Cultivation techniques and field management points of avocado

Avocado is a kind of rare fruit in the tropics, also known as avocado, etc., the fruit is a kind of fruit with high nutritional value, which contains a variety of vitamins, rich fat and protein. The contents of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are also high. Besides being used for fruit consumption, it can also be used as dishes and cans, which is of high cultivation value. Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of avocado.

Cultivation conditions of avocado

Avocado likes light, warm and humid climate, and is not resistant to cold. Only a few varieties can endure a short-term low temperature of 0 degrees Celsius. It is cultivated at 40 °S ~ 40 °N in the world, with an average annual temperature of 20: 25 ℃. Cold resistance varies with different varieties (strong cold tolerance of Mexican line, weak cold tolerance of Guatemala and West Indies), cold-resistant varieties can tolerate-6 ℃ low temperature, low cold resistance varieties will dry up when low temperature is 0 ℃. Need annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm, shallow roots, fragile branches, can not withstand strong winds, strong winds can lead to reduced production, strong adaptability to the soil.

Propagation methods of avocado

Avocado can be propagated by seed or grafting. When sowing, the seed coat should be peeled off and germinated in the sand bed. The plant should be planted in a place with deep soil layer, good drainage and shelter from the wind. The suitable row spacing is 5 * (6-7) meters, and mixed planting of varieties can ensure pollination. It is best to raise seedlings in containers. The seedlings can be grafted by bud grafting or abdominal grafting with a diameter of 0.8 cm. The seedlings can be planted at 50 cm or 60 cm. The row spacing of the plants is 5 cm. The grafted seedlings will blossom and bear fruit for 3-4 years or 4-6 years. The mature trees can produce 25-50 kg and the high yield 100-150 kg.

Fertilization technology of avocado

The main results are as follows: 1. nitrogen fertilizer is routinely applied more than 4 times a year, usually by withdrawal or through irrigation system. 50 kg organic fertilizer per plant and 50 g compound fertilizer are applied to adult trees in young fruit stage, and the quantity is doubled after harvest.

2. When the leaf analysis indicates that phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied when the content of phosphorus and potassium is low, zinc can be applied or foliar spraying zinc in some types of soil, and spraying is the most effective when new leaves are developed in spring. the most effective way for crops to grow on calcareous soil or soil with low oxygen content is to inject chelating iron solution into the root zone.

3. The amount of nitrogen used should be reduced when there is nitrogen in some soil and irrigation water, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when there are few new leaves growing on trees and when the leaves are gray or bear much fruit.

Control of diseases and insect pests in avocado

1. Anthrax

Anthracnose is an important disease of avocado, which mainly harms mature fruit, and can also infect leaves, twigs, flowers and young fruits, cause fruit drop and fruit rot, and shorten shelf life. Generally, the disease occurs after fruit ripening, and the diameter of the spot before ripening is not more than 5 mm, round, slightly sunken, brown or black. When the conditions are suitable, the disease spot expands rapidly, the depression is obvious, the center of the disease spot appears radiant cracking, and finally the disease spot is connected, and the pink conidia pile appears. As the fruit ripens gradually, pathogens can invade the pulp, causing black-green dry rot.

[control] remove the diseased branches in the orchard, cut off the diseased leaves, eliminate the source of infection, and carry out low-temperature pretreatment and low-temperature storage as soon as possible after harvest. Almost all avocado varieties are sensitive to the pathogen of the pathogen. The key to control is to minimize the occurrence of other fruit diseases (especially tail spot disease) and avoid mechanical damage in fruit transportation.

2. Scab

[harm] the damaged fruit produced a slight round brown scar at the beginning, and then turned brown to light purple. After fruit ripening, the disease spot was United, the center was sunken, and the pericarp was rough. After infecting the fruit, the disease did not affect the flavor quality, but the appearance quality decreased seriously. In the young fruit stage, if the weather is cold and wet, the disease occurs seriously. It can also damage the leaves, the damaged leaves appear brown spots, the leaves wrinkle, the disease spots further develop into a star shape, and the center is perforated. Leaf damage often occurs at the top of the crown, and the disease spot is mostly in the leaf back texture, the disease spot is small, discrete and discontinuous, and it is not easy to observe. The petiole and branchlet disease spots are oval and are easily confused with the spots caused by shell insects.

[prevention and treatment] cut off the diseased branches to reduce pathogens and spray Bordeaux solution or other copper preparations.

3. Cercospora spot disease

[harm] can be harmful to leaves, stems and fruits. Infect the fruit, form withered spots on its surface or cause epidermis cracking, cracks can cause anthrax infection. When infecting the leaves, the withered spots of 2 to 5 mm appeared on the leaf surface at first, the first brown, then turned purple, the spots extended to both sides of the leaves, the shape was irregular, and when serious, the withered spots joined together to form larger withered spots.

Using chemical control, copper preparation and azoxystrobin were sprayed on branches and fruits.

4. Fruit rot of small cave shell

[harm] the symptoms of infected fruits were not obvious before picking, and the disease spots were small and shallow, and the symptoms became obvious in the process of fruit harvest and softening. Small and irregular brown to red disease spots appeared in the initial pericarp. Due to the bacteria invading the vascular bundles, brown stripes could be seen in the pulp after peeling off, and then purple-brown irregular disease spots appeared in the pedicel. With the ripening of the fruit, the epidermal spots gradually grow, blacken and sunken, and the brown pericarp is covered with grayish-brown mycelium and spores, which exudes brown pulp and juice and gives off a bad smell.

[control] cut off dead branches and tips, remove dead trees and diseased fruits, choose sunny weather to harvest fruit, strengthen nutrition of fruit trees and reduce the occurrence of other diseases.

5. Pedicle rot

[harm] the pedicel was first susceptible to disease, and slightly withered around the pedicel. With the fruit ripening, the bacteria invaded the fruit, and there was obvious black rot around the pedicel, and the disease boundary was obvious. And gradually spread to the whole fruit surface, the bacteria invaded the pulp, causing tissue discoloration, degradation, and emitting an unpleasant smell, thus reducing the fruit quality.

[prevention and treatment] the pathogen can survive on the host disease residue. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the source of infection in time to avoid the accumulation of diseases and disabilities in the park. Watering the lower part of the orchard can prevent the germs from moving to the higher fruit. Eliminating water stress can reduce infection. Covering with film or weeds under the tree can accelerate the decomposition of the diseased body. In addition, do not harvest in cloudy and rainy days.

6. Phytophthora fruit rot

[harm] Phytophthora can cause fruit rot, stem ulcer and rot both before and after harvest. Black round disease spots often appear near the pedicle of susceptible fruit, and the pathogen can invade the pulp.

[prevention and treatment] cut off the withered branches and stems, clean up the orchard, remove the fallen fruit and diseased fruit, and prevent the re-infection of the pathogen. Cover with thick mulch under the plant to inhibit the spread of bacteria in the soil.

7. Soot disease

The surfaces of fruits, leaves and stems are covered with a large number of black soot-like hyphae and spores and grow on honeydew secreted by wax scale and whitefly.

The key is to control pests and reduce honeydew production. A better method is to use natural enemies for biological control.

What is the effect of avocado? Planting techniques of avocado

[FAQ] what is the effect of avocado? How should I plant it?

[expert answer] avocado, also known as avocado, avocado, camphor, etc., has high nutritional value, rich in a variety of vitamins, protein, etc., is a kind of rare fruit, favored by consumers, wide market and high planting efficiency. The efficacy and planting techniques of avocado are introduced as follows:

Picture: avocado planting

1. The efficacy of avocado

1. Anti-oxygen and anti-aging: avocado is rich in glyceric acid, protein and vitamins, moisturizing but not greasy, is a natural antioxidant aging agent, not only can soften and moisturize the skin, but also can shrink pores, the surface of the skin can form a milky isolation layer, can effectively resist sunlight, prevent sunburn. The avocado oil extracted from nuts is rich in nutrients and rich in vitamin E, magnesium, linoleic acid and essential fatty acids, which helps to strengthen the cell membrane and delay the senescence of epidermal cells.

two。 Breast enhancement: the rich unsaturated fatty acids in avocado can increase the elasticity of chest tissue, vitamin A can promote female hormone secretion, vitamin C can prevent chest deformation, and vitamin E can help chest development.

3. Protect the liver: avocados have been found to contain effective chemicals that may protect the liver, a discovery that will help people invent new drugs to treat liver diseases.

4. Beauty: avocado pulp has good affinity with human skin, is easily absorbed by skin, has strong absorption to ultraviolet rays, and is rich in vitamin E and carotene, so it has good skin care, sunscreen and health care.

5. Relieving diabetes: avocado pulp sugar content is very low, which is 1% of banana sugar content. It is a rare high-fat and low-sugar food for diabetics, and drinking with peel water can alleviate diabetes.

6. Protect uterine health: avocados protect women's uterus and cervix. Eating one avocado a week can balance estrogen, lose excess weight during childbirth and prevent cervical cancer.

7. Baby food supplement: avocado is one of the good baby food supplements.

Picture: avocado planting

2. Planting techniques of avocado

Cultivation conditions: avocado likes light, warm and humid climate, and is not resistant to cold. Only a few varieties can endure a short-term low temperature of 0 degrees Celsius. It is cultivated at 40 °S ~ 40 °N in the world, with an average annual temperature of 20: 25 ℃. Cold resistance varies with different varieties (strong cold tolerance of Mexican line, weak cold tolerance of Guatemala and West Indies), cold-resistant varieties can tolerate-6 ℃ low temperature, low cold resistance varieties dry up when low temperature of 0 ℃ Need annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm, shallow roots, fragile branches, can not withstand strong winds, strong winds can lead to reduced production, strong adaptability to the soil.

Propagation method: avocado multipurpose seed reproduction, can also be used for grafting propagation, sowing time to peel off the seed coat in the sand bed to promote germination, select deep soil layer, good drainage, shelter from the wind to plant, plant spacing of 5 * (6 ~ 7) meters is more suitable, mixed planting of varieties can ensure pollination. It is best to raise seedlings in containers. The seedlings can be grafted by bud grafting or abdominal grafting with a diameter of 0.8 cm. The seedlings can be planted at 50 cm or 60 cm. The row spacing of the plants is 5 cm. The grafted seedlings will blossom and bear fruit for 3-4 years or 4-6 years. The mature trees can produce 25-50 kg and the high yield 100-150 kg.

Planting: 50-60 cm between seedlings, row spacing 5-6 m, grafted seedlings 3-4 years or seedlings 4-6 years flowering and fruiting.

Cover: avocado is a fruit tree that grows in competitive sunlight under tropical rain forest conditions. It grows rapidly in a hot and humid environment, but grows slowly if the environmental conditions are not available. Therefore, the cultivation of avocado abroad mainly emphasizes growing grass or planting green manure near the plant at the initial stage, and covering a large amount of organic matter in the topsoil, forming a rainforest rhizosphere environment similar to that of origin, and stabilizing the ecological conditions of the rhizosphere. Promote the reproduction of microorganisms that can inhibit root rot activity. Therefore, from the young tree stage to the tree itself can form a cover layer through fallen leaves and before the occurrence of root rot, it is particularly important to carry out tree plate young trees. Begin to cover in winter, replenish the thickness in spring, and form a good cover in summer. Rhizosphere mulching can also reduce soil water evaporation, reduce the damage of dry heat to avocado, lower soil temperature in summer, increase soil temperature in winter, increase soil organic matter, reduce weeds and prevent soil erosion on sloping land. But keep the soil from getting too wet during the rainy season.

Fertilization: (1) nitrogen fertilizer is routinely applied more than 4 times a year, usually by withdrawal or through the irrigation system. 50 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 g of compound fertilizer are applied to adult trees in the young fruit stage, and the quantity is doubled after harvest. (2) the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer when the content of phosphorus and potassium is low, zinc fertilizer or foliar spraying zinc can be applied in some types of soil, and spraying is the most effective when new leaves are developed in spring. the most effective way for crops to grow on calcareous soil or soil with low oxygen content is to inject chelating iron solution into the root zone. (3) the amount of nitrogen used should be reduced when there is nitrogen in some soil and irrigation water, and nitrogen fertilizer should be applied when there are few new leaves growing on trees and when the leaves are gray or bear more fruit.

Drainage: avocado is evergreen all the year round, it is necessary to keep the rhizosphere soil moist throughout the year, and it is very sensitive to soil drought. once there is a lack of water, the physiological function is blocked, and the tree is weak, which leads to falling leaves and fruit, and the cold resistance is reduced in winter, so it is necessary to irrigate properly during drought. From fruit setting to fruit ripening, it is very important to maintain soil moisture. If the young fruit falls off seriously in the first month of fruit setting due to drought. On Hainan Island, the dry and hot weather from April to May caused serious fruit drop of avocado. Therefore, if the garden soil begins to crack for 10-20 days, it should be irrigated in time; if the rainfall is lower than transpiration and evaporation for a long time, supplementary irrigation should also be added. However, irrigation should be just right, not only sufficient, but also avoid excessive, generally soaking through the soil is appropriate, if too wet, it will aggravate root rot, but also reduce the content of soluble solids in fruit. It is best to use sprinkler irrigation or drip irrigation. Flooding irrigation may cause root rot, and drip irrigation can save 50% of water and 60% of water. Some dry leaves begin to curl, and the crown can be sprayed with water. Pay attention to drainage in the rainy season, especially in flat orchards.

Picture: avocado planting

Picking: the fruit picking season is usually from August to September. The traditional way of picking is to use a long stick directly, which is easy, but the fruit is not good for preservation and will soon rot. In order to ensure the quality, we must carefully climb to the canopy several meters high, cut one by one and put it into the frame, and then slowly send it to the ground.

[conclusion] avocado is rich in nutritional value, which can also be used as dishes and cans in addition to fruit consumption, so it has high planting value. The above introduces the efficacy and planting technology of avocado. I hope it can be helpful to you!

Where is the origin of avocado? Growth environment and main producing areas of avocado

Avocado is an evergreen tree of the genus Lauraceae, also known as avocado, avocado, avocado and avocado.

Where is the origin of avocado?

Avocados are native to Mexico and Central America, and then widely cultivated in California, so California has become the largest producer of avocados in the world, growing in the tropics and subtropics all over the world. however, it is most cultivated in the southern United States, Guatemala, Mexico and Cuba, and has formed three major populations: Mexico, Guatemala and West Indies. There are a small amount of cultivation in Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan and Sichuan.

The producing environment of avocado

The adaptability of avocado to temperature varies greatly due to different varieties. The cold tolerance of Mexican line is relatively strong, while that of Guatemala and West Indies is weak. Most of the avocados introduced into China are Mexican, which is native to the tropical plateau. Avocado needs annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm, shallow roots, fragile branches, can not withstand strong winds, strong winds can lead to reduced production, strong adaptability to the soil.

Cultivation value of avocado

1. Economic value: after 3-4 years of planting, the yield of avocado trees is relatively stable from the 6th year, and the investment capital is relatively small. The yield of avocado trees is very high, with an average of 60kg to 70kg per tree, and the yield of some trees reaches 200kg, which has high economic value.

2. Health function: the sugar content of avocado pulp is very low, which is 1 / 5 of the sugar content of banana. it is a rare high-fat and low-sugar food for patients with diabetes. Drinking with pericarp soaking water has a relieving effect on diabetes.

3. Cosmetic effect: avocado pulp has good affinity with human skin, is easily absorbed by skin, has strong absorption to ultraviolet rays, and is rich in vitamin E and carotene, so it has good skin care, sun protection and health care. The United States, Japan and other countries have widely used in skin care cream, facial cleanser, facial mask, shampoo, sunscreen and other more than 240 kinds of cosmetics.