Introduction to the method of promoting flower and fruit of planting grapefruit tree

Promote flower

If a fruit tree wants to blossom early, it is necessary to control the vegetative growth of the tree potential one year before fruiting, so as to promote flower bud differentiation and achieve the goal of early flowering.

The main results are as follows: 1. Controlling the vertical root growth of fruit trees, cultivating more lateral roots, parallel roots, and a large number of lateral and parallel roots will promote flower bud differentiation.

2. Support, pull and drop the branches to increase the angle between the branches and stems, so as to weaken the vegetative growth and promote flower bud differentiation.

3. For thriving young trees, the lateral branches should be cut in 1-2 circles from September to October.

4. In autumn, we should pay attention to drainage, water control, and cut off part of the root system, so as to cause physiological drought of the plant, so as to promote flower bud differentiation.

Fruit protection

1. After flowering, the nutrition of the tree should be increased, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened, and the leaves should be preserved as much as possible to prevent abnormal defoliation.

2. We should pay attention to controlling the number of flowers, do not think that the more flowers bloom, the better. We should eliminate those malformed flowers and those that are too dense.

3. Regulate spring shoots and erase summer shoots. Excessive growth of spring shoots and excessive consumption of nutrients will aggravate fruit drop, and spring shoots should be regulated after budding. Mainly wipe off the strong spring shoots (vegetative branches) in the upper part of the crown, flower branches with more than 5 leaves, and late spring shoots; when the summer shoots sprout, wipe off the shoots many times until the fruit is set in mid-July.

4. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: the common diseases and insect pests of pomelo trees are red and yellow spiders, leaf curl moths and resin diseases. Special control of these diseases should be taken in summer to prevent these diseases from affecting the quality of fruits.

5. Timely spraying plant hormones on fruit trees, such as cytokinin, phytoxin, Jin Yunda-120 and so on.

Cultivation techniques and Management points of Rosa roxburghii Tratt

Fertilizer application

The amount of topdressing should be increased year by year in the second and third years, and 0.05-0.1 kg urea or 5 kg clear dung water topdressing should be used per plant in summer and autumn. After each season, the shoot leaves were shaped and sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate or other high-efficiency compound fertilizer to promote the maturity of the shoot leaves. Starting from the outer edge of the planting hole, digging and expanding the hole year by year combined with the application of green manure, improve the soil, use the garden to maintain the garden, and ensure the normal growth of fruit trees.

15-20 days before flowering, 0.1-0.2 kg urea or 15-20 kg clear dung water was applied to each adult fruiting tree to ensure the normal growth and development of flower buds and leaf buds. After falling flowers, 0.5% urea was sprayed in time to supplement tree nutrients to promote the normal development of young fruits. From late June to early July, each plant was foliar sprayed with 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.25 kg urea or 30 kg dung water was applied to the root soil of each plant. 0.5% urea solution was sprayed on the leaves according to the nutritional status of the tree, once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row, to promote fruit expansion and improve yield and quality. Apply enough base fertilizer to improve the soil and lay the foundation for prolonging the full fruit period and high and stable yield in the coming year.

Disease

The main diseases and insect pests of Rosa roxburghii Tratt are pear heart borer and peach borer, rose tube aphid, rose whorl scale and powdery mildew, etc. The control of pear small, peach small and aphids can be controlled by 40% dimethoate emulsion 1500 times of dichlorvos and 2000 times of dichlorvos and 2000 times of Shuding. Spray 5-degree stone sulfur mixture on Rose powdery mildew scale in winter. Powdery mildew with 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder 800 / 1000 times solution, or spray 155 powder powder 1000 / 1500 times solution. For the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of Rosa roxburghii roxburghii, attention should be paid to cutting off dead branches and fruits of diseases and insect pests, ploughing soil, spraying medicine and killing insects in autumn.

irrigation

Rosa roxburghii root distribution is shallow, drought resistance is weak, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of water conservancy facilities, water diversion irrigation or tree cover in the dry season to keep the soil moist.

Pruning

The buds of Rosa roxburghii Tratt have the characteristics of strong sprouting and branching, and the short branches and leaves of the crown are luxuriant, without obvious apical and vertical advantages. therefore, Rosa roxburghii roxburghii should not be forcibly shaped and pruned, but should grow naturally. When pruning, only disease and insect branches, withered branches and senescent branches should be cut off, senile branches should be promoted by retraction, and adult trees should begin to adjust the relationship between growth and fruit, so as to achieve stable and high yield of Rosa roxburghii.

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and Management of Pepper

Pepper is an annual or limited perennial herb of the genus Solanaceae. Its fruit is usually conical or oblong, green when it is not ripe, and bright red, green or purple when it is ripe. Red is the most common. The fruit of pepper is spicy because its peel contains capsaicin. It is one of the most common vegetables or condiments in daily life.

Growth habits of hot pepper

The early growth stage of pepper is the germination stage, it is generally unearthed about 5-8 days after accelerating germination and sowing, the first true leaf appears in about 15 days, and the bud is exposed to the seedling stage. The flowering period is mainly from the first flower ear to the door pepper. The fruiting period is from setting fruit to pulling seedlings. The suitable temperature for chili peppers is between 15 and 34 degrees. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30 degrees, and it takes 5-7 days for seeds to germinate. Seeds do not germinate when they are below 15 degrees or higher than 35 degrees.

Pepper in the seedling stage requires a higher temperature, 25-30 degrees in the day, 15-18 degrees at night is the best, the seedlings are not resistant to low temperature, we should pay attention to cold prevention. Chili peppers at 35 degrees will cause flowers and fruits to fall.

Pepper has strict requirements for conditional moisture, which is neither drought nor waterlogging resistant. I like dry air conditions.

Planting technology of hot pepper

1. Cultivation conditions

The temperature requirement of chili is between yarrow and eggplant. The optimum temperature for seed germination was 23-30 ℃, but it could not germinate when the temperature was lower than 15 ℃. Pepper seedlings require higher temperature, low temperature and slow growth. In the early stage of flowering and fruiting, the optimum temperature was 20-25 ℃ in daytime and 15-20 ℃ at night. During the fruiting period, the soil temperature was too high, especially the strong light shining directly on the ground, which was disadvantageous to root growth, and easy to cause toxin disease and sunburn disease.

2. Basic fertilizer for soil preparation

Continuous cropping of chili is not allowed, nor can it be cropped with eggplant, tomato, potato, tobacco and other crops of the same family. The cultivation of pepper plots should have good drainage, convenient drainage and irrigation, and require deep ploughing. It is best to do winter ploughing, leisure permafrost, in order to improve the soil and eliminate overwintering pests and pathogen spores.

Before planting, the topsoil still keeps a large amount of soil in order to breathable and cool water, which plays a good role in preventing falling flowers, falling camp and falling leaves. The requirements of vegetable farmers in Changsha for growing chili fields are "deep ditches and high beds, breaking the old bottom, flat soil and smooth flow of water". The width of the border is generally 1.3-1.7 meters (with ditches) and 2-3 rows are planted. There are also wide beds of 2.3-2.7 meters, which are planted horizontally on the border. At the same time, 50-80 kilograms of rotten barnyard manure, 15 kilograms of superphosphate and 25 kilograms of plant ash are applied per mu as base fertilizer.

3. Sowing and raising seedlings

① seedbed selection: the nursery bed should choose the plot with north to south, high dryness, convenient water source and no eggplant crops.

② seedbed preparation: the nursery bed had better dig deep into the baked soil in the rainy day, sprinkle a layer of human and animal dung on it, dry it, and cover it with a film to prevent the loss of fertilizer when it rains.

③ sowing: before sowing, the bed soil is fully wet, fine and flat. The width of the seedbed is generally 1.5-1.7 meters. Generally do not soak the seeds to promote budding. Early-maturing species are generally sown in January, and late-maturing species are generally sown in February-March. Planting per mu requires sowing 75-120 grams. After sowing, cover the seeds with fine soil mixed with old bran ash or coal ash, with a thickness of about 2 cm. Then watering, after receiving the water, cover the plastic film, and finally use thin bamboo poles or pieces of bamboo to form a small arch frame, about 0.5 meters high, covered with thin film, the north side of the film will be compacted with soil to protect against the wind. It is better to press the bricks on both sides so that the film can be uncovered and ventilated at any time.

④ seedbed management: after sowing to before emergence, generally do not need management, found that the beginning of emergence, to immediately remove the plastic film, otherwise the formation of tall seedlings. After emergence, the film was opened at 9: 00 a.m. on a sunny day, and the film was still covered at 4: 00 p.m. Try to get some air on cloudy and rainy days. Found that the bed soil is white, seedlings wilt Yan, it needs to be watered, watering time must be at 9: 1-2: 00 in the morning. Two hours after watering, check again. If it is found that the part is still dry, replenish the water to make the seedlings grow in a consistent manner. Rainy days, frozen days should not be watered, otherwise, due to excessive humidity, bed temperature decreased, prone to disease. In snowy weather, grass windows can be covered with a layer of film, and electric lights can be installed in the bed to prevent cold and protect seedlings.

⑤ seedling arrangement: in order to make the seedling stout and the root system developed, when two true leaves appear, the seedling should be pseudo-planted once, the plant spacing is 6-10cm, the row spacing is 12-15cm, and the seedling is watered at the same time to prevent the seedling from wilting. The preparation, requirements and management of the seedling bed are similar to the sowing bed.

4. Planting method

The suitable soil temperature for planting hot pepper is above 15 ℃. Because of the low soil temperature, slow growth and falling flowers, the pepper can not achieve the goal of early maturity. The planting distance was 40-50 cm for early-maturing varieties, 26-33 cm for plant spacing, 1-2 plants per hole, and 66-73 cm for late-maturing varieties, 50-60 cm for plant spacing, 1 plant per hole. Choose to plant in the afternoon on a sunny day, and the seedling bed needs to be watered in the morning to pull the seedlings.

5. Field management

① intermediate ploughing and weeding: after planting survived, ploughing once in time. The plant began to grow, focusing on ploughing once. Before the plant is closed, ploughing again. Middle ploughing combines weeding and soil cultivation.

② fertilizer and water management: after planting, it is necessary to apply seedling fertilizer on a sunny day, and the dosage should not be too much or too thick each time, otherwise it is easy to cause overgrowth and delay flowering and fruiting. When waiting for the first or second layer to bear fruit, more fertilizer should be applied to promote the growth of the fruit. After the fruit is picked, it is necessary for the soil to have sufficient fertilizer and water before the plant can grow and bear fruit normally. If it rains heavily before the soil is dry after watering, the phenomenon of fallen leaves and dead plants will be quite common, especially during the period from ups and downs to the Beginning of Autumn. Therefore, in irrigation, the irrigation time must be determined according to the weather forecast. Irrigation depth should not exceed 3/4 of the furrow, and should be carried out in the evening or early morning, and urgent irrigation and drainage.

③ harvest seed: as a fresh food, mostly harvest green fruit, but also can harvest red fruit. As a dried pepper, the red-ripe fruit must be harvested in time, otherwise the growth and fruit of the plant will be affected.

The method of remaining seed harvesting plant selection combined with fruit selection, that is, the standard plant should be affixed with a mark according to the variety characteristics in the field as the remaining seed plant. The first layer of fruit was harvested and listed as early as possible, and 2 Mel and 4 layers of fruit were left as seeds. When the fruit was red and ripe, the fruit with the characteristics of this variety was further selected. The picked fruit was spread in a cool place, ripened for 5 min for 7 days, and the seeds were cut open, dried and stored.

Pepper planting management

Pepper likes temperature, water and fertilizer, but high temperature is easy to get sick, waterlogging is easy to die seedlings, fat is easy to burn roots. There are different management requirements in different stages of the whole growth period. After planting, it is necessary to promote roots and seedlings before harvest, to promote seedlings and attack fruit at the beginning of harvest, and to protect roots and seedlings after entering the high temperature season to prevent abortive and dead seedlings. As a result, we should continue to strengthen management in the later stage to increase production and income.

1. Pre-harvest management

In this period, the ground temperature is low and the root system is weak, so it should be greatly promoted and controlled. That is, light watering, early topdressing, diligent ploughing, small squatting seedlings, slow seedling water light watering, can be combined with a little manure, timely ploughing after watering, increase temperature and preserve soil moisture, promote root growth, squatting seedlings should not be too long, about 10 days, can be small squatting, adjust the relationship between roots and seedlings. After the end of squatting seedlings, timely watering, topdressing, increasing early yield, topdressing mainly with nitrogen fertilizer, and combined with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to promote the health of seedlings, prevent falling flowers, and remove the side branches on the main stem under the first flower in time.

2. Management from the first harvest period to the full fruit period

At this stage, the temperature is gradually rising, the rainfall is gradually increasing, and diseases and insect pests occur one after another, which is the key period to determine the yield. In order to prevent premature senescence, pepper should be harvested in advance, watered in time, often maintain soil moisture, promote seedlings to attack fruit, and strive to seal ridges in the high temperature season. In the full fruiting period, soil should be cultivated to protect roots before ridge sealing, and topdressing should be combined with soil cultivation.

3. High temperature season and its subsequent management

High temperature and rainy season is easy to induce virus disease, falling flowers and fruits seriously, sometimes a large number of leaves. Therefore, the high temperature and drought years must be irrigated at the beginning of the drought period, but not at the end of the drought period, always keep the soil moist and inhibit the occurrence and development of virus diseases. It is necessary to apply a small amount of chemical fertilizer to protect seedlings after rain and timely irrigation to prevent the peak of viral disease caused by drought after the rainy season. The hot season should be irrigated in the morning and evening. Spraying 8-1000 times of Daizhuangsu for 3-4 times in full bloom has a better effect on flower protection and yield increase.

4. Management in the later stage of fruit shrinkage.

After the high temperature and rainy season, when the temperature turns cool and the green pepper plants return to normal growth, we must strengthen management, promote the formation of the second peak fruiting period, increase late yield, timely watering, combined with watering and applying quick-acting fertilizers to supplement the lack of soil nutrition.

Key points for attention in management

The main results are as follows: 1. the seedling age of spring pepper is about 110 days, and some can reach more than 150 days. In the north, it can only be planted in mid-April and late May. Pepper itself is high and stable, but the decrease in yield in some places is due to the degradation of varieties. The disease resistance is poor and the disease is serious, so the planting plot should choose the spring white land where eggplant fruits and vegetables and cucumbers and yellow tobacco have not been planted in recent years. The plot that has just harvested the overwintering spinach is not good either. About 7 days before planting, 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 75 kg of superphosphate and 30 kg of ammonia bicarbonate were applied per mu, ditched according to 70 cm row spacing, leveled, ridged and covered with plastic film to wait for planting. It can be planted at a distance of 30 centimeters, with two open seedlings adjacent to each other, one in each hole. 2500-3000 points per 667m2.

2. The period from planting to fruiting is the early stage of pepper field management, which should promote root, seedling and growth. Attention should be paid to watering and mid-ploughing. After 15 days of planting, 10 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg of urea should be applied, and the height of soil should be 10-13 cm, so as to protect the root system from lodging. After entering the full fruit period, the focus of management is to strengthen seedlings and promote fruit. The door pepper should be removed in time to prevent the decline of the fruit caused by the fall of the fruit. Combined with watering and fertilization, 20 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg of urea were applied every 667 square meters, and the roots were cultivated again. Pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention. Foliar fertilizers and hormones should be sprayed together to supplement nutrients and prevent viruses.

3. Pepper is sensitive to many kinds of herbicides during its growing period, especially 2pje 4D EC. Improper spraying of pesticides will cause serious drug damage to pepper.

Disease control of hot pepper

1. Bacterial wilt

[disease characteristics] when the disease occurred, the top leaves of the diseased plants withered during the day and recovered sooner or later in cloudy days. After 2-3 days, the leaves remained green but the whole plant withered. Cut the diseased stem, the catheter is brown, soak the incision in water, and flow out white turbid bacterial liquid from the incision.

[incidence regularity] Pepper bacterial wilt is a bacterial disease, which is serious when the soil temperature reaches 20 ℃-25 ℃, the air temperature reaches 30 ℃-37 ℃, and the soil water content exceeds 25%. When the heavy rain suddenly clears, the temperature rises rapidly, the humidity is big, the transpiration is large, the pathogen activity is exuberant, the diseased plant increases, the harm is serious. The pathogen is suitable to develop when the soil pH is 6.6.

[control methods] resistant varieties were selected for ①. ② adjusts soil acidity and alkalinity, applying 50-100kg lime per mu. ③ implements crop rotation to prevent continuous or continuous cropping. When ④ was examined in time, the diseased plants were immediately removed and burned, and lime powder was sprinkled in the burrow. At the initial stage of the disease, 100-200PPM agricultural streptomycin or Chunlimycin could be used to wet the soil for 3 times, and the roots should be irrigated once every 10-15 days for 2-3 times.

2. Epidemic disease

[disease characteristics] can occur in the whole growth cycle, infection at seedling stage, mostly at the base of stem, disease at seedling stage, dark green soft rot or quenching at stem base, that is, quenching disease at seedling stage, some stem base is dark brown, seedlings wilt and die, leaves are infected, disease spot is round or nearly round, diameter 2-3 cm, edge yellowish green, central dark brown, fruit infection begins at pedicel, newborn dark green flooding spot. Rapid browning and soft rot, white mold layer grows on the surface when humidity is high, that is, pathogen cyst peduncles and sporangia, dark brown stripes are formed after drying, and the branches and leaves above the diseased parts wither quickly.

[incidence regularity] the pathogen overwintered as mycelium and oospore in soil or diseased tissue. Oospore was spread by sputtering with Rain Water and irrigation water. The optimum temperature for pathogen development was 23 ℃-31 ℃. High temperature and humidity were beneficial to the occurrence of pathogen.

[control methods] ① if pepper blight is transmitted by soil, pesticide must be used to control it. The key time for ② control is in the middle and late June. The flowering and fruiting period of hot pepper is generally carried out within 1-2 days after watering. ③ effective pesticide with 25% early frost or 58% early frost manganese zinc, the concentration is 500x liquid irrigation root, each hole irrigation 0.3-0.4jin effect is the best.

3. Powdery mildew

[characteristics] powdery mildew of pepper was caused by Alternaria flagellata, a subphylum fungus of ascomycetes. Leaves, old leaves and tender leaves could be infected with the disease. It spreads mainly by airflow in the field. The disease is easy to spread under slightly dry conditions. The diseased leaves have primary chlorotic small yellow spots on the front, and then expand into inconspicuous chlorotic yellow mottled. White powder is produced on the back of the disease part, and when the disease spot is serious, the whole leaf turns yellow and falls off to form a light stalk, which seriously affects the yield and quality.

[control methods] when planting ①, the varieties with good disease resistance were selected and the seeds were mixed with new high fat membrane (which can ward off underground diseases and insects, isolate virus infection, do not affect the function of germination and swelling, strengthen the absorption intensity, and improve the germination rate of seeds). Before planting ②, dig the soil deeply, spray the new high-fat film 800x solution to sterilize and disinfect, keep heat and preserve moisture. ③ should timely spray hot pepper Zhuangtiling in each growing period of pepper to enhance the transport of nutrients in the body and improve the resistance of pepper to external germs. In the early stage of ④, spraying Duoyaoqing 1000 times solution plus DuPont Fuxing 3000 times solution and adding new high lipid membrane had a good effect.