Key points of planting techniques and cultivation Management of Hawthorn Tree

Hawthorn, alias red fruit, sour plum and so on. The fruit is used in medicine, which has the function of eliminating food and resolving accumulation, dispersing blood stasis and relieving pain. It mainly treats meat stagnation, dyspepsia, infantile dysentery, bacillary dysentery, enteritis, postpartum abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, taeniasis and so on. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Hawthorn has anti-aging and anti-cancer effects. The main producing areas are Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and regions.

Morphological characteristics

It is a deciduous shrub of Rosaceae, about 1-1.5 m high; the branches often have needles 5-8 mm long, the twigs are pilose, the old branches are glabrous. Leaves alternate, stipulate, leaf blade papery with leathery, broadly Obovate or oblong-Obovate, 3-7-lobed, initially sparsely pilose below, later becoming bald; petiole winged, 4-15 mm long. Flowers open in summer, white, ca. 1.5 cm in diam., arranged in terminal corymbose inflorescences, total pedicels and pedicels pilose; petals suborbicular or slightly flattened; pistil many-branched, filaments United at base. The pear fruit is globose or oblate, 1.5 cm in diameter, red or yellow, with reflexed persistent calyx lobes at the top, containing 4 or 5 smooth nuclei.

Growth habit

Hawthorn likes cool and moist environment. Resistant to cold, can withstand the low temperature of-36 ℃. Heat-resistant, can withstand high temperature of 43 ℃. The requirement of soil is not strict, but it is better to have deep soil layer, loose and fertile neutral or slightly acidic soil. Low-lying land, saline-alkali land, heavy clay, not suitable for planting.

Soil preparation and fertilization

Select high-lying, well-drained fields and cultivate them carefully. Combined with soil preparation, apply sufficient basic fertilizer: 3000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 20 kg of urea and 50 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer per mu. And make 1.3 wide high beds, waiting to be planted.

Hawthorn planting

Hawthorn is propagated by seeds, and grafted seedlings are often used in production. To increase production. The sowing time is spring sowing and autumn sowing.

1. Sowing: treat the seeds before sowing; soak the Hawthorn seeds in 10% sodium carbonate solution for 24 hours after exposure for 3 to 4 days, remove and wash them, then expose them for 2 to 3 days, then soak them with fresh human urine for 3 to 4 days, rinse with clean water for 3 to 5 hours, and when most of the seed coat is cracked, the seeds can be evenly sprinkled on the finished border surface according to the row spacing of 30 cm. The sowing rate is 100 kg per mu. After Hawthorn seedlings, strengthen the field management, after autumn can be grafted.

2. Grafting: Hawthorn seedlings were grafted by bud grafting and panicle grafting before germination in autumn or spring of the next year. After the grafting survived and cultivated for one year, it can be transplanted.

3. Transplanting: from defoliation in winter to germination in early spring, the grafted seedlings were planted on the finished border surface according to the row spacing of 4 × 3 meters (55 plants / mu), and watered to preserve soil moisture in order to survive.

Field management

Hawthorn seedlings or transplanting after survival, should pay attention to ploughing and weeding. Water immediately in dry weather. Attention should be paid to drainage in cloudy and rainy weather. Topdressing once a year in spring, 10 kg of urea and 5 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate each time. Sprinkle a layer of soil fertilizer every winter. Before and after flowering, 50ppm gibberellin solution was sprayed at the full fruit stage to prevent falling flowers and fruits. In addition, in order to achieve the goal of high yield, the Hawthorn tree must be pruned: the tree type must be changed into an open and layered high-yield tree type.

Pest control

The main disease of Hawthorn is powdery mildew, which can be controlled by strychnine at the initial stage of the disease. For blight, comprehensive control measures can be adopted: 1. During soil preparation, 2.5 kilograms of 70% pentachloronitrobenzene per mu were applied to the soil for soil disinfection. two。 In the early stage of the disease, the pest was mainly harmed by longicorn beetle larvae when it was sprayed with 1000 times of dioxon. Phoxim and pyrethroid pesticides can be injected into the tree hole to kill.

Harvest and processing

Hawthorn is generally after autumn, and the fruit can be picked after it turns red and ripe. The picked Hawthorn fruit can be dried or dried, which can be sold as medicine. Hawthorn generally bear fruit for 3 ~ 4 years, and enter the full fruit period before and after 10 years. The yield of 50 ~ 70-year-old trees can reach 100 kg, and the yield of big trees can reach 300 kg.

Key points of planting techniques of Pear trees

Pear trees are our common main fruit tree planting species, so how to plant pear trees in a large area? The following editor will introduce to you the key points of pear planting techniques.

1. Growth and fruiting habits

Pear has a long life, up to more than 100 years. The root system is well developed, the vertical root depth is more than 2-3 m, and the horizontal root is widely distributed, which is about 2 times the crown width. The pear has strong dryness and obvious stratification. The fruit is early and the fruiting period is long. Some varieties begin to bear fruit in 2-3 years, and the full fruiting period can be maintained for more than 50 years. Most pear varieties bloom first and then spread their leaves, and a few varieties open their flowers and leaves at the same time or expand their leaves before blooming. After the pear pollen is fertilized, the fruit begins to develop, the receptacle develops into pulp, the ovary develops into the core, and the ovule develops into seeds. In the process of fruit growth and development, it is mainly cell division and tissue differentiation in the early stage, and cell expansion and pulp ripening in the later stage. The growth curve of fruit volume is S-shaped. There are two growth peaks of pear root growth every year: the first peak appears when the new shoot stops growing, and the second peak appears from September to October. Under suitable conditions, pear roots can grow annually and have no dormancy period.

two。 Phenological phase

The phenological phase of pear trees varies greatly because of its wide distribution. In terms of flowering period, pear trees in Huili, Sichuan generally bloom in the first and middle of February and in Yanbian, Jilin Province in mid-May; Yali pears bloom in early March in Changsha, Hunan, and in early May in Beizhen, Liaoning, with a difference of nearly two months. The phenological phase of pear trees cultivated in the same area is also different because of different species and varieties. from bud germination to flowering, Qiuzi pear varieties are the earliest, white pear varieties are a little later, sand pear varieties are later than white pears, and western pear varieties are the latest. The range of variation is about 10 days.

3. Requirements for environmental conditions

① temperature pear trees like temperature, the growth needs a higher temperature, and the dormant period needs a certain low temperature. The suitable annual average temperature for pear trees is about 4-12 ℃ for Qiuzi pear, 7-15 ℃ for white pear and western pear, and 13-21 ℃ for sand pear. When the soil temperature was above 0.5 ℃, the roots began to move, and new roots grew at 6-7 ℃, and stopped growing when the soil temperature was over 30 ℃ or below 0 ℃. When the temperature was above 5 ℃, the pear bud began to sprout, the pear bud could blossom when the temperature was above 10 ℃, and the flowering rate was accelerated when the temperature was above 14 ℃. The cold tolerance of pears is also different. Qiuzi pears native to northeast China are extremely cold-tolerant, wild species can withstand-52 ℃ low temperature, cultivated species-30-35 ℃, white pears can tolerate-23-25 ℃, sand pears and western pears can tolerate about-20 ℃. The critical freezing temperature of pear flower organ in Laiyang, Shandong Province was-5 ℃ in budding stage,-3.5 ℃ in inflorescence separation stage,-1.5-2 ℃ in 1-2 days of flowering stage and-1.5 ℃ on flowering day.

Pear trees under ② light are light-loving fruit trees, which need sunshine between 1600 and 1700 hours a year. The light compensation point of pear leaves is about 1100 lux (lx) and the light saturation point is about 54000 lux (lx).

③ moisture pear trees grow and need more water. The transpiration coefficient is 284-401, and the transpiration water is about 40g per square meter of leaf area, which can cause injury when it is lower than 10g. Qiuzi pear, white pear and western pear have poor moisture resistance, while sand pear has strong moisture resistance. In sandy loam, when the soil water content is 15-20%, it is more suitable for root growth, and when it is reduced to 12%, the root growth is inhibited.

④ soil pear tree has strong adaptability to soil, and the sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, good water permeability and water retention and low groundwater level is the most suitable. Pear trees have a wide adaptability to soil acid and alkali, and the pH value can grow normally in the range of 5-8.5, and pH5.8-7 is the most suitable; pear trees are also highly tolerant to salt and alkali, and the soil salt content is less than 0.2%. When the soil salt content is more than 0.3%, the root growth is damaged and the growth is obviously poor.

General du pear requires partial alkali, while sand pear and pear require partial acid. Grafting is generally used to propagate. There are many kinds of rootstocks for grafting, such as du pear, Qiuzi pear, pear pear, sand pear and so on. Moderate close planting is recommended. In general, the row spacing of pear orchards is not less than 4-5m and the plant spacing is not less than 2-3m. Pear trees need to be fertilized every year to ensure their robust growth, flowering and fruiting. For unfruited young trees, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers are needed after fruiting. For the first time, it was dominated by fertilizer before it sprouted. The second time in the slow period of shoot growth, the main fertilizer was phosphorus and potash, and the plants with more fruit could be applied again, and the topdressing was mainly nitrogen and potassium to promote fruit hypertrophy and flower bud differentiation. During the growing period, according to the change of leaf color, foliar fertilizer was sprayed several times, nitrogen fertilizer was sprayed in the early stage, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were combined in the later stage. After fruit harvest, fertilizer can be sprayed for 1-2 times to enhance the accumulation of photosynthates in the later stage. The water requirement of pear is high, and it is generally irrigated 3-4 times a year.

The main diseases are pear scab, pear rust, ring disease, black spot and so on. The main control methods are cleaning fallen leaves, cutting off diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits. The main pests are pear heart borer, peach heart borer, pear heart borer, pear star caterpillar, Hawthorn spider mite, pear aphid and so on.

Storage and fresh-keeping techniques and methods of Hawthorn

Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge), also known as mountain fruit, mountain red, Rosaceae Hawthorn genus, deciduous trees, up to 6 meters high. It is distributed in Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places.

Drupe fruit, hard nuclear, thin pulp, slightly sour taste. The fruit can be eaten raw or used as preserved fruit cake, which can be used as medicine after drying. it is a unique dual-purpose tree species in China, which has the effects of reducing blood lipids, blood pressure, strengthening heart, anti-arrhythmia and so on. it is also a good medicine for invigorating spleen and appetizer, eliminating food stagnation, activating blood circulation and resolving phlegm, and has a good effect on chest, diaphragm and spleen fullness, hernia, blood stasis, amenorrhea and other diseases. Vitexin, a flavonoid in Hawthorn, is a strong anticancer drug, and its extract can inhibit the growth, proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells in vivo.

Hawthorn has good storage resistance, but there are still two urgent problems to be solved during storage: first, the fruit is easy to lose water and wilt; secondly, it is easy to be infected by mold and lead to a lot of rot. Therefore, Hawthorn storage should pay attention to the following problems. (1) varieties and cultivation requirements 1. There are many varieties and strains of Hawthorn, and the cultivation area is wide, so the storage-tolerant varieties cultivated in a large area should be selected. two。 Hawthorn is widely distributed in China due to the influence of region and climate. generally speaking, Hawthorn produced in the north with colder latitudes is more resistant to storage than the southern Hawthorn varieties produced at low latitudes and warmer. For example, many varieties of real estate such as Liaoning, Beijing and Shandong are more resistant to storage than those of Henan and Hubei, while the Hawthorn produced in Yunnan is the least resistant to storage. 3. The harvest period (maturity) affects the determination of Hawthorn picking time, often taking into account the needs of the market, use and storage resistance. Generally used for long-term storage of Hawthorn, the harvest time can be appropriately advanced, for fresh sales and processing of Hawthorn, it should be harvested later, its flavor and yield will be increased accordingly. However, the Hawthorn used for storage was picked too late, a large number of Hawthorn fruit fell, mechanical injury increased, fruit senescence, softening, decay increased, and storage resistance decreased. Harvesting too early will lead to the lack of inherent flavor such as fruit color, aroma and taste, which will affect the yield and quality. At the same time, the postharvest fruit caused serious water loss and wilting, which reduced the storage tolerance. Generally, when the pericarp turns red and the fruit appears powdered or waxy, it can be picked. It is appropriate to pick in the morning to minimize mechanical injuries. After harvest, put it in a cool place for 1-2 days, dissipate the heat in the field, or store it directly in 0 ℃ cold storage. (2) Storage conditions 1. Temperature requirement-1 ℃-0 ℃; 2. The humidity requirement is 85%, 95%, and 3. Air conditioning indicators: oxygen 3% Mui 5%, carbon dioxide 3% Mui 5% Bing 4. The storage period is 3-7 months. (3) Storage and fresh-keeping techniques and management measures there are many storage methods for Hawthorn. Creating suitable temperature, humidity and gas conditions in Hawthorn storage environment is the key to prolong storage life. Starting from the principle of "low temperature, heat protection, moisturizing and ventilation", many valuable experiences and effective storage methods have been accumulated. 1. Simple storage (1) ditch storage: this method is often used in Shandong, Hebei and other places. First of all, we should choose places where the terrain is flat and dry, leeward to the sun, not easy to accumulate water, and convenient transportation to dig storage ditches. The direction of the ditch should be north-south. Generally, the width of the ditch is 100 cm-120 cm, the depth of the ditch is 50 cm-60 cm, and the lower width is 70 cm-80 cm. The ditch length depends on storage and topography. The bottom of the ditch should be flat. Spread fine wet sand 10 cm-15 cm thick, flatten and compact. Then pile the selected Hawthorn on it, each layer is 40 cm-50 cm thick, the top of the pile is in the shape of a roof ridge, and then gradually sinks in the shape of a flat neck. Before storage, cover grass curtains or Reed mats during the day and open them at night to dissipate heat. In the later stage, it is mainly anti-freezing, when the local freeze is more than two fingers deep, the top should be covered with hay, leaves and other cold protection, and then gradually add soil as the temperature drops, 30 cm-40 cm thick. A small drain should be dug on both sides of the ditch. This method is simple and low cost, and can be stored until Qingming Festival next year. Some areas use ditch sand to hide Hawthorn, its specification is the same as before. It's just that the effect is different: put a layer of fruit and cover it with a layer of wet sand until the top. Leaves are placed on the four walls and top of the ditch to separate the fruit from the soil. Other methods are the same as before. Hebei Funing Mountain area uses this method to store Hawthorn to Qingming Festival and even to Grain Rain. (2) burial method: also known as pit method. Choose the back sun to dig the pit, the pit depth is about 100 cm, 70 cm in diameter, the bottom of the pit covered with a layer of 15 cm-20 cm fine sand, and then pile the selected fruit into the pit, 50 cm-60 cm high, covered with 15 cm-20 cm fine sand, and finally covered with soil pile. Burial begins in mid-late October every year. This method does not need to be managed, it can be dug as it is used, and can be stored until the following spring. (3) hoarding method: this is the most commonly used method in the north of our country. Select high dry terrain, low groundwater level, air circulation, solid soil to dig the cellar, the size of the cellar varies. Entering the cellar is the best in mid-and late-November when the weather turns cold, and the packaging container is either basket or basket or box. When palletizing, there are padding at the bottom and between layers, and pay attention to leave certain pores to facilitate ventilation. It can be stored until April of the following year, and its storage period can be postponed if carefully managed. (4) cylinder storage method: this method is used for a small amount of storage in the family. First, wash the jar thoroughly, put it in a cool room, put a tile basin at the bottom of the cylinder, put 4-5 stalks in the basin for ventilation, and then put the selected Hawthorn fruit into the cylinder until 15 cm away from the cylinder. Then put a layer of cereal grass or leaves or vegetable leaves on it. Seal the cylinder mouth with Kraft paper or paste when the weather turns cold (about November). two。 Ventilation storage and cold storage in a large number of Hawthorn storage, generally use ventilation storage and cold storage. The main technical point is to make full use of natural cold source or mechanical refrigeration to create suitable storage conditions. Among them, the ventilation storage should reduce the temperature as soon as possible in the early stage, while the cold storage should maintain a stable and suitable storage temperature and reduce the temperature fluctuation. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation management and improve the humidity of the storage environment. 3. Controlled atmosphere storage of Hawthorn is generally in the way of polyethylene film bag. This not only partially controls the gas composition, reduces the metabolism and water loss of Hawthorn, but also delays the senescence of fruit and maintains the quality of Hawthorn. It is a simple and easy method. Under the condition of cold storage, the application of film packaging has a better storage effect. The method is as follows: (1) Film bag packing method: choose polyethylene film bag with thickness of 0.04mm-0.07mm, each bag contains 20kg-25kg. Or use silicon window modified atmosphere fresh-keeping bags of 20kg-25kg each, packed in boxes or baskets. If stored in the ventilation warehouse, the thin film bag is in the form of pulling mouth (silicon window bag piercing) to avoid excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide in the bag (middle and later stage). It can also be directly pierced by the method of punching holes in the bag (3-5 pinholes), and directly into 0 ℃ cold storage. The use of silicon window modified atmosphere storage bag has the advantages of simple method, low cost and good effect. (2) atmosphere control big account method: using large tent (polyethylene film, thickness 0.1mm-0.2mm, 500kg-2500 kg each) to store Hawthorn, the effect is also better. The methods include: big account natural oxygen reduction method, carbon molecular sieve air conditioner and other artificial oxygen reduction method, silicon window atmosphere adjustment method. Can be stacked, packed in boxes and packed in baskets. (4) main problems and preventive measures. Wilting Hawthorn during storage, if the humidity is too low, its fruit will lose a lot of water due to excessive transpiration. Therefore, Hawthorn storage must maintain appropriate humidity. For example, in the case of lower temperature, the relative humidity is 90% ℃ 95%, and under higher temperature conditions (such as 2 ℃-4 Mel), the suitable relative humidity is lower, about 85% Mel 90%. In addition, the use of silicon window atmosphere control film small packaging bags and atmosphere control account and other methods are also effective measures. two。 Decay is an effective method to reduce decay and prolong storage life when fruits are stored at suitable temperature (- 2 ℃-0 ℃), humidity and controlled atmosphere. In addition, it is generally believed that Hawthorn can tolerate higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and lower concentrations of oxygen in the early stage of storage (from October to November, oxygen can be controlled at 7%, 10%, and 7%, 10%), while in the later stage (February-March of the following year, oxygen 15%, carbon dioxide is 1%, 3%), higher concentrations of oxygen and lower concentrations of carbon dioxide are required, otherwise the fruit will deteriorate and rot.