Key points of planting techniques and field management of sunflower

Sunflower is native to South America. Domesticated species were brought to Europe from North America by the Spaniards in 1510. At the end of the 19th century, they were introduced back to North America from Russia. They are cultivated all over our country, and the cultivation value is very high. Seeds are often fried and eaten as snacks. Sunflower seed oil can also be extracted and oil dregs can be used as fodder. Let's take a look at the planting technology of sunflower.

Planting conditions of sunflower

1. Temperature: sunflower is a temperature-loving and cold-tolerant crop, which has strong adaptability to temperature and strong tolerance to low temperature. Seeds with stable local temperature begin to germinate when the local temperature is more than 2 ℃, and can germinate and take root at 4-5 ℃. When the ground temperature reaches 8-10 ℃, it can meet the needs of seed germination and emergence. During the whole growth process, sunflowers can grow normally as long as the temperature is not lower than 10 ℃.

2. Water: sunflower is a crop that consumes a lot of water, with tall plants, many leaves and dense leaves, and its water absorption is 1.74 times that of corn, but because its growth and development is synchronized with local rain and heat, the contradiction between water supply and demand is not prominent. there are great differences in water requirements at different growth stages. There is not much water from sowing to budding, the peak of water demand from budding to flowering, and more water from flowering to maturity.

3. Light: sunflower is a short-day crop, which is not very sensitive to sunlight. Like plenty of sunlight, its seedlings, leaves and disk have a strong phototropism. Sufficient sunshine and strong seedlings can prevent overgrowth. Sufficient sunshine in the middle growth stage can promote the vigorous growth of stems and leaves, normal flowering and pollination, and improve the seed setting rate. In the later stage of growth, the sunshine is sufficient, and the grain is full.

4. Soil: sunflowers have low requirements for soil and can grow on all kinds of soils, from fertile soil to dry land, barren and saline-alkali land. It not only has strong saline-alkali tolerance, but also has salt absorption ability. At the same time, sunflower has developed root system and strong drought resistance. Moreover, the root and stem aerosol tissue of sunflower is well developed, which is very resistant to waterlogging.

The growth cycle of sunflower

1. Seedling stage: sunflower is called seedling stage from emergence to budding, which generally takes 35-50 days and 28-35 days for summer sowing. This period is the stage of leaf, flower primordium formation and floret differentiation. Sunflower seedling stage is the strongest stage of drought resistance, the aboveground growth is slow, the underground root grows faster, and quickly forms a strong root system.

2. Budding period: it takes about 20 days for sunflower to blossom from budding to flowering. It is the most exuberant stage in life for both vegetative and reproductive growth. During this period, the largest amount of fertilizer and water is needed, accounting for about 4050% of the total amount of fertilizer and water. If the demand for water and fertilizer can not be met in time, the output will be seriously affected.

3. Flowering period: it usually takes 6-9 days for a sunflower disk to bloom from ligulate flower to tubular flower, and blossoms from the second day to the fifth day. Most of them bloom at 4: 6 a.m. and the unpollinated branches can be kept for 7-10 days the next morning. However, the seed setting rate of self-pollination is only about 3%, and the seed setting rate of cross-pollination is high.

4. Maturity: sunflower maturity refers to the stage from flowering to maturity, with 25-55 days of spring sowing and 25-40 days of summer sowing, with differences among different varieties. About 15 days after flowering and pollination shield is the stage of grain formation. Sunflower maturity needs sunny weather, large diurnal liquid temperature difference and suitable soil moisture.

Planting techniques of Sunflower

1. Land selection and soil preparation: sunflower cultivation should choose plots with flat land, medium fertility, convenient irrigation and drainage and relatively low soil viscosity, which should not be replanted. Reproduce in the way of seeds, and peat soil is suitable for sowing. Seed dressing with new high-fat membrane before sowing can ward off underground pests, isolate virus infection and improve seed germination rate.

2. Sowing at the right time: the sowing time of sunflower is generally from March to April, and the suitable temperature for sowing is 18-25 ℃, which usually sprouts about 5-7 days after sowing. The basic principle of sowing date selection is to sow early or late appropriately according to the occurrence law of saline-alkali, so that the seedlings can avoid the harm of saline-alkali. Spring sowing or summer sowing according to the growth period of the variety.

3. Field inspection and seedling supplement: sunflower is a dicotyledonous crop, and it is difficult to emerge from the top soil. In addition, the soil preparation and sowing quality is not high, or the topsoil is hardened after sowing, or diseases, insects, rats, finches and other damage are easy to cause lack of seedlings and broken ridges. In order to ensure the whole seedling sowing, the field-by-line inspection must be carried out at the seedling emergence stage, and the missing seedlings should be replanted in time.

4. Seedling fixing: sunflower cultivation should be early to prevent seedling squeezing, affecting the cultivation of strong seedlings, and even the future yield. As for saline-alkali land and land with heavy insect pests, the seedling fixing time can be postponed appropriately. At the same time, sunflower seedlings should be determined as early as possible, which is conducive to the cultivation of strong seedlings and disk development, which should be carried out at 2 pairs of true leaves.

5. Middle ploughing and weeding: sunflower general mid-tillage plays the role of weeding and loosening soil, breaking indentation, conserving water, reducing evaporation, reducing saline-alkali damage and so on. The first mid-tillage was carried out in 1-2 pairs of true leaves, the second mid-tillage was carried out one week after seedling setting, and the third mid-tillage was completed by ditching, soil cultivation and fertilization before ridge closure.

6. Ditch topdressing: sunflowers prefer fertilizer, which is usually carried out during the third intertillage, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, 5 kg diammonium phosphate per mu and 10 kg urea, which are mixed evenly and applied to the soil. Trenching and soil cultivation can effectively ensure the growth and development of secondary roots, prevent lodging and reduce the basal branches below cotyledon nodes.

7. Timely irrigation: ditch irrigation is used for sunflower irrigation. For varieties with a plant height of 1.5 meters, head water should be carried out at the flower bud stage, Ershui at the early flowering stage and Sanshui at the filling stage. For the varieties with a plant height of about 2 meters, the head water was carried out 4-5 days before flowering (severe drought and irrigation in advance), the second water was 6-7 days after the head water, and the three water was in the filling stage.

8. Pollination management: the seed setting rate of self-pollination of sunflower is low, and the seed setting rate of cross-pollination is high. Artificial pollination should be carried out in time during cultivation, pollination should be carried out by means of disk, pollination, cotton thread gloves and so on. Or the male parent pollen should be gently smeared on the stigma of the female parent with a small brush, and pollination should be carried out for 3 times in full bloom.

How to plant sunflower seeds? Sowing methods and key points of field management of sunflower

Sunflowers can be planted in all seasons, often in summer and winter, with a florescence of more than two weeks. in addition to being similar to the sun in appearance, the flowers are bright and generous, suitable for ornamental decoration, and their seeds are of more economic value. Not only can they be made into beloved sunflower seeds, but also high-grade edible sunflower oil with low cholesterol can be squeezed out. Let's take a look at how sunflower seeds are planted.

Land selection and preparation

The cultivation of sunflower should choose the land with flat land, medium fertility, convenient irrigation and drainage and relatively low soil viscosity, and should not be replanted. Reproduce in the way of seeds, and peat soil is suitable for sowing. Seed dressing with new high-fat membrane before sowing can ward off underground pests, isolate virus infection and improve seed germination rate.

Sowing at the right time

The sowing time of sunflower is generally from March to April, and the suitable temperature for sowing is 18-25 ℃. It usually sprouts about 5-7 days after sowing. The basic principle of sowing date selection is to sow early or late appropriately according to the occurrence law of saline-alkali, so that the seedlings can avoid the harm of saline-alkali. Spring sowing or summer sowing according to the growth period of the variety.

Check the fields to replenish seedlings

Sunflower is a dicotyledonous crop, it is difficult to grow seedlings on the top soil, coupled with soil preparation, sowing quality is not high, or rain topsoil hardening after sowing, or diseases, insects, rats, finches and other damage, are easy to cause lack of seedlings and broken ridges. In order to ensure the whole seedling sowing, the field-by-line inspection must be carried out at the seedling emergence stage, and the missing seedlings should be replanted in time.

Inter-seedling fixed seedling

Sunflower cultivation should be early to prevent seedling squeeze, affect the cultivation of strong seedlings, and even the future yield, as for saline-alkali land and pest-heavy plots, the seedling fixing time can be postponed appropriately. At the same time, sunflower seedlings should be determined as early as possible, which is conducive to the cultivation of strong seedlings and disk development, which should be carried out at 2 pairs of true leaves.

Intermediate ploughing and weeding

In general, sunflower intertillage plays the role of weeding and loosening soil, breaking consolidation, conserving water, reducing evaporation and reducing saline-alkali damage, etc., the first intertillage is carried out in 1-2 pairs of true leaves, the second intertillage is carried out one week after seedling setting, and the third intertillage is completed by ditching, soil cultivation and fertilization before ridge closure.

Trench and manure

Sunflowers prefer fertilizer, trench topdressing is usually carried out in the third intertillage, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, diammonium phosphate 5 kg per mu, urea 10 kg, mixed evenly and then applied to the soil. Trenching and soil cultivation can effectively ensure the growth and development of secondary roots, prevent lodging and reduce the basal branches below cotyledon nodes.

Timely irrigation

Sunflower irrigation uses furrow irrigation, the general plant height of 1.5 meters of varieties, head water should be carried out in the flower bud stage, Ershui in the early flowering stage, Sanshui in the filling stage. For the varieties with a plant height of about 2 meters, the head water was carried out 4-5 days before flowering (severe drought and irrigation in advance), the second water was 6-7 days after the head water, and the three water was in the filling stage.

Branch protection

Sunflower has the habit of branching in the axils of leaves, which often occurs from bud to flowering stage, wasting nutrients and has a great impact on yield and quality, at least 3 times at this stage. It is necessary to "hit early and small" for branching, and the tender branches will be wiped off, saving effort and not hurting the stems and leaves. Should pay attention to the middle and upper leaves firmly can not fight, as for the later growth of the lower leaves, in order to facilitate ventilation and light, reduce diseases and insect pests, can eliminate a small number.

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and management of passion fruit

Passion fruit, also known as egg fruit, passion fruit family tropical, subtropical perennial evergreen vines, native to southern Brazil, it has strange leaves, bright colors, evergreen four seasons, its fruit is an oval berry, a single fruit weighs 60 to 120 grams, fruit juice is yellow, sweet and beautiful, with pomegranate, pineapple, strawberry, lemon, mango, sour plum and other fruits, so the name passion fruit. Passion fruit is rich in protein, fat, alkali acid, sugar, vitamins, phosphorus, calcium, iron, potassium and other compounds and 17 kinds of amino acids. Passion fruit is known as "king of beverage". Its fruit juice can be processed into pure natural high-quality beverage, which not only has unique flavor and rich nutrition, but also nourishes fitness and helps digestion. Market supply exceeds demand. Can also be processed into sherbet, jam, jelly, preserves. Passion fruit is a treasure all over the body, the oil content of passion fruit seed is up to 25%, and the oil quality is comparable to sunflower oil, which is suitable for edible oil; pectin extracted from pericarp is a good stabilizer and thickener for food processing; roots, stems and leaves can be used as medicine, it has the effects of anti-inflammation and pain, promoting blood circulation and strengthening body, reducing fat and blood pressure, etc.; the essence extracted from passion fruit is a good additive for dim sum and wine.

The planting and processing industry of passion fruit is in the ascendant and has great potential for development. Passion fruit was planted in the same year, the fruit yield is about 110 jin, and the income per mu is about 10,000 yuan, which can be used for ten consecutive years. Therefore, planting passion fruit is a way to get rich with less investment and quick results.

Environmental requirements

1. Temperature. The most suitable growth temperature of passion fruit is 20 ℃ ~ 30 ℃. Generally, it grows well at the temperature of no less than 0 ℃, and the plant will be seriously damaged or even die when it reaches-2 ℃. The area with annual average temperature above 18 ℃ is the most suitable for planting.

2. Moisture. The passion fruit grows best when the annual rainfall is between 1500 and 2000mm and is evenly distributed, and the annual rainfall in the commercial development planting area should not be less than 1000 mm.

3. Light. As a tropical fruit, passion fruit likes plenty of sunlight to promote vine growth and nutrient accumulation. The condition of long-day sunshine is beneficial to the flowering of passion fruit. In the area with annual sunshine hours of 2300-2800 hours, passion fruit has good vegetative growth, more nutrient accumulation, fast branch growth, early fruiting and high yield.

4. Soil. Passion fruit has strong adaptability and low requirement for soil. However, the soil layer produced in a large area is at least 0.5 meters, and the soil is fertile, loose and well drained, and the soil ph value is 5.5 to 6.5.

Variety selection

Passion fruits are widely planted, such as purple passion fruit, yellow passion fruit and hybrids, but the natural pollination fruit setting rate is about 10% to 29.6%, which requires artificial pollination. The fuchsia passion fruit introduced from Hawaii, USA, has a natural pollination setting rate of 60%, high sugar content (14.4%-21.9%) and vitamin c (49 mg / 100 g pulp), strong aroma and high yield. It was planted and harvested that year, and the yield per mu was more than 2000 kilograms.

Establishment of orchard

1. Land selection and reclamation. Passion fruit planting and development garden should be planted in the area with convenient transportation, sunny leeward and thick soil layer. Can be gentle slope land, platform or flat land, require deep soil layer, more fertile, good drainage, preferably irrigation conditions. The deep, fertile and loose sandy loam is more suitable. Clayey soil, tight sandy soil, cold sandy soil and places that are easy to scour should not be planted or improved. Can be completely reclaimed or hole reclaimed. Concentrated into a piece of orchard, the sloping land will be changed into a terraced land with a width of more than 1.1 meters, introverted, and a small ridge with a height of 20 cm and a width of 30% on the outer edge of the planting belt. And orchard irrigation and drainage, road system at the same time set up planning.

2. Set up a fight. Passion fruit is a trailing plant, which depends on the support of scaffolding to grow normally. There are flat roof type, upright fence type, "human" shape and "door" shape fence type and so on. The general height of the shed is 1.8 to 2 meters, and the scaffolding materials can be made of cement columns, stone columns, wooden columns and bamboo poles, wooden poles, iron wires and so on.

3. Digging holes. The row spacing of planting holes is 4 × 5 meters, and 25 plants are planted per mu. The depth of the hole is 60 × 60 × 60 (cm). 25 kg of farm manure and 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer were applied to each hole.

4. Planting. Passion fruit can be planted all year round, but spring and autumn are the most suitable. Cloudy days or sunny days after rain should be chosen for planting. When planting seedlings, the old leaves should be cut off properly, and the nutrition bag should be broken and taken out and should not be buried in the soil. When fixing the seedlings, mix the appropriate amount of mature organic fertilizer with sandy loam soil to make planting soil or cover soil. When planting, we should straighten out the root system, fill the soil layer by layer, and tighten the compaction. Water the roots in time after planting. When planting the newly dug planting hole, the root neck of the seedling is slightly higher than the ground plane by 8cm to 10cm. After planting, the tree plate is cut out and covered with grass or film to keep warm and moist.

Orchard management

1. Fertilization. The newly planted passion fruit was dominated by nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage to promote plant growth. The root system began to grow 10-15 days after planting, 0.5% dilute urea or rare human feces and urine could be applied, and then every 20 days, 5 kg of mature human feces and urine or 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer should be applied to each plant. Every year, each plant applies 2030 kg of farm manure, 0.6-0.7 kg of urea, 0.6-0.9 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 1.2-1.3 kg of potash fertilizer. After retting and ripening, farm manure and phosphate fertilizer were applied in the ditch before and after the Beginning of Spring, urea and potash fertilizer were applied once a month during flowering and fruiting, and 0.3 kg of mixed fertilizer was applied to the plant.

2. Irrigation. Passion fruit is a shallow root plant, like moisture, not only avoid stagnant water but also afraid of drought. Therefore, first of all, a good drainage ditch should be opened to prevent stagnant water in the orchard; at the same time, weeds should be laid to conserve water, and irrigation should be considered when it does not rain for 15 days.

3. Soil management. After clearing the garden in winter, the whole garden should be turned over, which is combined with the weeds and fallen leaves buried in the garden. Then 25,30kg of lime is applied per mu.

Fruit tree shaping

1. Plastic surgery is on the shelf. After the seedling resumes its growth, the buds are sprouted every 5 days to make the main vine grow fast and sturdy. When the main vine grows to 40-50 cm, a pillar should be inserted in time to guide the main vine on the shelf. After the main vine is on the shelf, it is often necessary to lead the side to spiral and grow on the wire rack. After the side vine is full, the top is tied. The trend of the lateral vine is one branch on one side, which is beneficial to the early harvest of the full branch.

2. Shaping of young trees. The method of double-layer four-branch plastic surgery of single main vine was used. When the main vine grew to 70-80 cm, 2 lateral vines were left, which were pulled on the shelf respectively to make the first layer of main vine. When the plant grows to 150cm to 160cm, a strong lateral branch is left, which is used as a second-layer main branch at the same time as the extended branch of the main vine, which is pulled up in the opposite direction to form a double-layer four-branch vine shaping. During this period, the lateral branches and sprouting branches between 80cm and 80cm of the main vine should be cut off or erased.

3. Reshaping the old tree. The shoots that germinated after fruit harvest in the previous year drew fruit vines in almost every node above the middle. Last year, we should leave as many fruiting mother branches as possible, but in order to prevent the greenhouse from being too dense, we should prune it as soon as possible after fruit harvest. Leave the vine according to the two main branches, and the branches near the trunk are full of fruit at first, then prune to 2-3 nodes immediately after ripening and harvest, and the buds that germinate from the base of the main branch can form new fruiting branches. After the last batch of fruits are harvested in winter, all the fruiting branches are pruned from the base.

Pest control

1. Main diseases and their control. The main diseases are seedling quenching disease, mosaic disease, blight disease and stem rot disease.

① should choose pure land to raise seedlings, maintain the wetness of the field, especially prevent the soil from being too wet, stay away from bananas, melons and eggplant fruits and vegetables, and remove burning, washing and diseased leaves in time.

② drug control: choose 0.5% Bordeaux solution or ethyl aluminum, Ruidu, Kangkuling 1000 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800times solution, 50% carbendazim temperature powder 1000 times solution to control.

2. Main insect pests and their control. The main pests are small fruit flies, mites, shell insects and so on. Select 1000 times of trichlorfon, 1000 times of Nongdi Le, 800 times of Lesbon, 2000 times of mite death, and so on.

Timely harvest

Generally, 10 days before fruit drop, the fruit color becomes purple (purple) or yellow (yellow), red (red) and slightly fragrant, but fresh fruit can also be picked up underground.