Prevention and control techniques of common diseases of tortoise

Turtles can get sick after eating because the ambient temperature drops suddenly or the bait is not fresh, not clean, or the water quality becomes bad. Below, the editor of Qiannong Network will take a look at the symptoms and prevention measures of common diseases in the process of turtle breeding.

Gastroenteritis

[etiology] after eating turtles, turtles can suffer from this disease due to a sudden drop in ambient temperature, or because the bait is not fresh, not clean, or the water quality becomes bad.

[symptoms] there is a small amount of mucus or soft feces in the slightly diseased turtle feces, showing yellow, green or dark green, and the turtles eat less. The seriously sick turtle feces are watery or mucus-like, sauce-colored and blood-red. Turtles stop eating!

[prevention and treatment] gastroenteritis should be treated by adding a small amount of berberine, chloramphenicol or other human drugs to treat gastroenteritis. If you don't eat, you need to have an intramuscular injection, but individuals rarely have this ability, and they can also soak in the solution of the above drugs, but the effect is not obvious, in other words, if the tortoise has gastroenteritis, it is difficult to cure when it is not eating, resulting in the death of the tortoise!

Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia

[etiology] Pseudomonas aeruginosa widely exists in soil and sewage. Mainly through the digestive tract, wound infection. The bacteria are also found in bait and water sources.

[symptoms] diseased turtles have no appetite, eat less, vomit, and discharge yellow or brown purulent feces!

Prevention is better than cure, so pay attention to the environmental hygiene of turtles and clean feed and drinking water will not lead to bacterial infection. Once you get sick, you can mix streptomycin into the feed, or soak in streptomycin solution!

Scabies disease

[etiology] most of the diseases occur in aquatic turtles and semi-aquatic turtles. The source of the disease is the subspecies of hydrophilic unicellular bacteria. It often exists in the water, the skin and intestines of turtles. When the water environment is good, the tortoise is the carrier. Once the environment is polluted or the body surface is injured, the bacteria multiply in large numbers and cause the tortoise to get sick.

[symptoms] there are several white scabies the size of soybeans in the neck and limbs, and the yellow and white bean dregs are squeezed with hands. The sick tortoise can still eat at the initial stage, and the amount of food decreases gradually. In severe cases, the turtle stops eating and the reaction is slow. Usually 2-3 weeks can lead to the death of diseased turtles.

[prevention and treatment] first of all, isolate the sick turtles, squeeze out all the contents of scabies, wipe the affected area with iodine, apply oxytetracycline powder, and then insert cotton balls coated with oxytetracycline or chlortetracycline eye ointment into the affected area. Then put the sick turtles in shallow water, feed the turtles that have stopped eating, and mix antibiotics into the feed!

Rotten skin disease (rotten skin ulcer)

[etiology] is caused by monosporium infection. Due to other causes of skin injury, the disease bacteria take advantage of the opportunity, causing skin tissue necrosis at the injured site.

[symptoms] the affected part of the diseased turtle is festering and the epidermis is white.

[prevention and treatment] first, remove the rotten epidermis and dead skin from the affected area, and apply chlortetracycline eye ointment once a day. If the turtles eat by themselves, you can add oxytetracycline powder to the bait; if the turtles have stopped eating, they can be fed with oxytetracycline at the dosage of 1 gram per kilogram of turtles, and then the diseased turtles will be quarantined. Do not put water to feed, so as not to aggravate the disease. The turtles are reared in the pond after recovery.

① mild skin rot: most likely to occur in the armpit, across the nest, neck and other skin wrinkles.

② severe skin rot: the head of the diseased tortoise can no longer stretch normally.

White eye disease (conjunctivitis)

[etiology] caused by the increase of stocking density and excessive alkalinity of water quality. The disease often occurs in young turtles.

[symptoms] the eyes of the diseased turtles are congested and inflamed, the eyes are enlarged, the corneas and nasal mucosa are eroded by inflammation of the eyes, the outside of the eyeball is covered by white secretions, and the eyes cannot be opened. Sick turtles often wipe their eyes with their forelimbs, move slowly, seriously stop eating, and eventually die because of weakness complicated with other diseases. The disease often occurs in spring and autumn.

[prevention and treatment] turtles with mild symptoms (which can open their eyes) can be soaked in furacilin or furanone solution once a day for 40 minutes each time. Generally speaking, they can be cured in a week. For turtles that are too sick to open their eyes, first remove the white matter and white dead skin from the eyes, and then soak the turtles in furacilin or furanone solution for 1 hour a day if the bleeding continues.

Proteus Morgani

Proteus Morgani is a saprophytic parasite, which widely exists in soil, sewers, sewage and various decaying substances, and is infected through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, wound and urethra of turtles.

[symptoms] at the beginning of the tortoise attack, there is a large amount of white transparent foamy mucus in the nostrils and mouth, and yellow sticky fluid flows out in the later stage. The head of the tortoise often sticks out of the body, the turtle often crawls restlessly, does not eat and drinks less!

[pathology] the enlargement of the liver was cooked, and there were bleeding spots with large needles around it. The kidney has a needle tip and a large diffuse bleeding spot. The tip of the heart is congested and bleeds. The spleen is dark black. The intestinal tract is empty and there is not much content.

[prevention and treatment] immediately after the onset of isolation treatment, intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol, streptomycin and other drugs, oral or immersion treatment has no effect, but at present, individuals can not carry out injection treatment, so it is difficult for turtles with this symptom to survive!

Mumps

[etiology] the pathogen is a subspecies of punctate unicellular bacteria. It is mainly caused by water pollution!

[symptoms] sick turtles move slowly, often raising their neck in the water and on land, with abnormal swelling of the neck, bulging of the posterior fossa, subcutaneous inflation, edema of the limbs, and severe oral and nasal bleeding!

[prevention] streptomycin sulfate was injected with 100000 ~ 120000 units per kilogram of body weight. Once a year. Rinse daily with 30 mg / L furazolidone solution for 40 minutes every 2-3 months.

Streptomycin sulfate was injected intramuscularly. Inject 200000 units per kilogram of body weight. They were injected continuously for 3 days. Mild cases can be soaked in oxytetracycline solution (3 tablets of oxytetracycline in 10 kg water) for 30 minutes.

Rotten nail disease

[etiology] after the carapace is worn, bacteria invade and cause the carapace to fester.

[symptoms] the surface of the carapace fester, and in severe cases, holes can even be seen in the muscles. The sick tortoise does not eat and does not move, but shrinks its head.

[prevention]

① isolated the sick turtles, scrubbed the affected area with 3% hydrogen peroxide, removed the festering part, and then smeared it directly with potassium permanganate crystal powder.

② turtles raised in water can be soaked in 4% salt water for 30 minutes and then daub the affected area with antibiotic ointment such as Baiduobang.

Rotten nail disease

[etiology] because the carapace is damaged or squeezed, the bacteria invade the tortoise shell, causing the carapace to fester.

[symptoms] the tortoise's dorsal armor or ventral nail initially appeared white spots, slowly formed red spots, forced compression of blood oozing, and a rancid smell. Severe carapace surface fester into holes, armpits and crotch bulge. The sick tortoise stops eating and moves less, and has the phenomenon of shrinking his head. Four-eyed spotted turtles, side-necked turtles and snake-necked turtles are very vulnerable to this disease. Sick turtles don't like food and seldom move.

[prevention and treatment] pick out the shield piece, squeeze out the blood, remove the focus, smear the affected area directly with salt or potassium permanganate crystal powder, once a day, about a week, but there will be permanent scars on the tortoise shell. After soaking the diseased turtles with 40ppm potassium permanganate solution for 15 minutes, gently apply a small amount of potassium permanganate crystal powder to the focus of the diseased turtles.

In the early stage of ①, the symptoms are gray spots on the tortoise shell, then slowly become fleshy or red, and if not treated in time, the affected area will be infected with slow festering and odor, and finally life-threatening. If the wound is not infected or worsened, you can wipe it repeatedly with iodine tincture or 2% hydrogen peroxide, and then apply chlortetracycline ointment (anti-inflammation) or Yunnan Baiyao (hemostasis). You can also use Baiduobang ointment. Once every two days for a week or two. If the wound is infected or worsening, the outer skin of the affected area must be punctured with a disinfection knife, squeezed out blood or pus, and then treated according to the above method, and bandaged with gauze according to the condition of the wound. Once every three to four days for one to two months. Do not soak or soak during the treatment to keep the wound dry.

In the middle stage of ②, the symptoms are that the epidermis of the affected part of the external nail separates or warps up, and at the same time does not move or refuses to eat. First, take the first step, such as wiping a small amount of furazolidone dry powder or filling in the affected area, taking amoxicillin tablets (20mg/kg) or metronidazole tablets (40mg/kg) with straws, and replenishing nutrients such as electrolyte mixtures and special vitamins.

[administration] find a very small container to dissolve the tablets in warm water, then find a straw for oral liquid, suck some (according to the size of the turtle), hold one end of the straw with your tongue, and insert the other end into the back of the tongue in the tortoise's mouth (erect the turtle) to prevent the liquid from flowing into the trachea. If you open your tongue, the liquid will naturally flow in, or gently blow in. Whether it is to give medicine to turtles or to supplement various nutrients, this method will be more direct and effective than medicine baths and putting drugs and nutrients on food. But the only disadvantage is that it is not easy to open its mouth, you can use plastic ear sticks or toothpicks and other non-metallic sticks to raise the mouth. In the late stage of the disease, the symptoms are that the affected place has rotted or even penetrated the tortoise shell, close your eyes, do not climb and stop eating, and serious cases die. After taking the second step, if it is not effective, aureomycin is injected, the dosage is 200000 international units per kilogram of tortoise body weight.

[note] for the treatment of head, neck and limb trauma, please refer to the first step. Please use potassium permanganate carefully for trauma and rotten armour. Improper dilution is easy to corrode the outer armour. Early detection and early treatment, cutting the end of stagnation causes the death of the tortoise.

Nutritional osteomalacia (osteomalacia, nutritional skeletal disease, calcium deficiency, osteomalacia)

[etiology] it is caused by long-term feeding of single diet, especially high-phosphorus and low-calcium diet. The tortoise lacks enough calcium and vitamin D, and the imbalance between calcium and phosphorus causes the tortoise's bones to soften. This case often occurs in young turtles that are growing.

[symptoms] it is difficult for sick turtles to exercise, with thick joints of limbs, soft toenails and belly nails, shedding fingers and toe claws, and tortoise shell deformities.

[prevention and treatment] appropriate amount of shrimp shell powder, shell powder, calcium tablets, vitamin D and multivitamins were added to the feed. The bait should be matched with animals and plants. And let the turtles be exposed to more sunlight.