How are jujube trees grafted? Introduction of several grafting methods of jujube

Red jujube, also known as jujube, jujube, etc., is a small deciduous tree of Rhamnaceae jujube, which grows in mountains, hills or plains below 1700 meters above sea level. Some varieties can also be sown. Grafted jujube trees generally use bark grafting, crackling, abdominal grafting and bud grafting. Let's take a look at the grafting methods of jujube trees.

Skin grafting

Bark grafting is a kind of branch grafting, which should be used in the period of exuberant sap flow and easy bark peeling after jujube sprouting. The grafting method is simple, fast and the survival rate is higher than other grafting methods. Select the smooth skin of the rootstock to cut off the rootstock, cut a small opening of about 0.5 cm from top to bottom on one side of the cross section to reach the xylem, peeling the cortex into a triangular crack. At the place where the lower end of the joint is 2cm away from the lower cross section, it is obliquely cut downward with a knife, the cut plane is horseear-shaped, and the oblique plane exceeds the centroid, and the lower end of the oblique face is cut into a short section of 2mm in length to form a zigzag acute point, which is easy to insert into the human skin. The cut side of the scion is inserted into the human skin from the triangular crack of the chopped rootstock (the scion length is closely connected with the xylem of the rootstock), and a 1 mm cut is left on the cutting surface, commonly known as "white", to facilitate the growth of healing tissue, and then the cut of the rootstock and the combination part with the scion are all wrapped tightly with plastic film, so that the grafting is completed. If Jiemu is not treated with wax seal, the secret should be wrapped strictly with a thin plastic film.

Crackle joint

Crackling is a kind of branch grafting, also known as large grafting, the grafting time can be earlier than bark grafting, when the bark is not easy to peel off but the sap has begun to flow. Grafting of small seedlings or grafting of big trees in the nursery can be used. Grafting the seedlings in the nursery, first remove the weeds and useless roots and seedlings around the seedlings. Cut the rootstock seedlings to the ground, then dig down the soil about 10 cm deep, expose the smooth part of the rhizome, cut the cross section of the rootstock with scissors, and cut the rootstock longitudinally along the center of the cross section of the rootstock. Then quickly cut the scion down from 2 cm to 3 cm from the lower end into a double-sided wedge-shaped smooth cutting surface, the upper thickness is thinner, if the scion is thinner than the rootstock, one side of the cutting side is slightly thinner than the other. The main bud is on the thin side, and then the cut scion is quickly inserted into the crackle of the rootstock, and the upper end of the cutting surface of the scion leaves a 1-2mm section, commonly known as "white", so that the cambium on the thicker side of the scion can be aligned with the cambium of the rootstock (for example, the thickness of the rootstock is the same as that of the scion, which can align the cambium on both sides of the rootstock and the scion). Then use plastic film to evenly wrap the joint of the rootstock and the scion for moisturizing. If the scion is not wax-sealed, use a thin plastic film to fasten the whole secret to prevent water loss.

Ventral graft

Ventral grafting is also a kind of branch grafting, and the appropriate time for grafting is the same as that of crackling. When grafting, cut off the rootstock, along the cross section of the rootstock oblique cut a crackle, the depth of more than half of the diameter of the rootstock, but not more than 2 prime 3, otherwise it is easy to wind break, forming an oblique incision up to the xylem. The cutting method of scion is basically the same as crackling, but the difference is that the cutting surface of scion should be slightly longer on one side and shorter on the other. When grafting, insert the cut scion into the oblique cut of the rootstock, so that the long cutting side faces inward and the short cutting side facing outward, so that the scion and the cambium of the rootstock skin are aligned, and other procedures and requirements are the same as crackling.

With wood budding

Sap grafting with wood is carried out after the sap of the rootstock is flowing in spring. at the smooth base of the rootstock, the bud grafting knife is used to cut a knife to the depth of the xylem on the rootstock, the length is about 1 inch of the diameter of the rootstock, and a shield-shaped piece is cut with a knife about 1 cm below the cut. To remove the xylem sheet, it is best to use a scion with a thickness similar to that of the rootstock, cut transversely with a knife 3 mm above the main bud, the length is the same as the transverse incision of the rootstock, and then cut a shield-shaped bud slice under the bud, the size is the same as the shield-shaped slice of the rootstock, expand the shield-shaped incision of the human rootstock, align the cambium of the bud with the cambium of the shield-shaped incision of the rootstock, wrap it tightly with a plastic film strip, and expose the main bud of the scion in the middle. Complete with wood budding. If the scion bud piece is smaller than the shield-shaped cut of the rootstock, the upper incision of the scion and the cambium on one side of the scion should be aligned with the upper incision of the rootstock and the cambium on one side, and then the main bud should be strictly exposed with plastic film strips.

Bud grafting

1. Budding time: generally, after the main bud is formed in the growing season, the method of main bud grafting in the same year is used, which is also called T-shaped bud grafting. If you use a year's scion, you can also carry out bud grafting after sprouting in spring, because it is difficult to take full vascular bundles, so it is generally used with wood bud grafting, also known as embedded bud grafting. The rootstocks that survived before July can be cut off above the grafted buds and can still grow into mature grafted seedlings in the same year, and the grafted rootstocks that survive after August should not be cut by bamboo shoots, otherwise the grafted seedlings are difficult to survive the winter because of low Lignification, and then cut the rootstocks before sprouting in the spring of next year.

2, seed strip collection: generally use the jujube head in the current year, cut off the secondary branches and leaves on the main buds, retain the petiole, and then wrap them in a wet cloth to keep them moist and spare. The seed strips should not be put for a long time at room temperature, but should be used whenever they are picked. If they need to be stored for a long time, they should be stored in a refrigerated container of about 5 ℃.

3. Grafting method: in the smooth part of the rootstock, use a bud knife to cut a knife horizontally deep into the xylem, then cut a longitudinal notch downward from the middle of the transverse incision to form a T-notch, and take the bud with a sharp bud knife to cut a knife at the left and right 3mm above the main bud of the scion, reaching nearly 1cm in diameter of the scion, and then cut upward from the bud about 1cm below the bud and connected with the upper horizontal incision. Squeeze the bud piece gently with your hand, take out the bud and insert it into the incision of the rootstock quickly, align the transverse incision of the bud with the transverse incision of the rootstock, and use plastic film to expose the main bud and J handle. If the petiole remains green or falls off at the touch of the petiole 7 days after grafting, the grafted bud has survived, otherwise it will be regrafted.

Grafting methods and advantages of jujube

Jujube, I think most people have eaten it, soaked in warm water, wine, when cooking porridge as seasoning and so on, of course, these are to wait until the water in the jujube can be eaten, in fact, jujube is also a very nutritious fruit. However, what I want to tell you next is not the jujube, but the jujube tree. The planting of jujube is actually very fastidious, especially the use of grafting, there are many places that need to be paid attention to. Without saying much, let's just get down to business.

The advantages of grafting propagation of jujube seedlings are as follows: first, it can maintain the excellent characters of scion varieties. This is because the scion is taken from the branches or buds of a fine adult tree. The heredity is relatively stable, and there is generally no variation after grafting. For example, the famous Zanhuang jujube and winter jujube are all grafted by sour jujube. The result of grafting is similar to that of root fruit, the size of the fruit is small, and the content of the fruit has little difference.

Second, we can get early results. Because the root system of the rootstock is developed, the growth is exuberant after grafting, and the branches are strong. This can turn slow growth into fast growth. Can bear fruit early, Tianjin Jinghai nursery farm, Shanxi pear jujube and winter jujube grafted on April 20, 1999. In the same year, the height of the seedling reached more than 1.5m, the highest reached nearly 2m, the stem thickness was close to 2cm, and there were 20 branches twice, with the length of 40cm. Some trees bear fruit in the same year, and the fruit yield of one pear jujube left in the garden was as high as 2kg in 2000.

Third, it can enhance the stress resistance of jujube trees. Because the grafted rootstock sour jujube has a strong ability to resist drought and barren, and has a wide adaptability to soil, if we use the root tillering seedlings or seeds of jujube or jujube grown locally. It has fully adapted to the local soil and climatic conditions, and the valuable adaptability and stress resistance of this rootstock have a good effect on the grafted jujube. Fourth, make full use of sour jujube resources, there are sour jujube growing in mountainous areas and plains of our country. Grafting jujube with sour jujube is an effective way to speed up the greening of barren mountains, barren beaches, hills and gully slopes, and to expand the planting range of jujube trees. The working people of our country have a long history of using sour jujube to marry jujube. Up to now, Zaolinping, Suide County, Shaanxi Province and Beishuiyu Village, Fuping County, Hebei Province, still retain hundreds of years-old grafted jujube trees, and have a certain yield. After liberation, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Gansu and other places have done a lot of work in the grafting of sour jujube into jujube. In recent years, Tianjin has also started this work in the mountainous area of Jixian County, and has made remarkable achievements.

Grafting method: the time and method of jujube grafting directly affect the survival rate of grafting and the growth of the same year. After several years of practice, the editor concluded that the survival rate of branch grafting in spring is the highest after jujube sprouting, and the growth is large. The early survival rate of grafting will decrease accordingly, and the growth of the same year will become smaller if the grafting is too late. It is generally suitable for Tianjin area from April 20 to May 15. In the growing season, the survival rate of bud grafting is generally the highest from July to August.

There are two methods for jujube grafting, one is branch grafting, the other is bud grafting. According to the research of editors in recent years, ventral grafting should be adopted when both rootstock and scion are thicker, so that it is easy to operate, the survival rate is high, and there is no need to set up pillars and bind after grafting; subcutaneous grafting should be used when the rootstock is thicker and the scion is thinner; for example, when the rootstock scion is thin, it is best to choose split grafting, and it is most suitable for xylem bud grafting in the growing season.

Grafting techniques: different methods require different techniques, but it is consistent that the cambium of the rootstock and scion must be aligned and glued. At the same time, if the seedling is grafted, the height of the rootstock is generally 10~15cm, and the height of the rootstock depends on the specific situation.

① ventral grafting: when grafting, the scion is cut into a wedge, the length of the two sections is the same, and the length is determined according to the thickness of the scion, thick 2~2.5cm and thin 1.5~2cm. Then, according to the length and width of the scion section, make an oblique cut on the rootstock around the upper mouth 1cm, which is basically the same length and width as the scion section, and then insert the scion into the cut of the rootstock, preferably three sides can be aligned. If beginners cannot align all three sides, they must also align any side with the cortex (cambium) of the upper anvil. Finally, tie it tightly with plastic film.

② subcutaneous grafting: (also known as skin grafting) is suitable for root grafting, near-ground grafting and high grafting. The method of operation is as follows: first, cut one side of the scion into a section with a length of about 3cm, then cut a small section with a length of about 0.5cm on the opposite side of the base, and then select a smooth non-branching side on the rootstock; use a grafting knife to cut longitudinally from the upper mouth to the xylem, with a length of about 2.5cm. After cutting, insert the cut scion from top to bottom between the cortex and xylem of the rootstock, paying attention to the long side facing the xylem. The insertion depth should be 0.3cm section above the scion (white). Finally, it is strictly forbidden to be bound with plastic film.

③ splicing: first cut the scion into two symmetrical bevels. Make it a 2.5~3cm wedge-shaped section, which is required to be straight, smooth and clean. The bark of the branch should not be warped up, and the outer surface should be slightly wider than that of the outside. Then cut hard from top to bottom in the center of the rootstock. The appropriate depth is 2.5~3cm, pry open the split of the rootstock, insert the scion into the rootstock from top to bottom, make sure that the cortex (cambium) of the scion and the rootstock are aligned and closely matched, and finally tie it tightly with plastic film.

④ with xylem bud grafting: the bud grafting is the main bud on the developing branch (new jujube head) of the same year. During the operation, the secondary branch on the scion was first cut with 0.7cm, and then a transverse cut was made from the 1cm above the main bud with a depth of about 1. 3, and then cut obliquely through the transverse incision from the 1cm below the main bud to form a shield bud with slightly xylem on the upper and lower tip. Then, at the 10cm of the rootstock from the ground, a T-shaped incision is cut with a knife, the transverse cut is long 1cm and the longitudinal incision is long 1.5~2cm, then the cutting cortex of the rootstock is opened with the tip of the knife, the bud slice is inserted, the upper end of the bud slice and the transverse incision of the rootstock are tightly aligned, and finally the buds are tightly wrapped with plastic strips from bottom to top to expose the buds. After the grafting survived, the rootstock was cut off at 1cm above the grafting bud in late March of the next year.

Post-grafting management: post-grafting management can directly affect the survival rate and preservation rate of grafting. Therefore, we should pay attention to the following three aspects of work. First, sprouts should be wiped in time: after grafting and bud grafting, the germinated buds and branches on the rootstock should be erased at any time to ensure that nutrients are concentrated at the interface, which can not only effectively improve the survival rate, but also affect the growth of the scion in the same year. It usually takes 3 or 4 times. Second, to be unbound in time: using the method of branch grafting, when the new tip grows to about 30cm, it should be unbound in time, and the plastic film can be cut off on the back of the branch graft with a knife, so as not to hinder the thickening growth. When using bud grafting, it should be unbound about 3 weeks after grafting to prevent bud acceptance damage. The third is to set up a pillar and tie it with the method of branch grafting, the growth of the new shoot is very large, and the height of the new shoot can reach 1m to 1.5m in the same year, and the amount of branch is large, so it is generally necessary to set up a pillar to protect it from splitting and breaking from the interface. Resulting in damage. Especially for the use of subcutaneous grafting seedlings should pay more attention. The time of setting up the pillar and the first binding is usually carried out immediately after unbinding, and the length of the pillar is generally about 1m, so it is inserted into the underground 20cm or so, leaving 80cm on the ground, and the second binding should be carried out when the scion grows to 60-80cm.

Scion collection and treatment: after years of production practice, the editor thinks that the scion collection time should be 5-10 days before the scion sprouting needed for grafting in spring, and it is suitable for Tianjin area to be on April 13-18. The scion needed for grafting in the growing season should be picked along with the grafting.

The collection standard of ① scion: the jujube head of 1 ~ 2 years old is the best choice for branch grafting in spring, and the suitable thickness is 0.5~1.0cm, which is too thick to operate when grafting. If the number of jujube heads is insufficient, we can also choose the sturdy secondary branches of 1 ~ 2 years old, the thickness is better than 0.3cm, too fine will directly affect the growth of the current year. In summer, the main bud of the first branch of jujube in the same year should be selected.

The cutting method of ② scion is as follows: in order to make effective use of jujube head, when jujube head is used as scion, there is only one bud per scion. When secondary branches are used as scions, 1 or 2 buds can be left according to the length of internodes. When cutting ears, the upper cutting mouth should be 0.5cm away from the buds. At the same time, it is best to store jujube heads and secondary branches separately for classification and use.

Treatment of ③ scion: the scion should be treated and stored in time after cutting. The specific measures are as follows: after the scion used for branch grafting in spring is cut according to the above method, it should be soaked in clean water for 5 hours for 10 hours, in order to make it absorb enough water, then remove it from the wind, and immediately seal it with wax after its skin is dry. The suitable temperature of paraffin wax when sealing is 90-100 ℃. The speed of wax sealing should be fast, and it should be completed within 1-2 seconds. Immediately after sealing the wax, cool it through the wind or put it into cold water to cool down. After the scion is cooled, it is packed in a wet gunny bag, and then stored in a cool place. If the grafting time is long and the amount of scion is large, it should be stored in cold storage equipment. The general temperature is 1: 5 ℃. The scion grafted in summer is the main bud on the first branch of jujube in the same year. Immediately after picking, remove the leaves, leave the petiole, and tie it up, and then wrap it in a wet sack to prevent water loss, preferably with picking.

In addition to using wild sour jujube as rootstock, grafting seedlings need to cultivate rootstock. According to the specific local conditions, choose good soil conditions, convenient transportation, sufficient labor, flat terrain, irrigation water and good drainage, deep soil layer, fertile place to be used as seedling land. Then the nursery land is irrigated to create soil moisture, meticulous soil preparation, and intensive ploughing and raking, and strive to level off. Generally per mu of basic fertilizer 5000kg, urea 10kg, scattered on the ground, ploughing 20~25cm. Make a bed for backup. The high border is adopted in the rainy area of the south, and the border surface is higher than the ground 15~20cm. The sandy soil is lower and the clay loam is higher to facilitate drainage. In areas with little rain in the north, the low border is used, and the surface of the border is flat with the ground. As long as the ridge is made, it can be irrigated. General border width 80~100cm. The length of the border is 15m-20m, the width of the ridge is 30cm, and the border is in the north-south direction, so that the seedlings can get uniform light.

The above introduction is about some methods and advantages of grafting jujube, as well as the problems that need to be paid attention to in the management after grafting. Usually we only know to "enjoy" the fun the jujube brings to us, but we do not know that the growth of the jujube tree that feeds it, gives it nutrients and makes it mature also has so much attention. Through the above introduction, I believe everyone has a general understanding of jujube grafting, and will be more interested in jujube. Then why not try it yourself?

Can jujube trees be grafted? How many years can jujube live?

Jujube trees are generally planted in the north, and some people also plant them in the south, but they are not as common as those in the north, so fruit farmers who plant jujube trees should first understand the growth habits of jujube trees, which is very helpful to planting jujube trees.

Growth habits of jujube

The jujube tree grows in the mountains, hills or plains below 1700 meters above sea level. It is a temperature-loving fruit tree. The average annual temperature in the producing area is about 15 ℃. The temperature in the budding stage is 13-15 ℃, the temperature in the leaf-spreading stage is 17 ℃, the temperature in the flowering and fruiting stage is 22-25 ℃, and the temperature in the fruit-ripening stage is 18-22 ℃. Jujube has strong tolerance to drought and waterlogging, but it requires higher air humidity at flowering stage, otherwise it is disadvantageous to pollinate and set fruit. In addition, jujube has strong light preference, sensitive to light, strong adaptability to soil, barren and saline-alkali tolerance. But afraid of the wind, so we should pay attention to avoid the tuyere in the process of building the garden.

Can jujube be grafted?

Hello, jujube can be grafted. There are three main grafting methods for jujube trees:

1. Ventral grafting: take the wax-sealed scion and cut the scion into two opposite faces with a long face of about 3 cm and a short face of about 2 cm. Select the smooth side of the grafting part of the rootstock, cut all the openings obliquely with the pruning shears, the angle between the cut and the vertical axis of the rootstock is about 15 degrees, the length of the cut is equal to the length of the scion, the length of the scion is cut inward, and the short cut is inserted outward into the incision of the rootstock to align the scion and the cambium of the rootstock. Then cut the anvil 0.8 cm above the interface, and use plastic strip to fasten the cutting surface of the interface and the top of the rootstock to prevent the scion from loosening and losing water. This method has the advantages of simple operation and high survival rate of grafting. The suitable thickness of rootstock is 0.7-2 cm.

2. Split grafting: take the wax-sealed scion and cut the scion into two equal slopes with a length of 3 cm to 5 cm. First cut off the upper part of the rootstock, the cut should be trimmed and smooth, split from the center of the rootstock with a split knife or scissors, 5-7 cm deep, insert the cut scion, align the scion with the cambium of the rootstock, and tie the interface tightly with plastic strip. This method is suitable for thicker rootstocks.

3. Skin grafting: also known as subcutaneous grafting. Take the wax-sealed scion and cut the lower end into a smooth section 3 '5cm long, gently cut on both sides of the cutting surface to expose the cambium, and then cut a short slope of 0.5 cm on the lower end of the long cutting surface to facilitate insertion. Select the smooth place to cut the anvil and flatten the section. Draw a longitudinal opening with a knife on one side of the rootstock, reaching to the xylem, and use the knife to open the upper cortex and wood. When inserting the scion, the long cut faces inward, the small cut faces outward, and slowly inserts toward the slit. Tie it tightly with plastic strips. This method is suitable for thicker rootstocks, that is, rootstocks with a diameter of more than 2 cm.

How many years can jujube live?

As the saying goes, "the king of a thousand years is 800 years of jujube", so how many years can the jujube live? How many years will it take for the newly planted jujube to bear fruit? According to the experience of teacher Wang, a big jujube grower in Shaanxi, jujube trees can live for more than 100 years, and under normal circumstances, 20-30 years is no problem. If the jujube seedlings are grafted, the fruit will hang in 2-3 years; if the seedlings sprouted from the roots of the jujube trees, they can hang fruit in 3-4 years; generally, the seedlings sown with seeds (jujube seeds) will be able to hang fruit in about 7 years.

A jujube tree in Nanshuiyu Village, Pingyang Township, Fuping County, has a height of more than 8 meters, chest circumference of 4.8 meters, 1.9 meters high near the ground and covers an area of more than 70 square meters. According to textual research, this jujube tree was planted in the early Jin Dynasty and has a history of more than 800 years. Now its growth is still very strong, and it can produce more than 140 jin of fresh dates every year. According to the determination of experts, this is the oldest and thickest jujube tree in the Taihang Mountains, and is known as the "jujube king".

Pruning techniques of jujube trees

The main results are as follows: 1. Jujube pruning is suitable for winter. Jujube is dormant in winter, and there are many dead branches on the tree that are not suitable for existence. If it is not cut off in time, it will be very disadvantageous to the growth of jujube in the coming year. When the jujube is pruned in winter, the response of the jujube is slow, so the pruning activity will not have much effect on it, and at the same time it can stimulate the growth of the jujube in the second year. Secondly, jujube pruning can be carried out in summer, and jujube branches grow very vigorously in summer. in order to avoid the consumption of nutrients caused by excessive branch growth, jujube branches must be cut off. only in this way can the high yield of jujube be guaranteed.

2. Jujube pruning technology needs to follow some basic choices, such as the principle of "promoting forward and backward control, blocking and putting down". Specifically, it probably means that jujube trees should not be pruned as far as possible in the early growth stage, that is, 1 ~ 2 years. But when the jujube tree crown reaches the height we want, we should carry out pruning control, that is, blocking the upward growth of jujube trees and properly guiding them to develop horizontally.

3. There are many kinds of pruning methods for jujube trees, and the methods used for different pruning purposes are also different. The common pruning methods of jujube trees are supporting branches, pulling branches, ring cutting, binding, wiping buds, heart picking, bending, twisting and so on, each method or means is to achieve a certain purpose. Jujube pruning technology is a more professional technology, we only know some theories is not enough, we must also have some practical experience. The specific situation of each jujube tree will be different, and the methods we use are different. If we want to learn the technique of jujube tree pruning, we should fully combine the theoretical knowledge of books with our practical operation.

People living in the south may not see many jujube trees, the growth age of jujube trees is relatively long, and a jujube tree, if there are more dates, its income is also very good, and there is more demand for jujubes in the market.