Radish planting: why does radish have a deformed black heart?

Why does radish have a deformed black heart? Please introduce the causes of radish malformed root, split root, black skin, black heart or bran heart, bitter taste, spicy taste, caused by the following factors: 1. Malformed root. Rain Water is large, irrigated too much, and the soil is hardened; unrotten organic fertilizer or uneven fertilization; the soil tillage layer is too shallow, or there are hard stones under the roots; too much nitrogen in organic fertilizer, or urea fertilizer directly in contact with fleshy roots, are easy to cause abnormal roots. 2. Split the root. The weather is dry for a long time, the soil is dry for a long time, the growth of the root is suspended, heavy rain or irrigation falls suddenly, the root grows rapidly, and the root is easy to crack. 3. Black skin or black heart. The soil is hard, hardened and poorly ventilated; the application of immature organic fertilizer, strong microbial activity in the soil, excessive consumption of oxygen, etc., are easy to cause root asphyxia, part of the tissue hypoxia and the emergence of black skin or black heart. In addition, black rot also causes black heart. 4. Bran heart. Some varieties with short growth period, rapid growth and fleshy pine often produce bran heart because of high soil temperature, lack of water, strong respiration, or late harvest, high temperature and drying during storage. Lack of potassium in soil, insufficient accumulation of nutrients in fleshy roots or "early bolting" of some varieties are also easy to cause bran heart. 5. Spicy. In addition to the heredity of varieties, hot climate, drought, lack of organic fertilizer, the production of mustard oil is more, resulting in heavy spicy taste. 6. Bitter taste. The bitter taste of radish is due to the production of Momordica charantia, an alkaline organic substance containing nitrogen, in the root. This phenomenon often occurs when the weather is hot, or when there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, not enough phosphate fertilizer, or simply applying more nitrogen fertilizer. Click for more radish planting techniques click to get more vegetable planting techniques