How to grow cotton? Key points of planting techniques and field management of cotton

Cotton is one of the most important crops in the world, with large output and low production cost, which makes cotton products cheaper and can be made into fabrics of various specifications, from light and transparent Barry yarn to thick canvas and velveteen. It is suitable for making all kinds of clothes, furniture cloth and industrial cloth, and it is also an important honey source plant. Let's take a look at cotton planting technology.

Planting conditions

Cotton is a light-loving crop, which is suitable to grow under sufficient light conditions, and the light compensation point and light saturation point are high. The physiological water requirements are different at different growth stages. The water content of 20 cm soil layer from sowing to seedling emergence accounts for 70% of the field capacity, and the water content of 40 cm soil layer accounts for 60% of the field capacity at seedling stage. the soil water content of 0cm 60 cm in the early bud stage accounts for 65% of the field capacity, and 70% of the field capacity after full bud stage. During the boll opening period, the soil relative water content should be kept at 55-70%. The growth and development of cotton needs water and nutrients, which are mainly obtained from the soil through the root system. Part of the required temperature and air is taken from the soil, and it needs the mechanical support of the soil to grow.

Apply sufficient base fertilizer

Cotton has a long growth period and deep and wide root distribution, which requires not only rich mineral nutrients in the surface soil, but also high fertility in the deep plough layer and slow release of nutrients. Base fertilizer is ploughed and applied to the soil before cotton sowing, which can meet this requirement. The base fertilizer is mainly farm manure, which can be applied to the soil in autumn and winter combined with deep ploughing and deep ploughing, and can also be applied during soil preparation in spring. Generally, high-quality farm manure 3000kg / mu, Stanley compound fertilizer 30kg / mu, zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer 1kg / mu are applied.

Sowing at the right time

1. Time: the suitable sowing time is that the ground temperature of 5 cm is more than 12-14 ℃, or the air temperature is more than 16 ℃. Sowing at the right time can make the cotton plant grow steadily, blossom earlier and prolong the boll setting time, which is beneficial to early maturity, high yield and high quality. If the sowing temperature is low too early, it is easy to cause rotten seeds and lack of seedlings. Sowing too late, the growth period was delayed, resulting in late ripening, reduced yield and reduced fiber quality.

2. Seed quantity: the sowing amount should be determined according to the sowing method, seed quality, seedling density and soil climate. Too little is difficult to ensure the due number of plants and affect the yield. Too much waste of cotton seeds, and will cause cotton seedlings crowded, easy to form tall seedlings, increase inter-seedling labor, and so on. When the seed germination rate is low, the soil moisture is poor, the soil is sticky or saline-alkali, and the underground pests are serious, the sowing rate should be increased as appropriate.

3. Depth: cotton cotyledons are hypertrophic, the ability of top soil is poor, and the sowing depth is closely related to the emergence of seedlings, the degree of cotton seedlings and the strength of cotton seedlings. The sowing is too deep, the temperature is low, the top soil is difficult, the seedling emerges slowly, consumes a lot of nutrients, the seedling is thin, and even causes rotten seed, rotten bud and lack of seedling. If the sowing is too shallow, it is easy to dry, resulting in lack of seedlings and broken ridges. The sowing depth depends on the quality of the soil and soil moisture. In principle, the sowing depth is 3cm to 4cm. The soil with good soil moisture and sticky texture should be shallow, the soil moisture is poor, and the soil with sandy texture should be sowed deeply.

Pruning and topping

1. Leafless branch: when the first fruit branch appears, the leaf branch below the first fruit branch is removed in time, and the leaves of the main stem are retained to provide organic nutrients to the root system, which is called leafy branch or Youtiao. Removing leaf branches is one of the means to control the vigorous growth of cotton and gain high yield. cotton plants with weak seedlings and missing seedlings can not remove leaf branches and wait for them to elongate before hitting the edge. The removal of leaf branches was carried out at the early stage of budding. In general, mid-maturing varieties with loose plant type need to remove leaf branches, but early-maturing varieties with compact plant type can not do this work.

2. Topping: topping can eliminate apical dominance, regulate the balanced distribution of photosynthates in various organs, increase the proportion of nutrient distribution in the lower fruiting organs, strengthen the transport of assimilation products to the root system, and enhance the root activity and the ability to absorb nutrients, so as to improve the boll rate.

3. To hit the edge is to hit the top of the fruit branch, which can control the lateral growth of the fruit branch, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the field, increase the boll rate, increase the boll weight and promote early ripening. In the cotton field with sufficient fertilizer and water, prosperous growth and high density, the tip of the group was removed from bottom to top in the middle and later stage of the field management, and combined with boll setting, there were 2-3 fruit nodes in the lower part and 3-4 fruit nodes in the middle part, and the upper part could be beaten in the morning and evening according to the local first frost period.

Reasonable topdressing

1. Light application of seedling fertilizer: topdressing seedling fertilizer can promote root development and cultivate strong seedlings. Generally speaking, the seedling fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, which can be determined according to the seedling condition, soil fertility, base fertilizer and so on. For cotton fields with poor soil fertility, insufficient base fertilizer and weak growth, topdressing urea or high nitrogen compound fertilizer 5kg / mu, ditching strip application, and covering soil after application. For cotton fields with high fertility and sufficient base fertilizer, there is no need to apply seedling fertilizer.

2. Steady application of bud fertilizer: the demand for nutrients of cotton increases gradually after budding, and reasonable topdressing at bud stage can meet the needs of cotton plant growth, coordinate the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and promote plant steady growth. Generally, 15-20 kg of Stanley compound fertilizer is applied per mu in the early budding stage of cotton. It is better to apply topdressing deeply in ditching and keep a proper distance from the cotton plant so as to avoid root injury and affect the normal growth.

3. Application of flower and boll fertilizer: the flower and boll stage is the period when cotton needs the most fertilizer, and the re-application of flower and boll fertilizer plays a significant role in striving for "three peaches". Generally apply urea Stanley compound fertilizer 20kg to 30kg per mu. For cotton fields with poor soil fertility, low base fertilizer and weak growth, it can be applied early, when the cotton plant blossoms up to more than 80%, and when sitting on 1 or 2 young peaches, the method of topdressing is appropriate.

4. application of top fertilizer: the application of top fertilizer mainly prevents cotton from premature senescence due to lack of fertilizer in the later stage, promotes the steady growth of plants, enhances the ability of disease resistance, insect resistance and premature senescence resistance, and strives for more autumn peaches and increase boll weight. Generally, extra-root topdressing was carried out before and after topping, and 50-75 kg of 1% urea solution per mu was sprayed on nitrogen-deficient or early-senile cotton fields, once every 5-7 days, 2 times in a row. For phosphorus-deficient, potassium-deficient or Wangchang greedy green late-maturing cotton fields, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was sprayed every 7-10 days for 2 times, so as to achieve the goal of no yellow leaves, no defoliation, no premature senescence, high yield and high quality.

High-yield cultivation techniques and field management of mung bean

Mung bean is an annual upright herb of the cowpea genus of Leguminosae, which is widely planted in East Asia and a small amount in Africa, Europe and the United States. Because of its short growth period, strong adaptability and fast growth at seedling stage, mung bean is suitable for intercropping with all kinds of dry crops in hilly areas. It can also be mixed with tall stalk crops such as corn and sorghum. Let's take a look at the high-yield cultivation techniques of mung bean.

Land selection and preparation

1. Land selection and stubble arrangement: mung bean has strong adaptability, such as sandy soil, hillside thin land, black soil and clay. It is often intercropped with corn, sorghum, cotton, sweet potato, sesame, millet and other crops, and can also be planted in ridges and interstitial fields. Avoid continuous cropping, because continuous cropping has many diseases and insect pests, poor quality, and inhibit the development of rhizobium because of the reproduction of harmful microorganisms. At the same time, mung bean is also an important fertile crop and an excellent predecessor of cereals. Therefore, to grow mung bean, it is necessary to arrange the land reasonably and carry out crop rotation, preferably with cereal crops such as corn, sorghum and wheat, and should not take Chinese cabbage as the previous stubble, generally 2-3 years apart.

2. Soil preparation and soil moisture conservation: mung bean is a dicotyledon crop, cotyledons are unearthed, and the top soil capacity of seedlings is weak. If the soil is hardened or there are too many bumps, it is easy to cause lack of seedlings, broken ridges or uneven emergence. Therefore, before sowing, it is required to deep plough fine rake, fine soil preparation, rake flat soil bumps, make the soil loose, store water and preserve soil moisture, prevent soil consolidation, virtual and solid, in order to facilitate seedling rotation and stubble.

Sowing at the right time

1. Select improved varieties: select varieties with large grains, thin skin, low hard seed rate, easy to cook and soft, taste and high yield. The main varieties are Bailu 522, Bailu 6 and Bailu 8. Zhonglu No. 1 and Zhonglu No. 2 in Asian vegetable Center, Jilin Jilu 9346, Gonglu No. 1 and Gonglu No. 2 in Jilin Province, these varieties generally increase production by more than 40% compared with farm varieties.

2. Sowing at the right time: mung beans can be sowed in spring and summer. Spring sowing is from late April to early and mid-May. Summer sowing is in mid-and late June, so we should strive to sow early. Mung bean likes temperature, and the suitable temperature for emergence and growth is 15 to 18 degrees Celsius, and a higher temperature is needed during the growth period. It begins to sprout at 8 to 12 degrees. The most suitable temperature during flowering and podding is between 18 and 20 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is too high, the stems and leaves will grow too vigorously, which will affect the flowering and podding. Mung bean is not tolerant to frost in the later growth stage. When the temperature drops below 0 ℃, the plants will freeze to death and the germination rate of seeds will be low. Therefore, mung bean sowing in summer and autumn must pay attention to timely and early sowing in order to mature normally before the advent of low temperature and early frost. The sowing rate per mu is generally 1.5-2.0 kg, and the sowing depth is 3.0-5.0 cm.

3. Reasonable close planting: the planting density of mung bean should be determined according to the characteristics of varieties and soil fertility. In general, we should master the principles of dense early-maturing varieties, late-maturing varieties, upright type, semi-trailing type, sparse trailing type, sparse fertile land, dense thin land, early sparse species and late dense species. The suitable density of mung bean is 18 ~ 200000 plants in low water and fertilizer plot, 11 plants in rice, 15 plants in middle maturity, 15 plants in medium water and fertilizer condition, 8 plants in rice and 8 plants in late maturity, and 12 ~ 140000 plants in high water and fertilizer condition and 7 plants in rice.

Field management

1. Suppressing and replenishing seedlings: after sowing, the plots with poor soil moisture should be suppressed in time, so that the seeds will be in close contact with the soil, increase the surface moisture, promote the germination and development of seeds, emerge early and produce the whole seedling. After the emergence of mung bean, it is found that there is a phenomenon of missing seedling and broken ridge, which should be replanted within 7 days.

2. Seedling setting: in order to make the seedling develop well, when the mung bean emerges with two leaves in one heart, the pimple seedlings should be removed. The seedling should be fixed with 4 leaves, the plant spacing should be 13-16 cm, and the row spacing should be about 40 cm. According to the fixed density, remove weak seedlings, diseased seedlings, small seedlings, weeds and weeds, leaving strong seedlings. The practice of keeping seedlings per plant is beneficial to the healthy growth of plants.

3. Weeding by mid-tillage: it can not only eliminate weeds, but also break soil consolidation, loosen soil, reduce evaporation, increase soil temperature and promote nodule activity, which is a measure to increase the yield of mung bean. Generally speaking, after the first compound leaf of mung bean is unfolded, the first shallow hoe is combined with the seedling, after the second compound leaf is unfolded, the seedling is fixed and the second intertillage is carried out, and the third deep ploughing is carried out at the branching stage, and the root is sealed to cultivate the soil, and the intertillage should be carried out until the ridge is sealed. The principle of shallow-deep-shallow should be mastered in the depth of middle tillage.

4. Irrigation and waterlogging prevention: mung bean is a crop that needs more water, is not resistant to waterlogging, and is afraid of flooding. Mung bean has strong drought resistance and less water demand at seedling stage, and the flower and pod stage is the peak period of water demand. At this time, water should be irrigated in time in case of drought. But mung beans are afraid of flooding. If there is too much water in the seedling stage, it will aggravate the root disease and cause rotten roots and dead seedlings. In the later stage, when there was waterlogging, the plant grew poorly, appeared premature senescence, peeled off flowers and pods, and the yield decreased. Therefore, mung beans should be drained and waterproof in the rainy season.

adequate manuring

The main results are as follows: 1. The principle of fertilization for mung bean should be mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by inorganic fertilizer, mixed use of organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer, adequate application of base fertilizer and proper topdressing. Mung bean has a short growth period, strong barren tolerance, and its root system has the ability of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, so there is often no fertilization in production, but in order to improve the mung bean yield in medium and low yield plots, more fertilizer should be applied. General mu application of fertilizer diammonium phosphate or nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium compound fertilizer about 10 kg. Mung bean topdressing is best carried out at flowering stage combined with ridge sealing. Per hectare, ammonium nitrate, urea and other nitrogen fertilizers 40-60 kg and potassium sulfate 100-120 kg can be applied.

2. In the barren plots, extra-root topdressing can be carried out at the podding stage, and plant growth agents such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Fuer 655, Lufeng 95 and Bang Yifeng can be sprayed on the leaves, and the effect of increasing yield is obvious. In the land with high fertility, the seedling stage should be mainly controlled, not topdressing, too much nitrogen fertilizer, which will lead to excessive vegetative growth, open stems and leaves, shade in the field, plant lodging, serious flower and pod drop, and reduce the yield of mung bean.

3. Although mung bean rhizobium has the ability of nitrogen fixation, increasing the application of farm fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can obviously increase the yield. The application of farm manure can be given to people once before sowing, and ploughed and turned over after application. If it is too late to apply basal fertilizer, it is necessary to apply a certain amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the early growth stage, that is, the branching and early flowering stage, in order to enhance the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobium and increase flower bud differentiation. Increase the application of organic fertilizer, inoculate rhizobium, improve fertilization methods, improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer, it is reported that mung bean rhizobium can supply 50% to 70% of the total nitrogen needed by mung bean. Therefore, rhizobium inoculation is one of the most economical and effective measures to increase production.

Timely harvest

1. Generally speaking, 70-80% of the pods on the plant should be picked in a sunny day when they are mature.

2. For mung bean plots produced in a large area, if it is difficult to pick them manually, mung bean varieties with the same ripening period and not fried at maturity, such as Yulu 3, should be selected and harvested in the morning or evening after 70% of the mung bean is ripe.

3. It is suitable to harvest when more than 2/3 of the pods are blackened.

4. Due to the different maturity of pods in different parts, varieties that are easy to crack pods should be harvested in batches, and varieties that do not crack pods should be harvested at one time when the pods in the whole field are blackened by more than 2 percentile 3.

How to cover plastic film in cotton planting? Key points of cultivation techniques of Cotton covered with plastic Film

Cotton is an important economic crop, and it is of great significance to develop cotton planting as an important raw material for textile industry, light industry, chemical industry, medicine and national defense industry. In the process of cotton planting, plastic film mulching cultivation is a common cultivation method, which has the functions of heat preservation, soil moisture conservation and soil structure protection, which is of great significance to promote the stable and high yield of cotton planting. So, how to cover plastic film in cotton planting? The following is to introduce the key points of cultivation techniques of cotton covered with plastic film, let's take a look.

I. pre-broadcast preparation

1. Land selection and preparation: choose fields with deep soil layer, medium fertility and flat terrain. It is required that the ground is flat, without bumps, without stubble, with deficiency on the top, solid on the bottom, and good soil moisture on the surface.

two。 Increase the application of base fertilizer: after plastic film mulching, the organic matter decomposes quickly, the root system absorbs more fertilizer from the soil and absorbs fertilizer early, so it is necessary to increase the amount of base fertilizer. The general amount of base fertilizer accounts for about 45% of the total; in cotton fields with sandy soil, the base fertilizer accounts for about 30% of the total.

Picture: cotton planting

2. Film mulching mode

1. Sowing before mulching: the advantage is that it can maintain soil moisture and soil structure when sowing. The effect of heat preservation before emergence is good, which is beneficial to seedling emergence, mechanical sowing, improving sowing quality and speed, and saving labor. The disadvantage is that the broken membrane is not released in time, the cotton seedlings are vulnerable to burns in case of high temperature; the cotton seedlings are susceptible to frostbite at low temperature after breaking the membrane; there is a large difference in temperature and humidity inside and outside the membrane, and the resistance of cotton seedlings is poor after emergence, and they are susceptible to diseases and dead seedlings.

two。 First cover and then sow: after soil preparation, cover with plastic film first, and then punch holes and break the film to sow seeds according to the requirements of plant spacing when sowing. The advantage is that covering the film in time when the soil moisture is good is beneficial to preserving soil moisture; when the film is broken, the hole is small, and the effects of heat preservation, moisture conservation and weed control are better; after emergence, cotton seedlings do not need to release seedlings, can adapt to external environmental conditions, strong stress resistance, seedlings are more robust. The disadvantage is that manual hole-on-demand seeding requires more work, the sowing depth and the amount of soil cover are not easy to be consistent, and the emergence of seedlings is irregular; if there is rain after sowing, the soil surface will be hardened, and it will take more work to break the soil.

Third, sow seeds at the right time

The cotton field was covered with plastic film, the soil temperature and moisture were better, and the sowing time was 5-7 days earlier than that of cotton in open field. In principle, the suitable sowing time in the cotton area of the Yellow River basin is sowing before the final frost and emergence after the final frost; generally sowing in the middle of April, it takes about 6-8 days from sowing to emergence, and the final frost injury can be avoided after emergence.

Picture: cotton planting

IV. Field management

1. Breaking the membrane to release seedlings: if the method of sowing before covering is adopted, when the cotton seedlings are unearthed up to 60% Mui 70%, and most of the cotyledons of cotton seedlings turn green, they should punch holes in the film and release seedlings in time. It is generally divided into two times to break the membrane and release the seedlings for the second time after the whole seedling. The suitable diameter of membrane pore is 3-4cm, and the diameter is too large to disperse moisture and cool down. After the accumulation of water on the leaves of cotton seedlings, seal it with soil immediately to prevent soil moisture loss or strong wind to uncover the film.

two。 Water and fertilizer operation: although plastic film mulching can preserve and increase soil moisture, but after cotton flowering, transpiration is exuberant and water consumption is more than open cotton, so timely irrigation is needed in case of drought. When the soil field capacity at the bud stage is less than 55%, the general irrigation is 20-30m3 per mu; when the soil field capacity at the flower and boll stage is less than 60%, the irrigation is 30-40m3 per mu. Plastic film cotton grows fast in the early stage, blossoms and sets bolls early, and is easy to senescence in the later stage. Therefore, the need for fertilizer is early and the quantity is large. It is required to apply sufficient base fertilizer and re-apply flower and boll fertilizer. The conventional re-application of flower and boll fertilizer was changed to two times, that is, organic fertilizer and part of available fertilizer were applied at the time of film opening of the first flower, and then applied again when the cotton plant had 1-2 big bolls. Combine fertilization with irrigation to give full play to the effect of fertilizer. In medium fertility cotton field, pure nitrogen 15kg was applied per mu, of which 1ax 3 was used as base fertilizer or seed fertilizer, combined with proper phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and 2cap 3 was applied at flower and boll stage.

3. Regulating plant type: cotton covered with plastic film grows more vigorously at full bud and early flowering stage. Chemical regulation should be carried out for 2-3 times according to the seedling condition, the first time in the budding stage (8-10 leaves of the main stem), the first time in the bud stage (8-10 leaves of the main stem), the second time before and after the early flowering stage (about 15 leaves of the main stem) 50-100mg/kg, the third time after topping 100-15Omg/kg, the amount of spraying liquid should be sprayed to the leaves of the whole plant but not dripping.

4. Uncover the film: in general, it is better to uncover the film before and after the bud or the first flower in the general cotton area. The warming effect of plastic film mulching gradually disappeared before and after budding or first flowering, and it was convenient for field management such as fertilization, ploughing and soil cultivation. However, plastic film can not be uncovered in extra-precocious cotton area and hilly cotton area, so as to give full play to the effect of plastic film on increasing temperature and preserving soil moisture.

[conclusion] planting cotton with plastic film mulching is one of the important measures to promote high quality and high yield of cotton and is of great significance. The key points of cultivation techniques of plastic film mulching cotton are introduced above, and I hope it can help you!