Soilless cultivation techniques and key points of planting Management of Strawberry

Strawberry is a fruit loved by consumers. Strawberry is a perennial evergreen herb of Rosaceae. The berry is very nutritious and contains rich vitamin C, which can help digestion. Regular consumption can also consolidate the gums, fresh breath, moisten the throat, and is currently cultivated in all parts of our country. Let's take a look at strawberry soilless cultivation techniques.

Cultivation facilities

There are two kinds of strawberry soilless cultivation trough: digging cultivation trough and high border cultivation trough. The bottom digging cultivation trough leaves a 70 cm wide walkway at the back wall root in the greenhouse, and digging the cultivation trough in the north-south direction. The groove width is 50 cm wide and the depth is 25 cm 30 cm. The length of the trough depends on the span of the greenhouse. The aisle between the grooves (slot spacing) is 40 cm, and the groove wall is covered with plastic film. The high border cultivation trough is generally built with brick cultivation trough, leaving a 70 cm wide walkway at the back wall root of the greenhouse, and a north-south direction planting trough, with a width of 48 cm and a height of 25 cm. The length of the trough depends on the span of the greenhouse, and the walkway between the grooves (slot spacing) is 50 cm. The whole plastic film in the groove can not be spliced together, and the plastic film at the bottom is moderately punched.

Cultivation substrate

The strawberry soilless culture substrate was disinfected with sheep dung ∶ vermiculite ∶ perlite = 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 (volume ratio) or sheep dung ∶ bacteria residue = 1 ∶ 2 (volume ratio). The sheep manure was rotten and screened, and 12% hemp residue could be added to the substrate if conditions were available. When filling the substrate in the cultivation tank, the substrate should be slightly higher than the groove surface, and the surface is tortoise back shape to prevent stagnant water.

Cultivated variety

In recent years, strawberries cultivated by facilities in northern China include Hong Yan, Zhang Ji, Sweet Charlie, Ghost Nugan, Fengxiang, Yinu, Xingxiang and other Japanese excellent varieties, which are resistant to low temperature, strong growth, shallow dormancy, early maturity, large fruit, high yield and good marketability. Through several years of screening, experts found that the two varieties of GuiNugan and Fengxiang showed more high yield in the cold area at high altitude, and they were the main varieties of facility soilless cultivation.

Planting technology

1. Planting preparation: spraying insecticides to control mites, aphids and other pests in the seedling nursery 2-3 days before planting, in order to reduce the population density in the greenhouse after transplanting and better control the occurrence of insect pests. Watering once after spraying is beneficial to reduce the damage of root system during seedling emergence. The seedlings were graded according to the size of the seedlings and planted in the shed. Soak the substrate before planting to keep the substrate moist when planting strawberries.

2. Planting time: the planting time of strawberry in soilless cultivation is determined according to the degree of terminal bud flower bud differentiation. In general, 50% of plants in seedling nursery are suitable for planting through flower bud differentiation. In production practice, it can be considered that flower bud differentiation can be achieved if there is obvious bow back on the shortened stem and ear leaves on the petiole at the base of the leaf. It is most suitable to plant in the middle of September, and it will mature and appear on the market in January of the following year, which not only realizes out-of-season sales and enriches the variety of winter and spring fruit market, but also coincides with traditional festivals such as New Year's Day and Spring Festival, with strong market demand and high product prices.

3. Planting density: 2 rows in each cultivation trough, row spacing 30 cm 35 cm, plant spacing 8 cm 10 cm, planting 15000 ~ 18000 plants per mu.

4. Planting methods: planting in cloudy days or in the evening is beneficial to seedling survival and slow seedling. In order to reduce water evaporation and promote the growth and development of new roots, robust seedlings without obvious diseases and insect pests, with 5-6 spreading leaves, thick green leaves and well-developed roots should be selected to remove old leaves, diseased leaves and stolons, leaving only 3-4 new leaves per seedling and cutting off some roots at the same time.

5. Planting depth: strawberry planting depth is the key to seedling survival, which can neither be too deep nor too shallow, and achieve the basic requirement of "deep without immersion, shallow without revealing roots". If it is planted too deep, the heart of the seedling will be buried, which will easily lead to a rotten heart. If the plant is too shallow and the rhizome is exposed, it is easy to cause the seedlings to dry up and die. The suitable planting depth is that the stem of the seedling center (the tip of the outer leaf) is flat or slightly higher than the cultivation surface, and can not be buried in the substrate to ensure the survival rate of the seedling.

6. Planting management: watering strawberry roots in time after planting is beneficial to slow down seedlings. In case of strong sunshine, silver-gray shading net should be added to shade.

Humidity management

2-3 days after strawberry planting, the seedlings should be checked in time, and the roots should be exposed. After the slow seedling of strawberry survived, the black plastic film was laid, the cultivation trough was dug down, and the trough and aisle were all covered. When covering the film, cover the black plastic film on the trough surface plant, touch the place where there are plant seedlings below, tear a small hole in the plastic film, and then carefully pull out all the leaves to make the plastic film close to the substrate. Black film mulching can not only increase soil temperature, maintain soil moisture, reduce air humidity, inhibit the breeding of weeds, but also isolate the contact between strawberry fruit and substrate, and keep the fruit bright, clean and hygienic. The suitable substrate humidity for strawberry growth is 70% 80%, and the air humidity is 60% 70%.

Temperature management

Strawberry growth and development of different periods of temperature requirements, because strawberry multiple spikes grow at the same time, and different spikes of growth and development periods are different, blossom and fruit continuous, cross, so the temperature requirements can not be clear and strict limits. According to the characteristics and characteristics of strawberry and the temperature demand of each growth stage, the temperature range of cultivation management is 20: 25 ℃ in day temperature and 6: 8 ℃ in night temperature. Higher than 30 ℃ or less than 5 ℃ is not conducive to the normal flowering and fruiting of strawberry. The development of fruit is greatly affected by temperature. When the temperature is low, the time from flowering to ripening is long, and the fruit is large. When the temperature is high, the fruit development time is short, the fruit is small and early maturing, and the yield is low. The temperature difference between day and night is large, the accumulation of photosynthate is more, the absorption consumption is less, the fruit is large, and the quality is good.

Water and fertilizer management

The application of drip irrigation under plastic film in water and fertilizer management of soilless cultivation of strawberry can not only save water, but also reduce space humidity and disease. The matrix should be kept moist throughout the production period. The nutrients in sheep dung and hemp residue can meet the nutrient demand of strawberries. in order to increase the yield, after the first fruit of the main flower ear was harvested, an appropriate amount of rotten chicken manure was applied, 50-60 kg per mu. The application of potassium fertilizer can avoid strawberry fruit acidification.

Gibberellin treatment

Spraying gibberellin (GA3) in strawberry soilless culture can break plant dormancy, promote flower bud development, blossom and bear fruit earlier and improve fruit rate. In the budding stage, the application effect is good, the concentration is 7: 10 mg / kg, focus on spraying heart leaves, spray evenly, avoid repeated spraying. It is necessary to strictly control the spraying concentration and dosage, low application concentration can not achieve the application effect, excessive concentration is easy to lead to overgrowth, delay in flowering and fruiting, and decrease in fruit setting rate. It is appropriate to spray on cloudy or sunny evenings to avoid spraying at high temperatures.

Auxiliary pollination

Strawberry belongs to self-pollination plant, but there is no natural insect and wind pollination in out-of-season cultivation, so bees are used to assist pollination in strawberry production. Cross-pollination can greatly increase fruit setting rate and commerciality, reduce the number of abnormal fruits, and increase production obviously. The beehive should be placed in the greenhouse one week before the strawberries bloom so that the bees can fully adapt to the environment. Bees cannot live in an environment with too much humidity, so pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification during the day. An anti-insect net should be set up in the vents of the greenhouse to prevent bees from flying out. Bees need to be artificially fed when the number of flowers is small. In the absence of bees, artificial pollination can be carried out after 10:00 every day, using a fan or a brush, but it is labor-consuming and time-consuming.

Plant adjustment

In the whole growth process of strawberry, the plant always carries on the replacement of new and old leaves and spikes and the emergence of stolons. The old leaves, pedicels and stolons after fruit picking not only consume the nutrients of the plant mother, but also the old leaves are easy to breed diseases and insect pests. In order to ensure that strawberry plants are always in the best state of growth and development and increase yield, old leaves, diseased leaves, stolons and peduncles must be removed regularly.

Pest control

Powdery mildew and gray mold are the most common diseases in strawberry soilless culture, and the most serious pests are cinnabar spider mites and aphids. In daily management, old leaves and diseased leaves should be removed in time to reduce diseases and insect pests. The pest control technology of pollution-free vegetable production should be strictly followed, pesticide control should be avoided during picking time, picking before spraying should be required, the use of chemical pesticides should be strictly prohibited 7 days before picking, and biological pesticides should be vigorously promoted. It can stick (hang) reflective film on the back wall of solar greenhouse and has the effect of avoiding aphids. An anti-insect net is installed in the vent to effectively reduce the occurrence of insect pests. Hang the yellow board to trap and kill pests.

Timely harvest

Strawberry fruit is mainly fresh and should be harvested when the fruit is 80-90% ripe. Picking should be carried out at 8 / 10 / 16 / 00 / 18 / 00 without picking and heating the fruit to avoid decay and deterioration. To pick, handle gently, do not damage the calyx, and grade packaging sales.

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and Management of Strawberry

Strawberry, also known as raspberry, raspberry, raspberry and so on, is a kind of red flower and fruit. Strawberry is a general name for strawberry plants of Rosaceae, which belongs to perennial herbs. Strawberries have a heart-shaped appearance, delicious red and tender, succulent flesh and a special rich fruit aroma. Strawberries have high nutritional value and are rich in vitamin C, which can help digestion. At the same time, strawberries can also strengthen gums, refresh breath and moisturize throat. People's anger tends to be exuberant in spring, and eating some strawberries can inhibit it.

In addition, strawberries had better be eaten after meals, because they contain a lot of pectin and cellulose, which can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, help digestion, improve constipation, and prevent hemorrhoids and bowel cancer. The nutritional ratio of strawberries is very reasonable, in which the content of vitamin C is about 10 times that of the same amount of watermelons, grapes or apples. In addition, strawberries are rich in iron, fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid and so on. For lung heat cough, sore throat and long fire boils that are easy to appear in spring, the nutrient elements contained in strawberries can play an auxiliary role. At the same time, because of iron, anemic friends can also eat often. But doctors also suggest that although strawberries are good appetizers, they are cold, so don't eat too much at one time in early spring, especially for people with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold, diarrhea and excessive stomach acid.

General situation of production and cultivation

Strawberries are cultivated in most countries in the world at present. Strawberry cultivation in the United States covers an area of 23000 hectares, with a yield of 567000 tons, accounting for about 28 percent of the world's total output, with an average yield of 24.6 tons per hectare. Japan has a cultivated area of 11000 hm2, with a yield of 218000 tons, accounting for 11% of the world's total output, with an average yield of 19.3 tons per hectare. Europe is the main producer of strawberries, accounting for about 50% of the world's production. Poland, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Russia, Romania and the United Kingdom have a large cultivated area, with a yield of 9.5-18.3 tons per hectare. China is the country with the most abundant wild strawberry resources in the world. It began to use wild strawberries a long time ago and has been following it until now. The cultivation of large fruit strawberry in China began in 1915, but it was neglected and developed slowly in the past. Strawberry production has developed rapidly since the 1980s. At present, the area of strawberry production in China is about 70, 000 hm2, ranking first in the world. The main producing areas are located in the eastern coastal areas such as Anhui, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang. In recent years, Sichuan, Anhui, * *, Beijing and other regions have also developed rapidly. Key strawberry producing areas are Jiangsu Sihong, Anhui Hefei, Liaoning Dandong, Hebei Baoding, Shandong Yantai, Shanghai suburbs, Sichuan Shuangliu, Jiangsu Lianyungang and so on. Changfeng County, Hefei currently has 145000 mu of strawberry planting area, with an annual output of more than 200000 tons of strawberries, with a total output value of more than 1 billion yuan, expanding to more than 200000 mu by 2012, and building the only national virus-free strawberry science and technology park in the country. Every year, promotion meetings are held in the Great Hall of the people in Beijing and the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing, and dealers and strawberry households are held in Beijing Xinfadi Market, Tianjin Red Flag Market and Shenyang Fruit Wholesale Market. Its production scale has jumped from the top of Anhui Province to the largest county of strawberries in the country, and Changfeng Strawberry has become a well-known trademark in China.

Growth condition

Strawberries are suitable for growing in sunny, hydrophobic soil. The depth of the soil is about 8 mi 10 inches. For large strawberries, the row spacing should be 12 inches and the plant spacing should be about 18 inches. The vines of the plant should be removed in time to facilitate the fruit of strawberries. The yield of strawberries is periodic, so it is best to cultivate some new plants in the first few years of planting. If you don't like managing strawberries, you can plant strawberries every 18mur24 inches so that strawberries can grow everywhere. Of course, it will look a little messy, and the strawberries are not big. If you want to avoid this situation, you can remove some vines properly. In autumn, cover the plant with a layer of soil to prevent frost. After the soil is frozen, the plant can be covered with hay 4 inches thick. In the spring of the following year, when new leaves grow, the hay is removed. After the weather becomes warm and stable, the covered soil on the surface of the plant is removed. But leave some hay between the rows to prevent the growth of weeds and retain moisture in the soil.

Planting technology

Strawberry ranks first in the production of small berries in the world. Strawberry is an economic crop with quick fruit, early maturity, easy reproduction, short cycle and high benefit.

1. Preparation of breeding grounds

1) choose paddy fields with convenient drainage and irrigation, which are not easy to accumulate water and have high fertility, or vegetable garden soil (former crops and soil blocks that have used Lvhuanglong herbicide). Apply sufficient basic fertilizer (cake fertilizer, household fertilizer, human feces and urine, phosphate fertilizer) after ripening, at the same time, use 50% phoxim or 3% furan per mu, mix 25 jin of fine soil, and turn the soil to make a bed. The bed is 1.5 mi 1.8 meters wide and the turtle's back is shaped to prevent stagnant water and the soil should be broken.

2) selection and colonization of each plant. Select the new leaves to develop normally, the leaflets are symmetrical, the leaf color is dark green, the petiole is thick, the leaves are large, the growth is strong, the yield is good, and the diseased leaves and old leaves are removed. Our city is generally planted in the breeding ground in April of the Gregorian calendar (the daily average temperature is above 12 ℃). Two rows were planted in each border, 30 cm away from the edge of the border, and the distance between plants was 60 mi 80 cm. Immediately after planting, water the plant and fix it.

3) Fertilizer and water management, the principles of fertilization in seedling land are as follows: suitable nitrogen, heavy phosphorus and potassium, 200 jin of rotten vegetable cake plus 8 jin of urea per mu, 50 jin of phosphate fertilizer and 10 jin of potash fertilizer, and watering every 20 days after the water is dissolved. Human feces and urine can also be replaced.

4) after each plant survived (a week later), gibberellin (920) was sprayed, that is, each gram of "920" was mixed with water of 40 kilos and 50 jin, (920 was first dissolved in a clean bowl with high concentration of liquor). Spray twice at intervals of one week to 10 days. The application of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled in August to make it drought properly, but not too much.

2. Preparation and specification of timely transplanting and transplanting land.

1) Field preparation: choose fertile fields or soil with convenient drainage and irrigation as field land. Strawberries need a large amount of fertilizer, and there is generally less fertilizer in the later stage (harvest period), so the base fertilizer should be sufficient, and it should be dominated by organic fertilizer, generally 1500 tons per mu of organic fertilizer, 50 tons of cake fertilizer, 25-30 tons of compound fertilizer, 7.5 grams of urea, 40 grams of excess calcium and 10 grams of potash fertilizer. in addition to urea and compound fertilizer, other fertilizers, except urea and compound fertilizer, mix well with urea and compound fertilizer to spread the soil surface, and then turn the soil to make ridges. Generally, the height of the ridge is 25 tons, the width of the bottom of the ridge is 90 tons, and the surface of the ridge is 60 inches. The width of the ridge and trench is 30 cm, and the width of the furrow at the bottom of the ridge is about 100m / w. There is a certain inclination from the surface of the ridge to the bottom of the ditch.

2) planting period and mode: the protected cultivation in our city is generally transplanted from the end of September to the beginning of October. The planting density and seedling condition, soil fertilizer and thinness were treated separately, and strong seedlings, dry seedlings and soil fertilizer should be sparsely planted. On the contrary, it should be closely planted. Generally, 9,000 plants are planted in 7 mu. After the ridge is planted, it will be planted 5 cm from the edge of the ridge, with a distance of 12 cm to 15 cm. The length of the ridge generally does not exceed 30 meters.

Attention should be paid when transplanting: first, directional transplanting: both bow back outward, which is beneficial to the extraction of inflorescences later. Second, double-row triangular (zigzag) planting, which is conducive to ventilation and light to take root. The third is to grasp the depth so that the roots are not exposed and the seedlings are not buried at the top, which is beneficial to tillering. Fourth, transplanting with soil is beneficial to survival. Fifth, it will be planted in the afternoon on sunny days and all day on cloudy days. Sixth, strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, immediately pour through the fixed root water after planting, and add methyl topiramate according to 800 times liquid when watering. Seventh, check and replenish seedlings in time.

3. Field management

1) pre-winter management, after planting survived to mid-late November, we should pay attention to three points: first, frequent application of thin fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, preferably dilute manure water; second, keeping moist; third, weeding and loosening soil to pick old leaves and diseased leaves.

2) pre-and post-flowering management: before flowering, young fruit stage and fruit expansion period, vegetable fruit Zhuangtieling was sprayed in time to improve the cyclic fruit setting rate of strawberry, promote fruit development, and control diseases and insect pests with topzine, Sukeling and dimethoate at the same time.

3) overwintering management: before the cold winter comes, it is necessary to pour water thoroughly to prevent the cold.

4. cover the film at the right time

Plastic film mulching can double the yield, reduce fruit loss and prevent pollution. The film is divided into greenhouse cover film and mulch film. The time of covering the film should be controlled when the daily average temperature drops to about 8 ℃. First cover the greenhouse film, then cover the plastic film. Weeding, ploughing and fertilization should be done before mulching to control diseases and insect pests. (greenhouse production and film purchase model) due to limited space will not be introduced, interested parties please contact the Agricultural Science Institute. After covering the film, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 8 ℃ at night and about 20 ℃ during the day. The film should be lifted at noon on a sunny day and covered at 3 p.m. If the temperature is too high, the pollen dies, and the activity of the pollen is not enough to pollinate.

5. Planting in greenhouse

Strawberries planted in greenhouse in early spring can blossom and bear fruit.

6. Open-field cultivation techniques

Strawberry can be cultivated in open field in two ways: one plant a year or one plant for many years. The former can be rotated with other crops after harvest every year. Under this system, strawberry has strong vitality, good fruit quality, early ripening and less diseases and insect pests. However, the key technology is to cultivate strong seedlings with more than 3 leaves and well-developed roots, which can be planted closely. Once planted, harvested for many years, transplanted in autumn, and harvested in May of the following year. After 3 years, it was renewed once with stolon seedlings.

1) applying basic fertilizer for land preparation

Strawberry has shallow roots and is suitable for growing in loam or sandy loam with good permeability and rich in organic matter. Wheat, legumes, melons and vegetables are suitable for the previous crops. It can also be intercropped with high-stem crops. Plough the land deeply early, apply manure and base manure with full rot heat of 3000kg per mu, and burn in the sun. Diammonium phosphate 25kg was applied during soil preparation. Potassium chloride 10kg. Irrigate a small amount of water before planting.

2) colonization

Seedlings with 5-6 compound leaves, strong plants and complete roots were selected before transplanting and planted in the field in cloudy days or in the evening. The planting density is (20-25) cm × (25-30) cm. The degree of planting seedlings is that the roots are not exposed and the seedlings are not buried. After planting, the seedlings are irrigated once. After the water is dry, the condition of the seedlings is checked in time to loosen the soil, cultivate the soil or replenish the seedlings. When planting, the seedlings grow with the bow back to the flat border, which is easy to manage and harvest fruit.

3) Field management

After strawberry planting, watering the root water, keeping the field moist, lowering the ground temperature, and irrigating according to the humidity in the field. When overwintering water was irrigated, 15-20kg/ mu compound fertilizer was applied to improve the overwintering ability. The flowering and fruiting period in spring is a water sensitive period, so the soil should be kept moist. When applying nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer or foliar spraying fertilizer during irrigation, the water should not be too much, and the stagnant water should be discharged in time. At the same time, vegetable and fruit Zhuangtieling should be sprayed before flowering, young fruit stage and fruit expansion period, so as to improve the fruit setting rate of strawberry cycle and promote fruit development. Strawberries should be ploughed and weeded frequently after transplanting. Cultivate the soil at the right time after fruit harvest. Appropriate ground cover should be taken when overwintering, so as to prevent cold and heat preservation, and keep strawberries survive the winter smoothly. Now, more than plastic film mulching from the end of January to early February can promote the early ripening of strawberries and prolong the harvest time.

Nursing care of strawberries

Once the strawberries begin to bear fruit and turn red, be careful not to let the birds peck at them, because birds are easy to find red things. Connect a net to the strawberries or cover the strawberries with a wooden basket. But if you have a greenhouse at home, you can move the strawberries to the greenhouse, which will be better. Strawberries are also easier to bear fruit. When the fruiting period of strawberries is over, you can move them out of the greenhouse and leave them outside for the winter.

In a way, if strawberry plants are subjected to some frost, it will be more beneficial to increase yield in the coming year. Strawberries are easy to grow and can be transplanted. Sometimes you may find that the plant has yellow leaves, but don't worry, just remove it. In winter, you can keep the yellow leaves until new leaves grow in the following spring, then remove the dead yellow leaves, and pay attention to watering, weeding, and killing insects. Strawberries can also be planted in plant bags, but they must be watered evenly to prevent birds from pecking at strawberries and insect pests. The soil in the plant bag dries easily and needs to be checked frequently to make sure the soil is moist. If it is a small amount of planting, try not to use pesticides, you can use a large amount of dishwashing detergent mixed with water to spray; you can also put some melon peel, beer and so on nearby to ward off mollusk pests such as snails.

Prevention and control of diseases

Plant strawberries, change or control the environmental conditions for their growth and development, overcome unfavorable factors, make them blossom and bear fruit normally, harvest ahead of time, and supply the market out of season. Greenhouse cultivation has the characteristics of low investment, quick effect, high yield and good benefit. The yield per mu is 1500 kg, which is more than twice that of the open field, and the output value is more than 10 times higher than that of the open field. In order to prolong the supply period of strawberries and meet the demand of annual supply, four cultivation forms are commonly used at present:

(1) promoting cultivation (maturing in late autumn and early winter from November to December).

(2) semi-facilitative cultivation (matured and listed from February to March).

(3) Super-facilitative cultivation.

(4) restraining cultivation.

Although the use of greenhouse production has many advantages, but also has shortcomings, because of the high temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. It is easy to create favorable environmental conditions for the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. It is particularly important to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, and it has become the key link to realize the high and stable yield of strawberries in greenhouse.

1. Leaf spot

Also known as snake eye disease, mainly damage leaves, petioles, fruit stalks, tender stems and seeds. Small dark purple spots are formed on the leaves, which are enlarged to form near-round or oval disease spots, with purple-red-brown edges, gray-white center and slightly fine wheels, so that the whole disease spot is snake-eye-like, and small black grains are not formed on the disease spot.

Prevention and control measures: timely removal of diseased leaves, old leaves. The initial stage of the disease with 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 ~ 700 times liquid, ten days later spray again. Or spray 75 kg of water with 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 200 grams per mu.

2. Powdery mildew

It is mainly harmful to leaves, but also to flowers, fruits, pedicels and petioles. The leaves are rolled up in the shape of a spoon. The flower buds and petals are purplish red, can not bloom or bloom completely, the fruit is not inflated, is slender, and the young fruit loses luster and hardens. Near-ripening strawberries will lose their commercial value when they are damaged.

Control measures: focus on spraying Baume 0.3 degree stone sulfur mixture in and around the disease center strain. After harvest, the leaves of the whole garden were cut and sprayed with 1000 times of thiophanate methyl or 5000 times of methamphetamine and 5000 times of Teflin.

3. Grey mold

It is the main disease after flowering, which can occur on flowers, petals, fruits and leaves. Brown spots were formed on the fruit during the expansion period, and gradually enlarged. Botrytis cinerea caused the fruit to soften and rot, which seriously affected the yield.

Control measures: spray with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300 times solution, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times solution, 50% prohydantoin 500 times ~ 700 times liquid and so on.

4. Root rot

Starting from the lower leaf, the leaf margin becomes reddish brown, gradually withered upward, and even withered to death. The pillar begins to turn dark brown and rotten in the middle, and the central column of the root is red.

Control countermeasures: before transplanting strawberries, use 40% asparagus green powder 600 times liquid, pour on the border, and then cover the soil, flatten and transplant, in order to effectively kill the bacteria in the soil, reduce the number of bacteria in the field, and reduce the chance of infection.

5. Verticillium wilt

The disease is a soil disease, and the main symptoms are deformities of young leaves, yellowing leaves and rough leaf surfaces. Then the leaf margin browned and withered inward until it died.

Control measures: strictly introduce the planting of disease-free plants, shorten the renewal life, disinfect the soil with 13.5 ~ 20 liters of chloropicrin or solar film irrigation, and remove those who have been burned.

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and Management of four Seasons Strawberry

Strawberries were cultivated in the open field at the end of September, sprouted in mid-March, first flowered in late March, began to blossom and bear fruit one after another from late March to early November, and began to buckle in late October as the temperature dropped. Combined with protected cultivation, the four seasons can blossom and bear fruit, and there is basically no obvious dormancy period throughout the year. Let's take a look at the planting techniques of strawberries.

Selection of four Seasons Strawberry Orchard

Strawberries of the four seasons like fertilizer, water and light, but they are afraid of waterlogging and drought, so they should choose sandy loam or neutral soil with sufficient sunshine, flat ground, loose soil and good conditions for drainage and irrigation, and the pH value is 5.5-6.5. Clay soil had better be planted with more organic fertilizer or improved in Gaza. Apply 3000-5000 kg of rotten high-quality organic fertilizer per mu before planting, and 50 kg compound fertilizer at the same time, ploughing and turning about 30 cm after fertilization, so that the fertile soil is fully mixed, raked and settled, and then furrowed or ridged.

Planting techniques of four Seasons Strawberry

1. Flat border planting: in order to facilitate watering management, the border should not be too long or too wide. Generally, the border width is 1.2 to 1.5 meters (planting 3 to 4 rows), the length is 10 to 20 meters, and the ridge height is 15 centimeters. After finishing the border, rake it flat and wait for planting.

2. Ridging and planting: it can be ridged and planted in low-lying land, land with poor drainage and protected land in winter, with a ridge height of 15 cm, a ridge top width of 40 cm, a width of 40 cm, a bottom width of 60 cm, and a furrow width of 15 cm. After making a good border and ridge, you can irrigate a small amount of water or properly suppress it, so that the soil can be settled.

3. Planting period: strawberries of the four seasons are generally planted in spring or autumn, and can also be planted in winter using a warm greenhouse. Spring planting is generally from mid-late March to early April, and autumn planting is from mid-late August to mid-late October.

4. Planting density: strawberry fields in the four seasons should maintain good ventilation and light transmission conditions and larger soil area in order to achieve high yield, high quality and large fruit. The planting should not be too dense, and the row spacing should be 30 × 40 cm × 40 cm. Triangular planting should be adopted and 8000 trees per mu should be planted. The planting depth should be "shallow without revealing roots, deep without immersion".

Post-planting Management of four Seasons Strawberry

1. Weeding in the field: weeds compete with strawberries for water, glory and nutrients, which will reduce strawberry yield and quality. Therefore, weed control is an important guarantee for the production of high quality big fruit strawberries. Comprehensive measures such as artificial weeding, plastic film mulching and crop rotation can be adopted for weeding in the field. In order to reduce labor, herbicides can also be used to control weeds.

2. Fertilizer and water management: strawberries in the four seasons need underground topdressing and foliar spraying for many times during the growing season. Underground topdressing is generally applied 4-6 times a year, each time about 50 kg compound fertilizer or multi-compound fertilizer is applied per mu, and the fertilizer is evenly sprinkled in the strawberry border. After topdressing, water in time, do not sprinkle fertilizer in the heart of strawberries, so as not to burn young leaves. Foliar fertilizer was sprayed every 20 days or so, mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, with a concentration of 0.2-0.3%. Water should be watered in time after each topdressing, and watered several times during the growing season in dry years, so that the soil water content can be kept at 70-80% of the maximum field capacity. Strawberries are not resistant to waterlogging and should be drained in the rainy season.

3. Flower and fruit thinning: strawberries can blossom and bear fruit about 60 days after planting. In order to produce high quality large fruit, high yield and high efficiency, it is necessary to plant strong seedlings and raise big seedlings. Especially the seedlings planted in spring, be sure to raise the seedlings, grow strong and then bear fruit, pay attention to the timely thinning of flowers and stolons in the early stage, and leave flowers and fruit when the crown of the seedlings grows to 30-40 cm. Or planting seedlings in spring, strengthening the culture tube, bearing fruit in late summer and early autumn, not only large fruit with high quality, but also high yield and high efficiency. Keep 4-5 early and large flowers at flowering stage, and remove small and late flowers. The sooner you spend time, the better. After fruit setting, small fruits and abnormal fruits are removed, and each plant can retain 3 or 4 large fruits. After the previous fruit is ripe, another 4-5 large flowers are selected to keep blooming and fruiting continuously.

4. Rational pruning: in order to reduce nutrient consumption and ensure high yield and continuous fruit, stolons should be removed continuously in the growing season. Early removal of stolons can increase the yield of strawberries by about 20%. Four seasons strawberry has new leaves and new stems all the year round. In the whole growing season, the lower old leaves should be constantly removed to promote the growth of new leaves and stems in the upper part. Old leaves are generally yellowed at the beginning of the petiole and can be removed from the base of the petiole when the petiole changes from erect to flat.

5. Fruit cushion grass: with the increase of fruit, the inflorescence gradually droops down and touches the ground, which is easy to be contaminated by soil, which not only affects coloring and quality, but also causes rotten fruit. Strawberry orchards without plastic film mulching should cover the strawberry plants under the fruit 2 or 3 weeks after flowering, or wrap the straw into a straw ring and put the fruit on the straw ring.

6. Winter management: strawberries of the four seasons can blossom and bear fruit every year as long as the temperature is suitable. Therefore, it can be cultivated in open field in spring, summer and autumn. In the middle and last ten days of October, when the temperature drops to 5: 7 ℃, the shed should be fastened in time to ensure its continuous flowering and fruiting. The management in the shed is the same as ordinary strawberries.

6. timely renewal: under general management conditions, the growth began to decline in the third year after planting, the yield decreased, the quality decreased, the diseases and insect pests occurred more, and the economic benefit decreased. In order to ensure that the four seasons strawberries can not only blossom and bear fruit continuously, but also have high yield, high quality and high efficiency, it is generally required to be renewed every 2 ~ 3 years, and it is more suitable to plant strawberries once every two years in the open field.

Disease Control of four Seasons Strawberry

Leaf spot disease

[symptoms] Leaf spot disease, also known as snake eye disease, is mainly harmful to leaves, petioles, fruit stalks, tender stems and seeds. Small dark purple spots are formed on the leaves, which are enlarged to form near-round or oval disease spots, with purple-red-brown edges, gray-white center and slightly fine wheels, so that the whole disease spot is snake-eye-like, and small black grains are not formed on the disease spot.

[prevention and treatment] remove diseased leaves and old leaves in time. The initial stage of the disease with 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times 700 times liquid, ten days later spray again. Or spray 75 kg of water with 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 200 grams per mu.

2. Powdery mildew

[symptoms] powdery mildew is mainly harmful to leaves, but also to flowers, fruits, fruit stalks and petioles. The leaves are rolled up in the shape of a spoon. The flower buds and petals are purple-red, cannot bloom or bloom completely, the fruit is not inflated, the fruit is long and thin, and the young fruit loses luster and hardens. Near-ripening strawberries will lose their commercial value when they are damaged.

[prevention and treatment] focus on spraying Baume 0.3 degree stone sulfur mixture in and around the disease center strain. After harvest, the leaves of the whole garden were cut and sprayed with 1000 times of thiophanate methyl or 5000 times of methamphetamine and 5000 times of Teflin.

3. Grey mold

[symptom] Botrytis cinerea is the main disease after flowering, which can occur on flowers, petals, fruits and leaves. Brown spots were formed on the fruit during the expansion period, and gradually enlarged. Botrytis cinerea caused the fruit to soften and rot, which seriously affected the yield.

[prevention and control] from budding to flowering, spray with 300 times of 25% carbendazim wettable powder, 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, and 500 ~ 700 times of 50% propofol.

4. Root rot

[symptoms] starting from the lower leaves, the edges of the leaves turn reddish brown, gradually wither upward, and even wither to death. The pillar begins to turn dark brown and rotten in the middle, and the central column of the root is red.

[prevention and control] before transplanting strawberries were treated with 40% asparagus green powder 600 times, poured on the border, and then covered with soil to flatten and transplant, so as to effectively kill the bacteria in the soil, reduce the number of bacteria in the field, and reduce the chance of infection.

5. Verticillium wilt

Verticillium wilt is a soil disease. The main symptoms are deformity of young leaves, yellowing leaves and rough surface of leaves. Then the leaf margin browned and withered inward until it died.

[prevention and control] strictly introduce the planting of disease-free plants, shorten the renewal life, and disinfect the soil with 13.5 ~ 20 liters of chloropicrin or solar film irrigation. Those who have developed the disease must be removed and burned.