Principle and technique of high yield of fish culture in static soil and water ponds

The main methods and output of aquaculture

The main ways of aquaculture are: still soil and water pond culture, micro-flow water culture, running water culture, factory culture, reservoir and lake stocking, rice field culture and so on.

Aquaculture output: cage culture, running water culture, factory culture and other methods are the highest, the output can reach more than 200jin / m3, and the output of static soil and water ponds is generally about 1000 jin / mu.

Why is the yield high in intensive high-density cages, running water and factory farming? It is mainly due to the high stocking density per unit water body, superior culture environment, excellent culture varieties and comprehensive feed nutrition.

In order to increase the yield of unit water body in static soil and water ponds, we can learn from the conditions of intensive culture, try to increase the stocking density of still water ponds, create a superior water environment, select excellent varieties, and feed nutritious and comprehensive feed.

The key to the growth and survival of aquaculture objects

1. Environment: no matter what kind of culture method, in order to make the breeding objects survive, there must be a suitable environment. The main environmental factors of aquaculture objects are water quality and water temperature.

①, water quality: aquaculture objects must rely on water for survival. They not only live in water, but also live in water, breathing dissolved oxygen in water, and excreting metabolites in water. Therefore, in order to make the breeding object survive and grow better, it is necessary to maintain a good water quality condition in the process of aquaculture.

The main purpose is to increase the dissolved oxygen in the water and reduce the metabolites of the culture objects in the water. the dissolved oxygen is positively correlated with the growth of the culture objects, while the metabolites are negatively correlated with the growth of the culture objects.

②, water temperature: almost all aquaculture objects are variable temperature animals, and their body temperature is closely related to water temperature. The body temperature of aquaculture objects increases with the increase of water temperature and decreases with the decrease of water temperature. There is a positive correlation between physiological activities and metabolism of aquaculture objects and water temperature. In the range of suitable temperature of aquaculture objects, the higher the water temperature is, the stronger the ability of metabolism is and the faster the growth is.

In aquaculture activities, within the suitable temperature range of aquaculture objects, efforts should be made to increase the water temperature and speed up the growth rate of aquaculture objects.

2. Nutrition: if the breeding object wants to survive and grow, it must carry on metabolism, and the material basis of metabolism is nutrition.

Under natural conditions, silver carp and bighead carp mainly feed on plankton in water, while mandarin fish and perch feed on aquatic insects and small fish.

Under the condition of artificial culture, it is necessary to select the most suitable feed according to the culture object and try its best to meet the best nutritional requirements of the culture object in order to maintain the fastest growth needs of the culture object. In the specific culture production, it is not only necessary to let the culture object have enough to eat, but also to let it eat well, and the feed consumed by the culture object should be as likely as possible to gain weight.

3. Varieties: China has a vast territory, and the geographical and climatic conditions between the north and the south are very different. under natural conditions, each place has its own unique indigenous varieties, so in the specific breeding process, not only the varieties with good growth and economic characters should be selected. it is also necessary to consider the suitability of the variety to the environment and the market situation of the breeding object.

In order to carry out static soil and water pond culture, we must first select a good variety that is suitable for local natural conditions and market needs, and then we must create a good water environment in the process of culture, that is, to increase the dissolved oxygen in the water and reduce the metabolites in the water. raise the water temperature as much as possible within the suitable temperature range of the cultured species; thirdly, feed nutritionally comprehensive full-price feed Finally, choose the best time to catch and sell farmed products.

The key to increasing the yield of static soil and water ponds

Carry out static soil and water pond culture, select excellent and high-quality seedlings, create a superior water environment, and provide nutritious and comprehensive feed, so that each culture individual can achieve the best growth rate. The yield requires the growth of the population. in order to improve the breeding yield, it is necessary to increase the stocking amount and increase the stocking density. Under the condition of artificial culture, if the environment is superior, the water temperature is suitable and the nutrition is sufficient, in a certain range, the higher the density, the higher the yield. Therefore, increasing stocking density is the key to increase the yield of still soil and water ponds.

Measures for high yield and income increase in static soil and water ponds

1. Pond selection: with an area of more than 5 mu, the pond can be injected with water of 1.5 to 2 meters, with small leakage, less silt, convenient entry and drainage, and electric power guarantee.

2. Mechanical preparation: every 5 to 7 mu is equipped with an automatic bait feeding machine, a 1.5 to 3 kilowatt aerator, and equipped with corresponding generators.

3. Pond cleaning: drain the pond water before putting seedlings, clean the pond with quicklime or bleach, maintain the inlet and drainage system, arrange the circuit, and set up the aerator and bait machine.

4. Water injection: after doing a good job of maintenance and setup, you can inject water into the pond, choose a clean water source as far as possible, and set up a sieve at the inlet to prevent wild fish from entering.

5. Stocking: when the depth of water injection reaches 50 cm, the seedlings can be released, and the quantity of eating fish raised mainly by commercial fish culture is determined according to the specific situation. At least 1000 silver carp and 100 bighead carp can be matched with 150g / mu (1.6g / mu) and 150g / mu (360g / mu). The stocking time is late autumn or early spring (the water temperature is about 10 ℃).

6. Feed: if you have the conditions, you can process the feed by yourself, and the formula must be nutritionally comprehensive. If there are no processing conditions, choose to buy finished feed from regular manufacturers.

Management techniques of static soil and water ponds for high yield ponds

1. Seedling delivery techniques: select seedlings with strong physique, disease-free and injury-free, and strive to be consistent with the specifications of the same variety. The stocking amount of summer flowers is 30 ~ 50 000 tails per mu, and properly matched with silver carp and bighead carp summer flowers, clear the pond ten days before putting in the fry, then inject water to 50 cm, apply 1000 jin of organic fertilizer per mu, strive to reach the peak of cladocera when releasing fry, and slow fry treatment when releasing fry. For commercial fish culture, the specification of the main species is 80g / mu (1.6g / mu) and the density is more than 1000 / mu. The pond is cleared 5 days before stocking, then water is injected to 50cm without organic fertilizer, and salt water is used to soak and disinfect in bundles when stocking.

2. Ecological temperature regulation technology: fish is an animal with variable temperature. In the range of suitable temperature, the higher the temperature is, the greater the food intake of fish is, the faster the metabolism is, and the faster the growth is.

In the northern region, there is a large temperature difference between day and night, the water temperature is lower in the morning and higher in the afternoon. How to make the sun come out and raise the water temperature as soon as possible is a problem that must be paid attention to in the specific breeding process. In the unit area, the deeper the water is, the more water will be stored. The more heat is needed to raise the same water temperature, and the duration will be long under the condition of the same heat source.

Under natural conditions, the water temperature of the pond has a great relationship with the air temperature, and it also has something to do with the light. under the same area, the shallower the pond water is, the temperature of the sun rises gradually, and the water temperature rises faster, while the deeper the pond water, the slower the water temperature rises. therefore, there is a negative correlation between water temperature and water depth.

It must be controlled flexibly in the process of production. In the early stage of breeding, that is, at the end of spring and early summer, the water depth can be maintained at 50-80 cm, and at the end of summer, the water depth can be maintained at 1-1.5 m, so as to achieve the effect of making the best use of air temperature and sun to adjust water temperature.

In late spring and early summer, the weight of the newly released fry is less, and the fish carrying capacity per unit of the pond is not very large. After that, with the passage of time, the fish continues to grow, the water gradually deepens, and the fish carrying capacity per unit area increases, but the fish carrying capacity per unit water body still does not increase. In pond culture in the northern region, in the early stage, the water depth should not exceed 1 meter, and the water temperature will rise slowly, and the fish will grow slowly. if the water is shallow, the water temperature will rise quickly, which will prolong the best growth time of fish, thus accelerating the growth rate and increasing the yield.

3. Biological water transfer technology: there are many microbes living in the pond. They decompose the feces of fish, turn organic matter into inorganic matter, and provide nutrition to the phytoplankton in the pond. Phytoplankton not only produce oxygen, but also serve as bait for filter-feeding fish. In order to speed up this beneficial process, the pond should be sprinkled with beneficial microbial agents regularly (every 10 to 15 days), and beneficial bacteria should be added to the feed to minimize the presence of fish metabolites.

4. Mechanical oxygen enrichment technology: under natural conditions, the dissolved oxygen in static soil and water ponds is dissolved by oxygen in the air, and the other is the production of phytoplankton in the water. In order to increase the yield of static soil and water ponds, an aerator must be used to increase oxygen mechanically. The specific opening method of the aerator is as follows: on sunny days, at 12: 00 noon and 14: 00 p.m., at 22:00 in the evening until the sun comes out in the morning, and 24 hours on rainy days.

5. Automatic feeding technology: equipped with automatic feeding machine, according to the total stock of fish stored in the pond, determine the total feeding amount throughout the day, allocate each feeding amount, adjust the feeding machine, each feeding time is 30-40 minutes, feeding 2-4 times a day, the feeding amount is 2%-5% of the fish body weight according to the water temperature.

Commercial fish culture, the release density is larger than the conventional, can be domesticated by using automatic bait feeding machine at the beginning, feed for a long time in a small amount, and feed normally after all the fish are floating and ingested.

Fish fry culture, the release density is many times of the conventional, after entering the pond, the natural bait in the pond will soon be eaten up by fish fry, first use artificial methods to put a small amount of feed at the feeding point, and so on when a large number of fish fry are fed, they begin to use automatic bait feeding machine to domesticate, the method is the same as that of commercial fish culture with automatic bait feeding machine.

6. Scientific disease prevention technology: after disinfecting ponds, water sources and fish species, regularly sprinkle in ponds and add drugs to prevent bacteria and parasites in feed to control the occurrence of fish diseases.