or in spring after sand storage. About 600 kg-750 kg seeds are needed per 1000 square meters of seedbed. The cotyledons of ginkgo biloba seedlings are not unearthed, and the soil cover can be thicker. The growth of seedlings is very slow, and it is suitable for sunshade at high temperature in summer. The lateral root of one-year-old seedling is underdeveloped, and the height of the seedling is no more than 20ml / 30cm. It is not suitable to come out of the nursery or for grafting. Generally, it is necessary to change the bed to cultivate for 2mi-3 years, and wait for the seedlings to reach a height of 60ml / 100cm before coming out of the nursery.

Ramet is the use of ginkgo biloba plant base sprouting, before sprouting in spring 2muri-March. Carry some old roots and fibrous roots, which is conducive to survival. The fruiting age of ramet seedlings is earlier than that of fruiting seedlings, but it takes about 10 years. Ramet seedlings are cultivated, but they are fixed and planted in the field, and they can also be used as sticky wood for grafting. The ramet should be selected from the root of the female plant.

The cuttage survival rate of Ginkgo biloba is lower than that of tree species which are easy to root, but cutting propagation can save seeds and expand seedling sources. The cutting method is divided into hardwood cuttage and green wood cuttage. Hardwood cuttings selected annual branches as cuttings, cut into about 20 cm, the lower end cut into horseshoe shape, with 30/1000000 to 50/1000000 acetic acid solution (the effective ingredient of rooting agent) treatment of 12murmuri for 24 hours, or soaked in 50 ppm ABT-1 rooting powder for 1 hour, and then cut into the soil with a depth of about 10 cm.

The ginkgo trees propagated by grafting are the earliest to bear fruit, and the tree body is shorter, so it is easy to manage. In the past, high stem grafting with large rootstock was often used in producing areas, which was not conducive to a large number of rapid seedling breeding and garden establishment. At present, seedling grafting is popularized in production, that is, 2-3-year-old rootstock seedlings are grafted at a lower position 30 cm-50 cm above the ground, and one-year-old branches are used as spikes. There are two main grafting methods: crackling and subcutaneous grafting. The grafting period is from mid-late March to early April.

Planting and management

The open land with deep soil layer and good drainage should be selected in the garden where ginkgo biloba is planted. It is not suitable to build a garden where low-lying moisture, heavy salinity and heavy soil are not suitable. The planting distance can generally be 4-5 meters, such as the implementation of planned close planting can further reduce the plant row spacing. The Ginkgo biloba leaf-picking orchard is built with highly close planting, with a row spacing of only 0.7 Muthi 1 meter. Ginkgo trees planted sporadically on the four sides can form large crowns, and the row spacing can be expanded to 6 Mel 8 meters. The root system of Ginkgo biloba recovered slowly after injury, and the larger the seedling was, the longer it took to resume growth. Planting and transplanting seedlings should damage the root system as little as possible, so as not to lengthen the slow seedling stage and affect the growth and fruiting.

Ginkgo tree growth is slow, strengthen soil fertilizer management, can accelerate growth, according to the initial discretion to increase the amount of base fertilizer, topdressing 1-2 times before sprouting, in order to promote the growth of new shoots, applying 0.8 kg-1 kg compound fertilizer or pouring manure from mature people. Ginkgo avoid wet waterlogging, rainy season should pay attention to ground drainage.

Diseases and pests and their control

There are not many diseases and insect pests harmful to Ginkgo biloba, mainly leaf blight and dry rot, all of which are fungal diseases. Leaf blight can be sprayed 2-3 times with 25% multi-bacteria 500-fold solution or 70% methyl topiramate 600-fold solution during the growing period, and the fallen leaves can be swept away and burned in time. Dry rot can be used alternately for 2-3 times during the growing period with 25% multi-bacteria 500-fold solution or 70% methyl topiramate 600-fold solution and 240-fold Bordeaux solution.

The main pests are longicorn beetles, big bag moth, thrips and ultra-small ginkgo leaf moth. Thrips can harm the young leaves of Ginkgo biloba by spraying 2.5% dimethoate EC 2000 times or 20% dimethoate EC 3000 times, or using 40% dimethoate or omethoate EC 1000-1500 times. Ultra-small leaf moth larvae in early summer leaf erosion short branches, can manually remove insect bracts, leaf curls, hang sugar and vinegar cans during the occurrence of adults, or spray 1000 times of phoxim EC to control.

Production methods, cultivation and maintenance of bonsai of Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is a famous longevity tree species with strong vitality, peculiar leaf shape, easy grafting, reproduction, shaping and pruning. It is a high-quality material for making bonsai, especially the bonsai made of ginkgo tree milk, which has high ornamental value and economic value. Ginkgo biloba is a commonly used tree species in Chinese bonsai. Ginkgo bonsai is one of the most unique bonsai in China because of its thick trunk, curved branches, dewy roots, unique shape, vigorous and unrestrained and interesting.

Potted soil preparation:

Because of the limited container, the root growth of potted ginkgo biloba is inhibited, and there must be sufficient fertility in the limited pot soil in order to maintain the growth and fruiting of ginkgo biloba. Select loose and fertile pastoral soil, sift, add 1/3 fully mature organic manure (such as compost, stable manure, green manure, etc.), add 1/5 crushed plant straw, soak the above raw materials with 5% human feces and urine or 1% urea aqueous solution, hold the humidity into a ball, let go, pile it in a sunny place, cover it with plastic film, and ferment at high temperature for 15 to 25 days.

Container selection:

Choose different containers according to where they are placed. For viewing on the desk or windowsill, choose ceramic or pottery flowerpots with a diameter of about 30 cm and a height of 30 cm, with a drain at the bottom, and watch them on the courtyard or balcony. Containers such as buckets, small boxes, vats, flowerpots and so on can be used. Change the basin every 1 to 2 years, and fill in some new humus soil at the same time.

Fine planting:

After the soil is thawed in spring, before the seedlings germinate, choose 2-year-old strong seedlings with well-developed lateral roots, free from diseases and insect pests and basal stems of 1 cm to 2 cm, trim the roots and flatten the wound to facilitate wound healing. Soak the seedlings and new pots with water for one day and night before planting, first buckle the drainage hole of the flowerpot with a small piece of tile. So that it can drain without leaking soil. And then load 1/2 pots of dirt? The middle part is high and low around, stretch the seedling root system, erect the root stem, fill the soil, gently lift the seedling by hand and shake the basin to make the soil firm, and then fill the soil firmly. The basin soil should be 3 cm to 5 cm lower than the rim of the basin in order to fill with water. Attention should be paid to prevent half-cut water, wet and dry, affecting survival and growth, pouring water and placing it in a cool place to slow seedlings.

Grafted seedlings:

The excellent varieties with early fruit and high yield were selected for grafting, and they could bear fruit after surviving for three years. The better varieties are Tancheng No. 3, Big Buddha finger, Dongting Huang and so on. Split grafting or wood bud grafting was used before sprouting in spring or with woody buds from July to August, which germinated in the same year in spring and in the second year after survival in autumn.

Trim the shape:

According to personal appreciation level and aesthetic point of view, cultivate into a suitable tree. Such as bow, two-layer flat, cross, spindle, etc., the bow can be formed into a bow by wire with a diameter of 2 cm to 4 cm, which is fixed on the basin in the spring of the following year, and the new branches are tied up along the tree, and the plastic surgery is completed for 3 to 4 years. The latter three kinds of trees can fix the branches in the expected position and carry out shaping and pruning year by year. In the third year, a strong branch is selected from the upper part of the crown to the sunny side, and the male branch is grafted for pollination.

Fertilizer and water management:

Bonsai cultivation is affected by container size and soil fertility. the water in the basin evaporates quickly, so it should be observed and watered in time. Watering depends on the basin soil and leaves to determine the watering times, generally every 1 to 2 days. In the hot dry season, root irrigation is carried out before 8 am and after 5 pm every day, and the leaf surface is also sprayed to wash away the foliar dust, which is conducive to photosynthesis, increase local humidity and meet the physiological needs of Ginkgo biloba. After falling leaves in autumn, take out the surface soil in the basin, change it into loose and fertile nutrient soil, and irrigate it. When sprouting in early spring, nitrogen fertilizer was applied to accelerate sprouting, 0.1% borax solution was sprayed in the peak flowering period, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was applied in the fruit expansion period after anthesis. Potted ginkgo biloba should be fertilized less frequently, which can not only prevent root burning but also be fully absorbed.

Pest control:

The main pests of Ginkgo biloba are diamondback moth and ultra-small leaf roll moth, and the main diseases are root rot and leaf blight. Root disease is generally caused by stagnant water in the root, leaf blight is mainly caused by lack of fertilizer and weak tree potential, and it is also related to high temperature. According to different diseases and insect pests, correct control measures should be taken. Strengthening fertilizer and water management, strengthening tree potential and improving tree resistance are also effective ways to control diseases and insect pests.

The prospect of tree seedling planting and the key points of planting management technology

What kind of saplings are more promising nowadays? What are the planting and management techniques of saplings? The planting prospect of tree seedlings is related to the production and development trend of flower seedlings.

According to the production situation and development trend of existing flower seedlings, the following types of flower seedlings can be used as leading varieties for nursery farmers to choose.

1. Export-oriented flower seedlings export seedlings due to market information, export channels, technical requirements and other factors, it is still strange to most seedling operators, but it has great market potential and development prospects. For example, Yangtong and Yamagi have a good market demand in Japan, and they have to rely on imports because Japan has no domestic resources: guazihuang poplar has been cultivated and planted in Germany and other European countries and is widely used in European gardens. There is no problem of biological adaptability. Small bonsai, such as firethorn, lobular lohan pine, Japanese red maple, elm, cypress, these domestic resource-rich seedlings, can take the way of export. However, on the standardization issues such as planting substrate, seedling packaging and transportation, and quarantine, it must be carried out in accordance with the production standards of the European Union and the required countries. Miao Nong must pay attention to this point.

2. The greening and ecological construction of seedling cities facing the northern market is a national and long-term key work. The northern area to the north of the Yangtze River and even to the north of the Yellow River has a vast territory, relatively poor ecological environment and relatively few original suitable tree species. Therefore, it is a good way to cultivate seedling varieties adapted to the growth of the northern region. For example, hybrid Liriodendron chinense, which has been planted in Beijing for many years, grows well and can be used as a tree species to promote to the north and open up the northern market. Other varieties such as red leaf plum, cherry blossom, crape myrtle, magnolia, red maple, ginkgo and so on are suitable to be planted in Shandong, Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin and other northern regions. Evergreen seedling varieties such as Cypress and Populus tomentosa have been planted in Beijing for several years, which can basically adapt to the climatic conditions in the north. However, we must pay attention to the quality of seedlings, in the process of seedling cultivation, we should control the vegetative growth of seedlings and properly increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve its cold resistance.

3. Traditional characteristic excellent seedlings A local nursery stock cannot be without local traditional characteristic varieties, because the local tree species that have grown naturally for thousands of years are the most representative, and the traditional characteristic varieties are the most widely used in the market. Unless there is a special landscape need, the general green space skeleton tree species must be the local traditional species. For example, sweet-scented osmanthus is a local tree species with cultural connotation in Hangzhou, and professional units have begun to cultivate excellent and good varieties with long flowering period, large flower shape and large flower quantity, and the market prospect of these subdivided new varieties must be good. Cinnamomum camphora is in great demand in the process of urban construction, so it is very suitable for street trees. Disease-free, Fawu and Luan trees are also indispensable greening seedlings in urban garden construction. The traditional characteristic varieties of dragon cypress, big leaf yellow poplar, Phnom Penh yellow poplar and juniper cypress in Xiaoshan District are not only very suitable for reclamation sandy land, but also have good market potential.

4. New excellent varieties seedlings refer to the seedlings introduced from other places or domesticated by wild resources. In addition to the factors of hot speculation in the market, there will not be many of these seedlings that can really become new and excellent varieties. A simple way to investigate and determine is to make on-the-spot observation of all kinds of seedlings introduced and planted a few years ago, and to compare their growth performance according to the analysis of greening uses. Such as red leaf Photinia, Hong Kong beautiful Sizhao flower, hilly pyracantha, Jinsen privet, Mediterranean fan, big flower six trees, flower leaf stone and so on, have been accepted by the market in recent years, and the number of seedlings used has increased year by year. However, the cutting propagation speed of this kind of seedlings is very fast, which is easy to produce seedling homogenization and structural surplus. In the process of production, seedling farmers should timely understand the market information and adjust the planting structure.

5. Horticultural cultivation and container cultivation of horticultural seedlings is a new trend, reflecting the social demand for seedlings after the economic development to a certain extent. The large seedlings cultivated by horticulture, pruning and shaping or directly cultivated by containers are applied to all kinds of green space construction and garden landscape, which can not only form a kind of landscape, but also reflect the garden art. It is appropriate to choose evergreen, fine-leaf, compact and pruning-resistant varieties for horticultural cultivation, such as Luohan pine, straight cypress, five-needle pine, juniper, Japanese red maple, elm, maple incense, ginkgo, bone, yellow poplar and so on. On the other hand, container seedlings should be closely combined with the market, and some street tree species can be selected. Such as camphor, ginkgo, red and white magnolia, red maple, sweet-scented osmanthus, magnolia, cedar and so on.

6. the combination of fruit tree gardening application and leisure tourism application can meet the needs of landscaping on the one hand, and bring economic benefits for farmland and mountain forest contractors on the other hand. Some excellent varieties of grapefruit, red bayberry, persimmon, pomegranate, loquat, jujube and Torreya grandis are characteristic economic forest species with development prospects.

Planting technique of tree seedlings

I. soil, fertilizer and water management

(1) soil improvement in the garden

Cherry roots like sandy soil with good air permeability and high fertility. Those who have not deeply turned over and improved the soil during the construction of the mountain garden should be combined with fertilization in autumn, increase the application of organic fertilizer to strengthen soil improvement, repair the drainage system of clayey soil, pay attention to drainage and waterlogging, and avoid direct sand compaction. Sand, soil and organic fertilizer should be mixed evenly to improve the soil.

(2) Autumn base fertilizer

Big cherry needs fertilizer early in spring and concentrated in order to increase tree reserve nutrition, the application of base fertilizer in autumn is the key. According to the relevant expert experiments, the effect of centralized fertilization in autumn is the best. The application time of base fertilizer should be carried out in the early and middle of September, and the amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the size of fruit trees. Kg calcium superphosphate, 0.5-0.8 kg urea, 0.2-0.3 kg borax, 0.2-0.3 kg ferrous sulfate. Fertilization method: you can dig pits or ring ditches according to the projection of the tree body, and the dense planting garden where the root system has been full can dig strip ditches (about 30 cm deep) along the outer edge of the crown projection between rows of plants. After fertilizer is applied, it is necessary to keep up with watering to promote fertilizer with water to facilitate root absorption. After stopping water infiltration, pits and ditches are sealed with soil (commonly known as sealing) to avoid spreading in the whole garden and cause tree roots to float up.

(3) foliar topdressing

Foliar topdressing can prolong the functional period of leaves and make it produce more nutrients, which can be stored in fruit trees for root growth and germination and flowering next year. The leaves can be sprayed 0.5-0.8% urea and 0.2-0.4% KH _ 2PO _ 4 every 10-20 days from mid-August to mid-September in autumn. Young trees with prosperous production in autumn can be sprayed alone with 4% plant ash extract to promote branch maturation. Spray must be from 5 p.m. to evening, with less evaporation of fertilizer, long time of attachment to leaves and good absorption of leaves. To prevent drug damage, spray on the back of the leaves to facilitate absorption.

(4) pouring frozen water

The soil is watered before freezing in November.

II. Shaping and pruning

Big cherry pruning includes pulling open angle, summer pruning and carving buds to promote branch growth, clearing head, thinning big branches and so on. Big cherry should adopt natural happy form or natural clump, these two kinds of trees have fast formation, early fruit production, shorter tree body, convenient management and harvest, and are also conducive to wind resistance and lodging resistance.

(1) pull branches and open corners. The practice shows that the opening angle of the big cherry branch in autumn is better than that in spring. The base angle of the first main branch of the big cherry is about 80 degrees, the tip angle is 65-70 degrees, and the opening angle of the auxiliary planting branch is 80-90 degrees. Attention should be paid to moving the rope or falling objects in time when opening the branches to prevent the tip angle from growing centrally. When the height of the tree is 4 meters between rows (4 meters between rows), all the upper branches are no longer truncated, only one branch at the upper end of each main branch and side branch is extended, and the other branch is used as a side branch, and the extra long branches can be removed.

(2) pick the heart in autumn. At the end of July and the beginning of August, there are a small number of new shoots in the inner chamber of the tree, which can be left about 20 cm to pick the heart in time, control the vigorous growth, promote maturity and form the fruiting branch group.

(3) to remove the big branches, etc. In the middle and late August, if there are standing branches, over-dense branches and over-strong branches on the back, improve the inner chamber light, enrich the flower bud, and the tree chamber is empty, the 1 ~ 2-year-old strong branches of the inner chamber can be moderately cut short to promote the growth of branches, culture or fruiting branches. The outer branches of Violet, Red Light and Binku left 1 or 2 branches to go out, and the other big branches should be thinned in the middle of September. Thinning branches in dormant period are easy to cause glue flow and can not be removed. In a year, a tree should have at most 2 big branches, but do not form mouth injuries.

III. Improved varieties

Because the childhood period of big cherry is long, after the beginning of fruit, it takes a long time to enter the period of high yield, if the varieties are not planted properly, or the collocation is not good, which affects the benefit of the orchard, it is necessary to improve the varieties, and the grafting should be in August or the next spring.

In August, when the growth of the second new shoot of the cherry tree stops, and the third new shoot has not yet occurred, it is appropriate to use the method of wood bud grafting to improve the grafting on the annual or biennial branches. The cherry varieties that can be regrafted are Red Lantern, Italian Zaohong, Ukraine No. 2, Dahong and so on.