Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and Management of Strawberry

Strawberry, also known as raspberry, raspberry, raspberry and so on, is a kind of red flower and fruit. Strawberry is a general name for strawberry plants of Rosaceae, which belongs to perennial herbs. Strawberries have a heart-shaped appearance, delicious red and tender, succulent flesh and a special rich fruit aroma. Strawberries have high nutritional value and are rich in vitamin C, which can help digestion. At the same time, strawberries can also strengthen gums, refresh breath and moisturize throat. People's anger tends to be exuberant in spring, and eating some strawberries can inhibit it.

In addition, strawberries had better be eaten after meals, because they contain a lot of pectin and cellulose, which can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, help digestion, improve constipation, and prevent hemorrhoids and bowel cancer. The nutritional ratio of strawberries is very reasonable, in which the content of vitamin C is about 10 times that of the same amount of watermelons, grapes or apples. In addition, strawberries are rich in iron, fructose, glucose, citric acid, malic acid and so on. For lung heat cough, sore throat and long fire boils that are easy to appear in spring, the nutrient elements contained in strawberries can play an auxiliary role. At the same time, because of iron, anemic friends can also eat often. But doctors also suggest that although strawberries are good appetizers, they are cold, so don't eat too much at one time in early spring, especially for people with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold, diarrhea and excessive stomach acid.

General situation of production and cultivation

Strawberries are cultivated in most countries in the world at present. Strawberry cultivation in the United States covers an area of 23000 hectares, with a yield of 567000 tons, accounting for about 28 percent of the world's total output, with an average yield of 24.6 tons per hectare. Japan has a cultivated area of 11000 hm2, with a yield of 218000 tons, accounting for 11% of the world's total output, with an average yield of 19.3 tons per hectare. Europe is the main producer of strawberries, accounting for about 50% of the world's production. Poland, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Russia, Romania and the United Kingdom have a large cultivated area, with a yield of 9.5-18.3 tons per hectare. China is the country with the most abundant wild strawberry resources in the world. It began to use wild strawberries a long time ago and has been following it until now. The cultivation of large fruit strawberry in China began in 1915, but it was neglected and developed slowly in the past. Strawberry production has developed rapidly since the 1980s. At present, the area of strawberry production in China is about 70, 000 hm2, ranking first in the world. The main producing areas are located in the eastern coastal areas such as Anhui, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai and Zhejiang. In recent years, Sichuan, Anhui, * *, Beijing and other regions have also developed rapidly. Key strawberry producing areas are Jiangsu Sihong, Anhui Hefei, Liaoning Dandong, Hebei Baoding, Shandong Yantai, Shanghai suburbs, Sichuan Shuangliu, Jiangsu Lianyungang and so on. Changfeng County, Hefei currently has 145000 mu of strawberry planting area, with an annual output of more than 200000 tons of strawberries, with a total output value of more than 1 billion yuan, expanding to more than 200000 mu by 2012, and building the only national virus-free strawberry science and technology park in the country. Every year, promotion meetings are held in the Great Hall of the people in Beijing and the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing, and dealers and strawberry households are held in Beijing Xinfadi Market, Tianjin Red Flag Market and Shenyang Fruit Wholesale Market. Its production scale has jumped from the top of Anhui Province to the largest county of strawberries in the country, and Changfeng Strawberry has become a well-known trademark in China.

Growth condition

Strawberries are suitable for growing in sunny, hydrophobic soil. The depth of the soil is about 8 mi 10 inches. For large strawberries, the row spacing should be 12 inches and the plant spacing should be about 18 inches. The vines of the plant should be removed in time to facilitate the fruit of strawberries. The yield of strawberries is periodic, so it is best to cultivate some new plants in the first few years of planting. If you don't like managing strawberries, you can plant strawberries every 18mur24 inches so that strawberries can grow everywhere. Of course, it will look a little messy, and the strawberries are not big. If you want to avoid this situation, you can remove some vines properly. In autumn, cover the plant with a layer of soil to prevent frost. After the soil is frozen, the plant can be covered with hay 4 inches thick. In the spring of the following year, when new leaves grow, the hay is removed. After the weather becomes warm and stable, the covered soil on the surface of the plant is removed. But leave some hay between the rows to prevent the growth of weeds and retain moisture in the soil.

Planting technology

Strawberry ranks first in the production of small berries in the world. Strawberry is an economic crop with quick fruit, early maturity, easy reproduction, short cycle and high benefit.

1. Preparation of breeding grounds

1) choose paddy fields with convenient drainage and irrigation, which are not easy to accumulate water and have high fertility, or vegetable garden soil (former crops and soil blocks that have used Lvhuanglong herbicide). Apply sufficient basic fertilizer (cake fertilizer, household fertilizer, human feces and urine, phosphate fertilizer) after ripening, at the same time, use 50% phoxim or 3% furan per mu, mix 25 jin of fine soil, and turn the soil to make a bed. The bed is 1.5 mi 1.8 meters wide and the turtle's back is shaped to prevent stagnant water and the soil should be broken.

2) selection and colonization of each plant. Select the new leaves to develop normally, the leaflets are symmetrical, the leaf color is dark green, the petiole is thick, the leaves are large, the growth is strong, the yield is good, and the diseased leaves and old leaves are removed. Our city is generally planted in the breeding ground in April of the Gregorian calendar (the daily average temperature is above 12 ℃). Two rows were planted in each border, 30 cm away from the edge of the border, and the distance between plants was 60 mi 80 cm. Immediately after planting, water the plant and fix it.

3) Fertilizer and water management, the principles of fertilization in seedling land are as follows: suitable nitrogen, heavy phosphorus and potassium, 200 jin of rotten vegetable cake plus 8 jin of urea per mu, 50 jin of phosphate fertilizer and 10 jin of potash fertilizer, and watering every 20 days after the water is dissolved. Human feces and urine can also be replaced.

4) after each plant survived (a week later), gibberellin (920) was sprayed, that is, each gram of "920" was mixed with water of 40 kilos and 50 jin, (920 was first dissolved in a clean bowl with high concentration of liquor). Spray twice at intervals of one week to 10 days. The application of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled in August to make it drought properly, but not too much.

2. Preparation and specification of timely transplanting and transplanting land.

1) Field preparation: choose fertile fields or soil with convenient drainage and irrigation as field land. Strawberries need a large amount of fertilizer, and there is generally less fertilizer in the later stage (harvest period), so the base fertilizer should be sufficient, and it should be dominated by organic fertilizer, generally 1500 tons per mu of organic fertilizer, 50 tons of cake fertilizer, 25-30 tons of compound fertilizer, 7.5 grams of urea, 40 grams of excess calcium and 10 grams of potash fertilizer. in addition to urea and compound fertilizer, other fertilizers, except urea and compound fertilizer, mix well with urea and compound fertilizer to spread the soil surface, and then turn the soil to make ridges. Generally, the height of the ridge is 25 tons, the width of the bottom of the ridge is 90 tons, and the surface of the ridge is 60 inches. The width of the ridge and trench is 30 cm, and the width of the furrow at the bottom of the ridge is about 100m / w. There is a certain inclination from the surface of the ridge to the bottom of the ditch.

2) planting period and mode: the protected cultivation in our city is generally transplanted from the end of September to the beginning of October. The planting density and seedling condition, soil fertilizer and thinness were treated separately, and strong seedlings, dry seedlings and soil fertilizer should be sparsely planted. On the contrary, it should be closely planted. Generally, 9,000 plants are planted in 7 mu. After the ridge is planted, it will be planted 5 cm from the edge of the ridge, with a distance of 12 cm to 15 cm. The length of the ridge generally does not exceed 30 meters.

Attention should be paid when transplanting: first, directional transplanting: both bow back outward, which is beneficial to the extraction of inflorescences later. Second, double-row triangular (zigzag) planting, which is conducive to ventilation and light to take root. The third is to grasp the depth so that the roots are not exposed and the seedlings are not buried at the top, which is beneficial to tillering. Fourth, transplanting with soil is beneficial to survival. Fifth, it will be planted in the afternoon on sunny days and all day on cloudy days. Sixth, strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, immediately pour through the fixed root water after planting, and add methyl topiramate according to 800 times liquid when watering. Seventh, check and replenish seedlings in time.

3. Field management

1) pre-winter management, after planting survived to mid-late November, we should pay attention to three points: first, frequent application of thin fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, preferably dilute manure water; second, keeping moist; third, weeding and loosening soil to pick old leaves and diseased leaves.

2) pre-and post-flowering management: before flowering, young fruit stage and fruit expansion period, vegetable fruit Zhuangtieling was sprayed in time to improve the cyclic fruit setting rate of strawberry, promote fruit development, and control diseases and insect pests with topzine, Sukeling and dimethoate at the same time.

3) overwintering management: before the cold winter comes, it is necessary to pour water thoroughly to prevent the cold.

4. cover the film at the right time

Plastic film mulching can double the yield, reduce fruit loss and prevent pollution. The film is divided into greenhouse cover film and mulch film. The time of covering the film should be controlled when the daily average temperature drops to about 8 ℃. First cover the greenhouse film, then cover the plastic film. Weeding, ploughing and fertilization should be done before mulching to control diseases and insect pests. (greenhouse production and film purchase model) due to limited space will not be introduced, interested parties please contact the Agricultural Science Institute. After covering the film, the temperature in the shed should be kept at 8 ℃ at night and about 20 ℃ during the day. The film should be lifted at noon on a sunny day and covered at 3 p.m. If the temperature is too high, the pollen dies, and the activity of the pollen is not enough to pollinate.

5. Planting in greenhouse

Strawberries planted in greenhouse in early spring can blossom and bear fruit.

6. Open-field cultivation techniques

Strawberry can be cultivated in open field in two ways: one plant a year or one plant for many years. The former can be rotated with other crops after harvest every year. Under this system, strawberry has strong vitality, good fruit quality, early ripening and less diseases and insect pests. However, the key technology is to cultivate strong seedlings with more than 3 leaves and well-developed roots, which can be planted closely. Once planted, harvested for many years, transplanted in autumn, and harvested in May of the following year. After 3 years, it was renewed once with stolon seedlings.

1) applying basic fertilizer for land preparation

Strawberry has shallow roots and is suitable for growing in loam or sandy loam with good permeability and rich in organic matter. Wheat, legumes, melons and vegetables are suitable for the previous crops. It can also be intercropped with high-stem crops. Plough the land deeply early, apply manure and base manure with full rot heat of 3000kg per mu, and burn in the sun. Diammonium phosphate 25kg was applied during soil preparation. Potassium chloride 10kg. Irrigate a small amount of water before planting.

2) colonization

Seedlings with 5-6 compound leaves, strong plants and complete roots were selected before transplanting and planted in the field in cloudy days or in the evening. The planting density is (20-25) cm × (25-30) cm. The degree of planting seedlings is that the roots are not exposed and the seedlings are not buried. After planting, the seedlings are irrigated once. After the water is dry, the condition of the seedlings is checked in time to loosen the soil, cultivate the soil or replenish the seedlings. When planting, the seedlings grow with the bow back to the flat border, which is easy to manage and harvest fruit.

3) Field management

After strawberry planting, watering the root water, keeping the field moist, lowering the ground temperature, and irrigating according to the humidity in the field. When overwintering water was irrigated, 15-20kg/ mu compound fertilizer was applied to improve the overwintering ability. The flowering and fruiting period in spring is a water sensitive period, so the soil should be kept moist. When applying nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer or foliar spraying fertilizer during irrigation, the water should not be too much, and the stagnant water should be discharged in time. At the same time, vegetable and fruit Zhuangtieling should be sprayed before flowering, young fruit stage and fruit expansion period, so as to improve the fruit setting rate of strawberry cycle and promote fruit development. Strawberries should be ploughed and weeded frequently after transplanting. Cultivate the soil at the right time after fruit harvest. Appropriate ground cover should be taken when overwintering, so as to prevent cold and heat preservation, and keep strawberries survive the winter smoothly. Now, more than plastic film mulching from the end of January to early February can promote the early ripening of strawberries and prolong the harvest time.

Nursing care of strawberries

Once the strawberries begin to bear fruit and turn red, be careful not to let the birds peck at them, because birds are easy to find red things. Connect a net to the strawberries or cover the strawberries with a wooden basket. But if you have a greenhouse at home, you can move the strawberries to the greenhouse, which will be better. Strawberries are also easier to bear fruit. When the fruiting period of strawberries is over, you can move them out of the greenhouse and leave them outside for the winter.

In a way, if strawberry plants are subjected to some frost, it will be more beneficial to increase yield in the coming year. Strawberries are easy to grow and can be transplanted. Sometimes you may find that the plant has yellow leaves, but don't worry, just remove it. In winter, you can keep the yellow leaves until new leaves grow in the following spring, then remove the dead yellow leaves, and pay attention to watering, weeding, and killing insects. Strawberries can also be planted in plant bags, but they must be watered evenly to prevent birds from pecking at strawberries and insect pests. The soil in the plant bag dries easily and needs to be checked frequently to make sure the soil is moist. If it is a small amount of planting, try not to use pesticides, you can use a large amount of dishwashing detergent mixed with water to spray; you can also put some melon peel, beer and so on nearby to ward off mollusk pests such as snails.

Prevention and control of diseases

Plant strawberries, change or control the environmental conditions for their growth and development, overcome unfavorable factors, make them blossom and bear fruit normally, harvest ahead of time, and supply the market out of season. Greenhouse cultivation has the characteristics of low investment, quick effect, high yield and good benefit. The yield per mu is 1500 kg, which is more than twice that of the open field, and the output value is more than 10 times higher than that of the open field. In order to prolong the supply period of strawberries and meet the demand of annual supply, four cultivation forms are commonly used at present:

(1) promoting cultivation (maturing in late autumn and early winter from November to December).

(2) semi-facilitative cultivation (matured and listed from February to March).

(3) Super-facilitative cultivation.

(4) restraining cultivation.

Although the use of greenhouse production has many advantages, but also has shortcomings, because of the high temperature and humidity in the greenhouse. It is easy to create favorable environmental conditions for the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. It is particularly important to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, and it has become the key link to realize the high and stable yield of strawberries in greenhouse.

1. Leaf spot

Also known as snake eye disease, mainly damage leaves, petioles, fruit stalks, tender stems and seeds. Small dark purple spots are formed on the leaves, which are enlarged to form near-round or oval disease spots, with purple-red-brown edges, gray-white center and slightly fine wheels, so that the whole disease spot is snake-eye-like, and small black grains are not formed on the disease spot.

Prevention and control measures: timely removal of diseased leaves, old leaves. The initial stage of the disease with 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 ~ 700 times liquid, ten days later spray again. Or spray 75 kg of water with 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 200 grams per mu.

2. Powdery mildew

It is mainly harmful to leaves, but also to flowers, fruits, pedicels and petioles. The leaves are rolled up in the shape of a spoon. The flower buds and petals are purplish red, can not bloom or bloom completely, the fruit is not inflated, is slender, and the young fruit loses luster and hardens. Near-ripening strawberries will lose their commercial value when they are damaged.

Control measures: focus on spraying Baume 0.3 degree stone sulfur mixture in and around the disease center strain. After harvest, the leaves of the whole garden were cut and sprayed with 1000 times of thiophanate methyl or 5000 times of methamphetamine and 5000 times of Teflin.

3. Grey mold

It is the main disease after flowering, which can occur on flowers, petals, fruits and leaves. Brown spots were formed on the fruit during the expansion period, and gradually enlarged. Botrytis cinerea caused the fruit to soften and rot, which seriously affected the yield.

Control measures: spray with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300 times solution, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 times solution, 50% prohydantoin 500 times ~ 700 times liquid and so on.

4. Root rot

Starting from the lower leaf, the leaf margin becomes reddish brown, gradually withered upward, and even withered to death. The pillar begins to turn dark brown and rotten in the middle, and the central column of the root is red.

Control countermeasures: before transplanting strawberries, use 40% asparagus green powder 600 times liquid, pour on the border, and then cover the soil, flatten and transplant, in order to effectively kill the bacteria in the soil, reduce the number of bacteria in the field, and reduce the chance of infection.

5. Verticillium wilt

The disease is a soil disease, and the main symptoms are deformities of young leaves, yellowing leaves and rough leaf surfaces. Then the leaf margin browned and withered inward until it died.

Control measures: strictly introduce the planting of disease-free plants, shorten the renewal life, disinfect the soil with 13.5 ~ 20 liters of chloropicrin or solar film irrigation, and remove those who have been burned.

High-yield planting techniques and key points of cultivation and Management of Walnut

Cultivation of walnut seedlings

In order to ensure the seedling quality of afforestation in walnut base and avoid the quality variation caused by local walnut seedling growth, the grafting technique of efficient and rapid propagation was adopted to cultivate walnut grafted seedlings, that is, one-year-old iron walnut seedlings were used for rootstock or rootstock grafting to cultivate walnut grafted seedlings.

The main results are as follows: 1. It can maintain the excellent characters of the mother and accelerate the improvement of walnut varieties.

2. it can significantly increase the yield and improve the quality.

3. It can dwarf the plant and hang fruit early.

4. The germplasm resources of iron walnut can be fully utilized.

Planting of walnut

The planting of walnut starts from the selection of planting land, flat land, platform land and gentle slope land are selected as walnut planting base, and comprehensive or block soil preparation is carried out. planting to achieve large root sparse holes, close connection of root soil, pond soil full, irrigated enough water, heat preservation and moisture, adequate nutrients, in order to ensure the survival of walnut planting, which is conducive to the rapid growth of walnut trees. In order to master the feasible walnut planting technology, the forestry department has gained very good experience after years of exploration, which is referred to as the "six ones" technology of walnut planting, that is, "select a good land, hit a big pond, put a load of agricultural fertilizer, plant a strong seedling, pour a clear water, and cover a piece of plastic film."

1. Parcel selection

The relatively concentrated land such as flat land, platform land and gentle slope land with loose soil and good drainage are selected as walnut planting base, which grows best on slightly alkaline soil containing calcium. Walnut is a deep-rooted tree species, and the root system needs a deep soil layer of more than 1m to maintain its good growth and development. if the soil layer is too thin, it is easy to form "little old man trees" or withered shoots for years, which can not form yield.

2. Land preparation and planting

Seedling planting is an important basic work for the establishment of walnut base, and each planting link must be grasped to improve the survival rate and planting effect.

① soil preparation: the determination of planting ponds in advance is beneficial to soil ripening and the increase of moisture in planting ponds. The setting of planting ponds can be advanced to summer. The length × width × depth of the pond is 100 cm × 100 cm × (80 mi 100) cm. After the pond is finished, it should be backfilled in the form of one layer of topsoil and one layer of leaf weeds (or organic fertilizer) until it is close to the height of the surface and has a slight groove to facilitate stagnant water. The backfilled pond is kept until it is planted. Where there are no conditions for digging ponds in advance in summer, you can also plant them now before planting. The pond is 100 centimeters long and 100 centimeters wide and 80 centimeters deep. When digging, pile the topsoil and core soil (stone) in the pond separately. If the soil is heavy or the lower layer is gravel and impervious layer, the planting pond should be enlarged and deepened, and guest soil should be used for improvement. When returning to the pond, each pond should be filled with 50 kg farm manure (stable manure, green manure, compost, etc.) and 1 kg calcium or 1.5 kg calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer mixed with topsoil. The lack of farm fertilizer can be replaced by leaves, weeds, turf soil, organic waste and so on. The position of the pond is generally arranged horizontally, that is, each row is on the same horizontal plane.

② planting season: as the saying goes, "planting trees early, do not give spring dawn." The time of planting walnut should be after the seedlings enter dormancy in late autumn or before the seedlings germinate in late winter and early spring, that is, from the ninth month of the lunar calendar to the first month of the following year. It is not suitable to plant in the peak period of summer production.

③ planting method: the planting method of walnut is generally determined according to the mountain topography and topography. If the mountain is gentle and the slope is small, it can be planted according to rectangle; if the slope is large and the platform is narrow, it is appropriate to use triangle.

The planting density of ④ should be 16 plants per mu. The row spacing of plants in flat land is 7m × 8m or 6m × 9m, about 12 plants per mu, and the row spacing of plants in sloping land is 6m × 7.5m or 6m × 7m, and 16 plants per mu. Usually, the intercropping effect between walnut planting land and crops is better, ploughing instead of caressing, short raising and growing, so that high yield and high quality can be obtained.

3. Planting technology

Planting techniques can be summarized as "alignment, orientation, upright, burying soil, light lifting, stepping on solid, making plate, watering, covering film" 18-character formula.

① alignment: when planting, put the seedlings in the middle of the prepared pond, front and back, left and right.

② direction: set the seedlings in the direction before transplanting.

③ upright: straighten the seedlings and let the roots spread out in all directions.

④ buried soil: nutritious soil covered with mixed fertilizer.

⑤ light lift: after all the roots are buried, gently lift the seedlings to make the roots stretch and closely combine with the fine soil, and then gradually fill the soil. After the soil sinks, it is appropriate for the seedlings to be buried in the original nursery.

⑥ compaction: in the process of filling, step on it while filling, fill a layer of soil and tread again, until the soil is 5ml / 10cm above the surface.

⑦ plate: build a circular ridge around the pond.

⑧ watering: irrigate enough fixed root water, 50ml 80kg per plant.

⑨ mulching film: each plant is covered with a 1m × 1m agricultural plastic film. The center of the film is cut into a small hole with a diameter of about 6cm, and the seedling rod passes through it. After landing, the small hole is covered with fine soil and should be buried under the surface soil.

Management of walnut

The management of walnut refers to a series of management work, such as watering and fertilization, shaping and pruning, loosening soil and weeding and so on.

1. Water management

In the dry season of walnut planting, it is necessary to supplement watering 25kg for 3 times, each time, and irrigate 1 Mel twice a year before the walnut blossoms under suitable conditions. Walnut trees are sensitive to surface water and high groundwater level, so they should be drained in time. In areas with high groundwater level, deep trenches can be dug to lower the water level. According to the growth depth of walnut root system, a drainage ditch with a depth of about 2m can be dug to make the groundwater level drop below 1.5m below the surface. In low-lying areas prone to stagnant water, drainage ditches can be dug around to prevent the inflow of external water and eliminate stagnant water on the surface.

2. Fixed dry plastic surgery

Fixed-stem shaping is an important technical measure in walnut cultivation and management, which varies with different walnut varieties.

The fixed stem shaping was carried out when the walnut grew to 80-100cm after planting, and the four main branches were left open and stratified or naturally happy.

① evacuation hierarchical type (with trunk shape) generally has 6 Mel 7 main branches, which is divided into 2 Mel 3 layers. It is characterized by semicircular crown, good ventilation and light transmission, long life, high yield and large load. it is suitable for growing in places with good conditions and sparse planting trees with strong dryness.

The natural open heart type (no trunk) of ② generally has 4 main branches. It is characterized by fast forming, early results, easy shaping and easy to master. The tree shape is suitable for walnut varieties and early bearing varieties planted in areas with poor soil quality and poor fertilizer and water conditions.

The method of fixing the trunk of late-bearing walnut: after sprouting in spring, a strong bud or strong branch above the fixed stem height was selected as the first main branch, and all the following branches and buds were cut off. If the young tree grows too vigorously and the branching time is delayed, in order to control the dry height, a short cut can be made at the upper part of the required dry height to promote the sprouting of cutting buds, and then the first main branch can be selected.

Early fruiting walnut drying method: after sprouting in the same year, erase all lateral buds below the required dry height. If the growth of young trees does not reach the fixed dry height, it can be dried in the following year. If the terminal bud is necrotic, you can choose to leave a strong bud close to the terminal bud to promote its upward growth, and then dry it to a certain height. The method of selecting the main branch at fixed drying time is the same as that of late-bearing walnut.

3. Trim and reshape

Walnut pruning varies with young trees, fruit trees, and aging trees. At the same time, during the flowering and fruiting stage, thinning flowers and fruits should be carried out appropriately.

The pruning of young trees varies according to the growth and development characteristics of different varieties, mainly cutting off weak branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, parallel branches and diseased branches to cultivate all levels of backbone branches and fruiting branches. The specific methods are as follows: control the secondary branch, control the growing branch, deal with the exuberant nutrient branch, remove the dense branch and deal with the inferior branch.

Adult tree pruning has just entered the adult walnut tree, the tree shape has been basically formed, and the yield has gradually increased. The main pruning tasks of walnut trees during this period are to continue to cultivate main and lateral branches, make full use of the early fruit of auxiliary branches, actively cultivate fruiting branches and expand the fruiting position as much as possible. The pruning principle is to remove the strong and retain the weak, first put and then shrink, the combination of expansion and contraction to prevent the result part from moving outward.

For the large walnut trees in the full fruiting period, most of the canopy is close or has been closed, the number of outer branches gradually increases, and most of them become fruiting branches, and due to poor light, some of the branchlets are dry, and there is a bald zone at the back of the main branch. the fruit part is moved out, and it is easy to bear fruit every other year. Therefore, the main task of pruning in this period is to adjust the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, constantly improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, and constantly renew fruiting branches, so as to achieve the purpose of high and stable yield.

The pruning walnut trees entered the aging period, the outer branches drooped and produced a large number of "scorched shoots". At the same time, a large number of overgrown branches sprouted, the phenomenon of natural regeneration appeared, and the yield decreased significantly. In order to prolong the life of the results, renewal and rejuvenation can be carried out. The specific pruning method: ① trunk update (big update) saws off all the main branches to make them re-branch and form the main branch. ② main branch renewal (medium renewal) retracts in the appropriate part of the main branch to form new lateral branches. ③ lateral branch renewal (small renewal) retracts the primary lateral branch in the appropriate position to form a new secondary lateral branch. Its advantages are: the formation of new crown and the increase of yield are rapid.

4. High grafting of walnut.

Walnut high grafting is an important way to improve walnut varieties and realize walnut cultivation. It can be divided into hard branch grafting and green branch grafting.

① hard branch grafting: the commonly used method is skin insertion and tongue grafting. First of all, the scion should be collected 20 minutes before germination, and the thickness of the scion should be about 1.5cm, with small pith, full branches, full buds and no diseases and insect pests. After the scion is adopted, it should be divided into varieties, specifications, label and put into the environment of fruit cellar or ice cellar 0Mel 5 ℃. When grafting, it should be taken with you. The grafting time is from early April to early May. The grafting object generally chooses the young trees of about 5 years old, and the trunk diameter of the trees growing vigorously above 1.5cm. Multiple grafting can also be used for trees over 10 years old. The grafting method is to first cut the scion into 10-15cm branches, on which there are more than 2 full buds, and cut the branches into 5-8cm-shaped Maltese-shaped cutting surface into tongue shape. Select the smooth and straight place of the grafting tree to cut off the upper end, flatten the saw and cut a 2-3cm-shaped cut at the interface cuttings, then cut off the thick old bark of the rootstock under the cut to expose phloem, its shape and size is slightly larger than the Malt-shaped cutting surface of the scion, insert the scion, and then bind it with plastic rope for 5 times and 7 laps, fastening from top to bottom, and the binding should start from the interface. The binding part is too low, which is not conducive to survival. After bundling and then heat preservation and shading treatment, generally use waste newspaper or cylinder to fill with fine wet soil, but not too wet, put on a plastic bag.

② green branch grafting: mainly square bud grafting, the time is June, the scion is grafted with improper means, and the rootstock is the new branch of the same year. The grafting of big trees should be pruned in January to shorten the old branches and leave new shoots for grafting after sprouting new shoots.

5. Points for attention in grafting.

Whether hard branch grafting or green branch grafting, post-grafting management is very important, mainly as follows:

Timely de-sprouting of ①: new buds germinated on rootstocks should be removed in time.

② timely release: the next 20 murals will be released for 30 days, the size of the first cigarette butt, the size of the second five cents, and the third removal of the bag without newspaper.

③ fixed bracket to prevent wind break: when the grafted twig grows to 20 cm, the bracket should be fixed in time to prevent wind break.

④ was loosened to remove the membrane.

⑤ cut cut anvil.

Young fruits were removed by ⑥.

⑦ fertilization and pruning.

Soil and fertilizer management

1. Horizontal intercropping

Horizontal intercropping refers to intercropping with perennial crops, trees and fruit trees. Walnut intercropping not only ploughs, loosens soil, weeds, fertilizes and irrigates walnut trees, but also plays a role in nurturing walnut trees. Walnut trees have strong growth, reduced diseases and insect pests and high yield.

2. Stereoscopic intercropping

Three-dimensional intercropping refers to the use of space and open space under walnut trees to interplant smaller crops and shrubs. Intercropping of grain crops is the most commonly used method in most mountainous areas of Yiliang, but the following points should be paid attention to when intercropping:

① walnut young trees should grow wheat, millet, sweet potato, dwarf beans and other low-stem crops because of their small body and root plate, and leave a tree plate of about 1.6m in diameter around the young trees to facilitate fertilization, weeding and prevent competition for nutrients.

After ② walnut trees grow tall, they can grow cereal, wheat, dry millet, legumes, peanuts, strawberries, radishes and so on. These are ideal intercropping crops.

The root system of ③ walnut can secrete an organic chemical-juglone, which can inhibit the growth of some plants. Therefore, walnut forests avoid planting crops that are sensitive to juglone, such as apples, black strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, alfalfa and so on.

④ ploughing the soil: walnut trees without intercropping are barren. Desolation will lead to a large number of diseases and insect pests, reduce growth potential and yield, and even lead to tree death. Ploughing is carried out twice a year, the first in spring and the second in autumn. When ploughing, it should be deep outside the crown and shallow near the tree plate to prevent root damage. Ploughing the soil can achieve the purpose of eliminating weeds, storing water and preserving soil moisture, improving soil physical and chemical properties, improving soil fertility and eliminating some overwintering diseases and insect pests.

⑤ weeding: twice a year, once in May-June and August-September respectively, to protect the normal growth of walnut trees and facilitate the harvest of fruits.

3. Fertilization management

Fertilization is an important measure to ensure the normal growth and development of walnut trees and to achieve high and stable yield. It can not only supply nutrients directly, but also improve the mechanical composition and structure of soil, promote root development, flower bud differentiation and early fruiting of young trees.

① rational fertilization: walnut trees need adequate nutrient supply in the process of growth, especially after entering the full fruit stage. Walnut needs a lot of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and so on. Some of these elements are abundant in the soil, but some elements are missing in the soil and need to be supplemented by fertilization. Walnut needs more kinds and quantities of nutrient elements, but it is not that the more fertilizer is applied, the better. It must be applied reasonably. The so-called reasonable means to apply fertilizer timely, appropriately and scientifically in accordance with local conditions, so as to not only give full play to the effect of fertilizer, but also save fertilizer.

② fertilizer amount: the amount of fertilizer application is determined according to soil fertility, walnut growth status and nutrient requirements of walnut trees in different periods. Generally speaking, young trees should apply nitrogen fertilizer mainly, while adult trees should apply nitrogen fertilizer and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at the same time. Under the condition of medium soil fertility, the annual fertilizer application rate of 1-5-year-old unfruited trees was 100g nitrogen fertilizer, 30g phosphorus fertilizer and 30g potassium fertilizer per tree, and then increased 100g nitrogen fertilizer every year according to tree age, increased to 500g at 5 years old, and increased the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. After 6-8 years, the annual fertilizer application rate was 550g nitrogen fertilizer, 400g phosphorus fertilizer, 500g potassium fertilizer, and increased farm fertilizer 5kg.

4. Fertilization time

① base fertilizer: generally in spring and autumn, autumn is better. The base fertilizer is mainly slow-acting farm manure, such as barnyard manure, compost, green manure, straw fertilizer, dregs manure, mud fertilizer and so on.

② topdressing is generally carried out 3 times a year, the first topdressing is carried out before flowering or early leaf expansion, mainly available nitrogen, the main function is to promote flowering, fruit setting and shoot growth, the amount of topdressing should account for 50% of the annual topdressing amount. The second topdressing is mainly available nitrogen in the vigorous growth period in June, and its main function is to meet the nutrient demand in the exuberant growth period, so as to promote fruit development and shoot growth, reduce fruit drop, and be beneficial to flower bud differentiation. The third topdressing is carried out in the hard kernel period of nuts in July (if the young trees have not yet borne fruit, they can not carry out the third topdressing). It is mainly composed of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, which is mainly used to provide nutrients for the development of nucleolus and ensure the fullness of nuts.

5. Fertilization method

The main fertilization methods of walnut trees are radial fertilization, circular fertilization, hole fertilization, strip fertilization, whole garden application and so on. Measures should be taken in accordance with local conditions and methods with good results should be selected.

① radial fertilization takes the crown as the center, and within the projection range of the crown, 8 furrows are excavated radially, with a width of 20mur40 cm and a depth of about 30 cm (deeper base fertilizer, shallower topdressing). The length of the furrow is similar to the radius of the crown, and the ditch depth gradually deepens from inside to outside the crown. After the fertilization ditch is dug, fill the ditch with fertilizer and soil, and then cover the soil. The location of the fertilizer ditch changes every year, and gradually moves out with the continuous expansion of the crown. This method is mainly used for trees with strong growth and older trees.

② circular fertilization takes the trunk as the center, along the outer edge of the crown, dig a ring-shaped ditch 30 cm deep and 20 mi 40 cm wide, mix fertilizer and soil into the ditch, and then cover the soil. The base fertilizer is buried deeper and the topdressing is shallower. Fertilization ditch can be dug half ring, can also dig the whole ring, dig half ring need to take turns to dig, one direction a year. This method is more suitable for young trees under 4 years old.

③ hole fertilization in the canopy projection range, dig a number of small holes (number and size according to the size of the crown), and bury the fertilizer. This method is generally used for topdressing.

④ strip fertilization is applied between rows or trees of walnut trees, cutting the opposite sides of the crown edge, digging parallel fertilizer ditches respectively, the width and depth of the ditch is the same as other methods, and the length is determined according to the size of the crown. The position of digging trenches changes every year. This method is mostly suitable for young and adult trees.

It is a common method to apply fertilizer to big trees in the whole garden of ⑤. The specific method is: first spread the fertilizer evenly into the whole garden, and then turn it shallowly. This method is simple and easy, but its disadvantage is that the fertilization is too shallow, and frequent application will lead the fine roots to the surface of the soil.

When applying fertilizer, it should be noted that plant ash cannot be mixed with feces and urine of mature people, because the main component of plant ash is potassium carbonate, and its aqueous solution is alkaline, while nitrogen in mature human feces and urine exists in the form of ammonium carbonate, when it meets alkalinity, ammonia will be volatilized, resulting in nitrogen loss and reducing fertilizer efficiency. The above five methods should be irrigated immediately after fertilization in order to increase the fertilizer efficiency. If there are no irrigation conditions, water conservation measures should be taken.

Harvest and treatment of walnut fruit

The mature harvest of walnut varies with altitude, climate, site conditions, variety and tree age. The same variety has different maturity due to different elevations; under the same site conditions, old trees mature first, young trees mature later, wasteland ripens first, cultivated land ripens later, but most varieties mature before and after White Dew. Mastering the time of harvesting and beating walnuts is very important, harvesting and beating is early, and the seeds are not yet ripe and not full. It not only affects the fruit quality, but also the fruit is difficult to fall off, which is easy to hurt the flower bud and affect the fruit in the coming year. If the harvest is late, the seeds are overripe and fall off a lot, resulting in losses.

The ripening of walnut is characterized by the change of exocarp from green to yellowish green and cracking. The ripening of the walnut fruit on the same plant is inconsistent, and it can be harvested when the exocarp of the walnut tree is dehiscent. The method is to beat the twigs horizontally with a long bamboo pole and shake the walnut fruit to the ground. When beating, we should pay attention to protect the branches, do not hit hard, break the twigs and flower buds, affecting the fruiting of the coming year.

Control of main diseases and insect pests

Walnut diseases and insect pests mainly include walnut black spot and walnut anthracnose, stem borer-longicorn beetle, wood bark moth, leaf-eating pest-beetle, diamondback moth and so on.

1. Black spot of walnut

Walnut black spot does harm to fruit, leaves and shoots, causing fruit rot and early fruit drop, reducing kernel yield, is a bacterial disease, control methods:

Disease-resistant varieties were cultivated and cultivated by ①.

② keeps the tree growing healthily, enhances disease ability, and removes diseased fruits, leaves and other pathogens in time.

Before germination, ③ was sprayed with Baume 3 Mel 5 degree stone sulfur mixture. From May to June, spray 200 Bordeaux solution or 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder 500 / 800 times, spraying once before flowering, after flowering and young fruit stage of female flower respectively.

2. Anthracnose of walnut

It mainly harms the fruit, is a fungal disease, and can be transmitted with apple anthracnose. Methods of prevention and treatment: spray Bordeaux solution of 1L / L 200 (copper sulfate: lime: water) before onset; spray 1000 times of 40% carbendazim wettable powder, 75% chlorothalonil 600x, 70% or 50% topiramine 800ml 1000 times, once every semimonthly, spray 2rel 3 times, if you can add adhesive (0.03% leather glue, etc.), the effect is better.

3. walnut longicorn beetle

Walnut longicorn beetle mainly harms the branches and trunks of walnut, resulting in the death of some main branches and central trunks of walnut trees, and some of the whole trees are dead. it is a destructive pest on walnut trees. Control methods: in the active stage of larvae, dichlorvos mud and wormhole were used to kill pests or carbofuran was used to bury roots to control pests in late winter and early spring.

4. Bark moth

The bark moth mainly harms the branches of walnut trees, causing some branches of walnut trees to die. Control method: in the active stage of the larvae, the cotton was stuffed with dichlorvos into the wormhole to kill the larvae or cut off the insect branches and burn them. When it is found that there is larval harm in the root neck, that is, pry open the cortex to dig out the larvae; remove the soil from the root neck, inject it into the wormhole with 40% dimethoate emulsion 20 times, then seal it with wet soil to kill the larvae; during the adult oviposition period, spray 50% parathion emulsion 400 times below 1.5 m of the tree trunk to the root neck twice to kill the newly hatched larvae.

5. Beetles and diamondback moths

When beetle adults and diamondback moth larvae mainly feed on leaves, walnut trees are eaten up, thus affecting the growth of trees. Control methods: when the occurrence is serious, a large number of adults are trapped and killed by heap fire or black light; 90% trichlorfon 800x liquid, dichlorvos 800x liquid, isocarbophos 800x liquid, parathion 2000 times liquid, the insecticidal rate can reach more than 90%.

Key techniques of Strawberry cultivation and Management

Strawberry (scientific name: Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) Strawberry perennial herbs of Rosaceae, 10-40 cm high, stems lower than leaves or nearly equal, leaves Ternate, leaflets with short stalks, Obovate or rhomboid, petioles 2-10 cm long, Cymes, 5-15 flowers, aggregate fruits up to 3 cm in diameter, florescence April-May, fruit June-July.

Strawberries are native to South America, are cultivated all over China, and are widely cultivated in Europe and other places.

Strawberry has high nutritional value and is rich in vitamin C. according to traditional Chinese medicine, strawberry tastes sweet and cool, entering the spleen, stomach and lung meridians, moistening the lungs, invigorating the spleen and stomach, diuresis and detumescence, relieving heat and summer heat, suitable for lung heat, cough, loss of appetite, short urination, summer heat, etc.

Shade and cool down. Build a 1-meter-high shade shed on the border and cover it with some firewood and grass; you can also plant some tall crops on the border, but not too dense, so as to avoid poor ventilation and lack of light, affecting the normal growth of strawberries. Ploughing and weeding. First of all, clean up the grass or covered plastic film, remove the sick and weak plants, and then plough and loosen the soil. The depth of intertillage is 50cm~6cm (do not damage the root system of the parent plant). At this time, the weather is hot, the water is suitable, and there are a large number of weeds, and the ploughing and loosening soil should also be used to remove weeds. To remove strawberry yellow leaves, withered leaves, in order to reduce nutrient consumption and water evaporation, promote ventilation and light. Directional pressure vine. During the growth period of strawberry in summer and autumn after fruit picking, the stolon will produce 3-5 times seedlings one after another. In the strawberry nursery used for breeding seedlings, in order to make the secondary seedlings grow into strong seedlings, the stolons should be straightened out and arranged evenly during the seedling period, and the new plants should be slightly pressed with soil to promote the growth of new roots. Combination of irrigation and drainage. Strawberry roots are mostly located in the shallow soil layer, so avoid drought and waterlogging. When the weather is dry, plots with irrigation conditions should be furrow irrigated every 7 to 10 days, and plots without irrigation conditions should be watered and thoroughly watered every morning and evening. After entering the rainy season, we should clean up the ridges and drains, keep the ditches connected and dry at the end of the rain. Open ditches and fertilize. Strawberries entered the second peak of vegetative growth after harvest. Topdressing in this period is beneficial to plant vegetative growth, restore growth potential and increase photosynthetic accumulation in the later stage. Small ditches were opened between the borders and urea l0kg-15kg, calcium superphosphate 15kg-20kg and potassium chloride 7.5kg-10kg were applied per mu. Control diseases and insect pests. During summer and autumn, the biggest threat to strawberries is the grub, which often bites the plant and causes the whole plant to die. It can be irrigated with 800x trichlorfon or 1000 times dichlorvos, or caught in work. Grub adults, beetles, often lay eggs on immature compost piles, and the use of fully mature organic fertilizer can reduce the harm.