Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and management of organic cauliflower

Cauliflower, also known as cauliflower, etc., is a variety of Brassica campestris in the cruciferous family, native to the Mediterranean coast, with a white flower head similar to that of broccoli. Its product organs are white, shortened, fat and tender buds, branches, rachis and so on. Let's take a look at the planting techniques of organic cauliflower.

Planting conditions of organic cauliflower

Cauliflower has developed root system and strong regeneration ability, so it is suitable for seedling raising and transplanting. It is easy to suffer frost injury below 0 ℃, but it is difficult to form a flower ball above 25 ℃. The growth of foliage and bolting and flowering require warmth, and the optimum temperature is 20-25 ℃. The formation of the bouquet goes through the stage of vernalization at low temperature. The requirement of light condition is not strict, but the requirement of water content is relatively strict, which is neither waterlogging nor drought resistant. It has strong adaptability to soil, but the sandy loam with high organic matter and deep soil layer is the best. The suitable soil pH is 5.5-6.6. It has strong salt tolerance and can still grow normally in the soil with a salt content of 0.3% to 0.5%.

Seedling raising techniques of organic cauliflower

1. Planting time: cauliflower is mostly planted in spring and autumn every year. Most areas of North China are very suitable for people to grow organic cauliflower in autumn. When planting in autumn, it can be sown in mid-July and fixed in August. Can be harvested in late October and early November. If you choose to plant in spring, you should sow at the end of January, plant at the end of March, and harvest at the end of May and early June.

2. Seed treatment: seed disinfection is a more economical and effective method to prevent cauliflower diseases and insect pests. Natural substance disinfection and warm soup seed soaking technology are used to treat seeds. Natural substances can be soaked in 300 times potassium permanganate solution for 2 hours, wood vinegar solution 200 times solution for 3 hours, lime water 100 times solution for 1 hour or copper sulfate 100 times solution for 1 hour, and seeds were soaked in warm soup for 4 hours after disinfection.

3. Seedbed disinfection: physical or natural substances are generally selected for soil disinfection in organic cauliflower plantations. Soil disinfection materials can be sprayed and disinfected with 3-5 Baume stone-sulfur mixture, 100-fold solution of crystal stone-sulfur mixture, 30 kilograms of quicklime or 100 times of potassium permanganate and 50 times of wood vinegar.

4. Cultivate strong seedlings: in autumn, rain-proof shade shed can be used to sow and raise seedlings, first allocate nutritious soil, pour the seedling bed into water, sow or sow seeds on demand, cover soil and cover with plastic film, 20-25 grams of seeds per mu and 4-5 square meters of seedling bed. Keep the border moist after emergence, pay attention to rain prevention, weeding and inter-seedling. When the seedlings are weak, 30% biogas slurry can be applied for 2 or 3 times. The seedlings can be raised in the sunny bed in spring. From sowing to before emergence, the seedling bed is not ventilated, about 25 ℃ in the day and 15 ℃ at night. The seedlings are properly ventilated after emergence, 20: 25 ℃ in the daytime and 10: 15 ℃ at night, and seedling exercise is carried out one week before planting.

Planting techniques of organic cauliflower

1. Land preparation and planting: 5000 kg of fully mature organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and deep ploughing, raking and making beds are made. Flat beds are generally planted in North China, with a width of 1.4 to 1.5 meters, with two rows of cauliflower in each row. The plant spacing of early-maturing variety, middle-maturing variety and late-maturing variety is 32-37 cm, 40-45 cm and 50-60 cm. The planting density is small in autumn and high in spring.

2. Temperature management: according to seasonal climate change, room temperature change and cauliflower growth requirements, daily management such as heat preservation, cold protection and ventilation should be carried out, and the time and amount of ventilation should be mastered. During the period from planting to slow seedling, the suitable temperature should be 25 ℃ in daytime and 15-20 ℃ at night. The period from slow seedling to floret growth is the period of leaf cluster growth. The temperature is maintained at 20: 25 ℃ in daytime and 15 ℃ at night. Cool climatic conditions are required in the period of rosette formation. The temperature is 20: 22 ℃ in daytime and 10: 15 ℃ at night.

3. Water and fertilizer management: the principle of water and fertilizer management after cauliflower planting is to promote seedlings in the early stage, to slow seedlings and early plants, to control water and fertilizer in the middle stage, to promote root development, to attack buds in the later stage, and to promote bulb expansion. Generally, there are 3 times of topdressing, the first time at 7-15 days after planting, the second time at 30-40 days after planting, when the plant has 15-17 true leaves, and the third time when the plant is budding. Apply 1000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per mu or 25% biogas slurry each time. 30% biogas slurry can be used for foliar topdressing during the period of flower head formation.

4. Moisturizing and pruning: cauliflower should keep the soil moist throughout the growing period, especially during the period of bulb hypertrophy. But cauliflower is also afraid of waterlogging, so pay attention to waterlogging during its growth. Cauliflower is easy to produce side branches, so the side branches should be removed before the main ball is harvested, or when most of the main balls grow to 12-16 cm, 3-4 side branches can be left appropriately. Always remove the dust from the film, keep it clean, improve the light transmittance and ensure the normal growth of cauliflower.

5. Pest control: organic cauliflower will also have some diseases and insect pests during the growth period. If it is not treated in time, the yield will be reduced and the quality of organic cauliflower will be affected. For example, cabbage worm and diamondback moth are common diseases and insect pests when growing organic cauliflower. After occurrence, vegetable farmers should use Bacillus thuringiensis to control them. If aphids appear in organic cauliflower, 1% soap can be used to control them. In addition, in order to reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, the net room cultivation method can also be used when planting organic cauliflower.

6. timely harvest: the harvest time of organic flower ball is relatively strict, and the harvest must be timely and timely. The harvest standard is that the flower ball is fully grown, the surface is orchestrated, the edge is not yet scattered, the flower ball is compact, and the color is thick green. For some varieties after the main ball harvest, the side ball can also be harvested for 4 times.

Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and management of green stem pine cauliflower

Cauliflower cruciferous cabbage is a type of cauliflower, also known as cauliflower, green cauliflower, organic cauliflower, white noodle scattered cauliflower, organic cauliflower, etc., because of its long buds, thin flower layer, and loose shape when the flower bulb is fully expanded, so it gets its name relative to ordinary cauliflower. Let's take a look at the planting technology of green cauliflower.

Cultivation characteristics

Pine cauliflower has two remarkable characteristics: one is good cooking resistance and delicious taste. The content of vitamin C and soluble sugar in pine cauliflower is obviously higher than that in cauliflower, which is very popular among consumers. Second, the early and middle maturity varieties have strong heat tolerance and wider adaptability, which can be cultivated in the suburbs of the city "delayed in spring" and "in advance in autumn", and alpine cultivation can be put into production in summer and autumn, which broadens the time for cauliflower production and listing.

Field selection

The main results are as follows: 1. The field of pine cauliflower should have loose and fertile soil, good soil stability and strong capacity of water retention, water supply and oxygen supply. There are perfect water conservancy facilities in the field, which can drain and irrigate. Alpine cultivation is not suitable to choose low-lying land, sticky land to grow cauliflower, otherwise, the plant growth is poor, easy to get black root disease. Planting in early spring in plain area can be selected properly because of low air temperature and less Rain Water, but it should be made into wide furrow and high border and covered with plastic film to prevent moisture and moisture.

2. In the continuous cropping land, we should strengthen the control of diseases and insect pests and supplement micro-fertilizer. Sweet potato land and other slope dry land, water conservation capacity is poor, easy to drought, alpine cultivation fashion can be used in the first half of the year, if there is no watering condition in the second half of the year, the general year can not be selected. The suitable altitude for cultivation in high mountain areas is between 600 and 1200 meters. When planting alpine cauliflower below 800 meters above sea level, you should avoid the high temperature season, or choose more heat-resistant varieties, such as "Qingnong 70-day green cauliflower" and so on.

Cultivation season

The main results are as follows: 1. cultivated in the low mountain area below 350 meters above sea level: spring planting is sown from late December to early January, heat preservation and seedling raising in greenhouse, plastic film mulching and small arch greenhouse planting from late February to early March. Such as sowing from late February to early March, heat preservation and seedling raising in greenhouse or small arch shed. It can be planted in the open field from late March to early April. It can be listed from April or mid-May to early June. Autumn planting is sown from mid-June to July, shaded seedlings, planted from early July to August, and can be harvested and listed from late August to early November.

2. Cultivation in the mountain area with an altitude of 800m to 1200m: sowing from mid-February to mid-March, seedling age of about 30 days, planting from mid-March to mid-April, and harvest from mid-May to June. Qingnong 65 days sown from late March to July, the seedling age is 20-35 days, can be planted from late April to mid-August, and harvested from the end of May to early November. Alpine seedlings are protected by facilities (mostly small arch sheds), which can play the role of heat preservation and cold protection in spring, and can achieve the purpose of rain and moisture protection in summer and autumn.

Topdressing fertilizer

The main results are as follows: 1. Pine cauliflower is mainly nitrogen fertilizer at seedling stage, so as to apply thin fertilizer frequently and promote rosette leaves. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main fertilizer before and after budding, and bud fertilizer is re-applied, usually with fertilizer mixed with water, which can prolong the bud expansion period and promote the development and expansion of the corm. In the case of high temperature and drought, it is common that the lack of soil moisture hinders the absorption of nutrients by plants, so fertilization must be combined with water supply organically. Irrigation with water can improve fertilizer use efficiency and enhance quick efficiency.

2. During the growth of cauliflower, boron, molybdenum, magnesium, sulfur and other trace fertilizers should be applied to correct plant element deficiency. Among them, boron has a significant effect on the yield and quality of the corm, which must be foliar topdressing for 2 or 3 times, especially in the period of head expansion. In the process of topdressing in the middle and later stages, ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium bicarbonate fertilizer should be refused to prevent the flower bulb from producing hairy flowers.

3. The fertilization of pine cauliflower is mainly based on rotten manure and urine, combined with the application of quick-acting chemical fertilizer, balanced fertilization is carried out, and the amount and times of fertilizer application are determined according to plant growth and target yield. Generally, after planting live trees, in the early stage of rosette leaf formation, in the late stage of rosette leaf formation and budding, topdressing was applied for 3 ~ 4 times respectively, and at the same time, medium and trace element fertilizers such as magnesium, boron and molybdenum were applied together. No chemical fertilizer shall be applied within 20 days before harvest.

Cultivate the soil and Yonggen

The main results are as follows: 1. The root system of cauliflower occurs from the main stem, which is hierarchical. In the process of growth, the deep root is aging continuously, and the new root is constantly emerging near the ground stem. The overall distribution is relatively shallow, and the fibrous root is mainly distributed near the main stem. It is found that the distribution of root system is deep in cold season and shallow in warm and hot season, which may be related to the directionality of root growth to ground temperature. On the other hand, in agricultural operation, most of the base fertilizer and topdressing were applied shallowly, which also promoted the root system to grow to the surface. Therefore, cauliflower production generally needs to cultivate soil, through soil cultivation, promote adventitious roots, stabilize the soil environment for root growth, and enhance plant growth and lodging resistance.

2. Under the condition of rainy root retting and high temperature and drought in alpine cauliflower, the effect of soil cultivation is particularly obvious, which enhances stress resistance and has a significant effect on yield increase. The growth process should generally be combined with weeding, loosening soil, fertilization, cultivating soil for one or three times, cauliflower without soil cultivation should at least be planted deeply, and cauliflower growth and yield are not good if there is no soil cultivation and shallow planting. The method of soil cultivation is to cultivate the furrow soil and the soil pre-piled in the middle of the border between the planting holes and plants, and finally form a uniform border surface with tortoise back. Some soil cultivation after the formation of two small beds in a bed is wrong, the field shows that the planting hole is too shallow to cultivate the soil will often form this situation.

Water management

The main results are as follows: 1. There are many and thin leaves of pine cauliflower, which can reach 17023 in the middle and later stage of growth, which is 6 to 8 more than that of common cauliflower varieties. the phenomenon of wilting often occurs in the field, especially when it suddenly clears up after continuous overcast and rain, and becomes clear after water exposure, or under the condition of high temperature, drought and strong light. Therefore, the soil in the vegetable field planted with cauliflower can neither be too wet to rett roots, nor too dry to lead to water shortage.

2. In general production, measures such as ditch cleaning and drainage, timely watering, soil cultivation, grass cutting and plastic film mulching are adopted to adjust the soil moisture condition in time, strive to balance the water supply and keep the soil moist and loose. Irrigation and watering of horses in times of drought, flooding is prohibited. Drainage in time after rain, no stagnant water in the fields. Before planting live trees in summer, water should be watered once a day in the evening in case of drought, and it is best to shade under high temperature and strong light.

Fasten leaves to protect flowers

The main results are as follows: 1. the flower bulb of pine cauliflower will turn yellow no matter in spring or in midsummer, and the color change is deeper under the condition of strong light in summer and autumn. this change not only affects the appearance of the commodity, but also affects the fresh and tender quality of the flower bulb. therefore, the nursing of flower bulb is an important link in the production process of alpine cauliflower. Different from the general cauliflower care, pine cauliflower mostly adopts the method of protecting flowers with folded leaves rather than covering flowers with folded leaves, especially in the production process of cultivating large bulbs with sparse planting, because of its fluffy and large bulbs, poor clasping of inner leaves, and the characteristics of simultaneous development of flower heads and leaf heading, folded leaf cover flowers are often enlarged and moved by inner leaves, and the shading effect is not good.

2. When the bouquet of pine cauliflower grows to fist size, the 4'5 alternate large leaves close to the bulb will be pulled and disturbed without breaking, and then two small bamboo sticks, grass sticks or small firewood sticks with a diameter of 2 mm and a length of 7 cm are used as fixed connectors. The tips of overlapping leaves are punctured and fixed at the main vein, and the leaves fixed in series are bundled in the shape of lanterns to cover the whole rosette. So that the flower ball in the subsequent growth process from direct sunlight, and leave enough room for development and expansion.

3. Pine cauliflower sunshade and flower protection is as strict as possible. strict leaf protection can completely prevent the sun from shining on the flower bulb, and even in the midsummer environment, the whole flower bulb can remain white and tender. Compared with the usual method of folding leaves and covering flowers, the bundle of leaves and flowers is completed at one time, which avoids the trouble of folding leaves and covering flowers many times, saves labor and time, and the effect is better.

Pest control

The main pests of pine cauliflower are aphids, diamondback moth, leaf miner, green worm, cabbage worm, Spodoptera litura, beet armyworm, mole cricket, yellow striped beetle, Bemisia Tabaci and so on. Prevention and control should implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first and comprehensive control", give priority to agricultural control, physical control and biological control, use chemical control in a scientific and coordinated manner, strictly control the number of drug use, and abide by the safe interval. control diseases and insect pests below the allowable economic threshold, so that pesticide residues can be controlled within the national green food standards, so as to achieve the purpose of safety, high quality and harmlessness.

Key points of cultivation and management of broccoli in summer

Broccoli is a 2012 herb, originated in the eastern Mediterranean coastal area, a small amount of cultivation in China, mainly for Western food use. Broccoli is rich in nutrition, containing protein, sugar, fat, vitamins and carotene, ranking first among similar vegetables and known as the "vegetable crown".

Broccoli is a vegetable, a variety of cabbage, broccoli is a cruciferous plant, a leaf broccoli production (20) seed broad, base obtuse, the edge is wavy, smooth glabrous, yellow-and-white flowers of the annual or biennial herbs. Leaves on the root, the main stem and branch stem, the stem is covered with small particles to form a flower, the flower is fleshy, the whole is like a large flower, the color is white and beautiful. Broccoli is tender and delicious, so it is easy to digest and absorb after eating.

Cauliflower has developed root system and strong regeneration ability, so it is suitable for seedling raising and transplanting. It is easy to suffer frost injury below 0 ℃, but it is difficult to form a flower ball above 25 ℃. The growth of foliage and bolting and flowering should be warm and the suitable temperature should be 20-25 ℃. The formation of the bouquet goes through the stage of vernalization at low temperature. Cauliflower is not strict to the light condition, but to the moisture requirement is relatively strict, neither waterlogging nor drought tolerance. It has strong adaptability to soil, but the sandy loam with high organic matter and deep soil layer is the best. The suitable soil pH is 5.5-6.6. The salt tolerance is strong, and it can still grow normally on the soil where the salt content is 0.3% Mel 0.5%.

Key points of cultivation and management of broccoli in summer

First, select improved varieties and sow seeds at the right time

The suitable temperature for broccoli growth is between 16 ℃ and 22 ℃, and the suitable temperature range during vegetative growth period is wide. The average daily temperature during flowering and budding stage is generally below 25 ℃. If the flower bud development period meets high temperature (more than 30 ℃), it will lead to too fast bolting, low yield and poor flower head quality. Therefore, the selection of disease-resistant and heat-resistant varieties and scientific arrangement of sowing time are the key to the success or failure of summer sowing cultivation. Our county generally chooses the precocious and heat-resistant varieties imported from Japan, such as Goldman Sachs, Palu, Pearl Green, etc., and transplants to harvest within 55-65 days; the area with an altitude of 1000-1200 meters is sown from late June to mid-July, and the area with an altitude of 800-1000 meters is sown from mid-July to early August. In order to facilitate harvest and sales, it is best to sow seeds in stages and sow one period in 5-7 days. It will be harvested from late September to mid-November and strive to end the harvest before a large number of coastal products are put on the market, which will help to increase product prices and create better economic benefits.

Second, cultivate strong seedlings and transplant them at the right age.

The cultivation of broccoli in summer is in the high-temperature and rainy season, and the cultivation of strong seedlings is the key. The method of raising seedlings with nutrition bag or nutrient soil mass should be selected. The nutrient bag (or soil mass) is calculated on the basis of 3300 kilograms per 667m2 in the field, and its formula is 60000kg of fertile paddy soil, 30kg of grain hull ash, 80kg of fermented pig manure, 0.5kg of imported compound fertilizer (preferably N:P:K=21:6:13 's compound fertilizer containing potassium sulfate), 3kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus and 2kg of lime powder. The soil was disinfected with 450 times solution of 15% carbendazim (or pentachloronitrobenzene), stirred evenly, covered with plastic film and sealed for about 10 days. Before sowing, put a seedling bag of 8cm × 10cm into nutritious soil (or printed into a nutritious soil mass), then sow 1 seed for each soil bag (or soil mass), cover the seed with sifted fire and burn soil fertilizer, and build a greenhouse to cover it with a sunshade net with a sunshade rate of 65%. The management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened at the seedling stage, and the seedling age should be 25-30 days (4 leaves, 1 heart ~ 5 leaves and 1 heart).

Third, select land for deep ploughing and apply sufficient basic fertilizer

According to the growth characteristics of broccoli and its requirements for environmental conditions, paddy soil with an altitude of more than 800m, deep soil layer, high content of organic matter, good drainage and irrigation conditions, strong water and fertility conservation and moderate sand viscosity should be selected. Do not choose the former fields for planting cabbage. Most of the soils in southern mountainous areas are highly acidic. About one month before planting, 100kg / mu of lime powder should be applied, combined with deep turning and tanning, and the thickness of deep ploughing is between 30cm and 35cm. The whole layer of base fertilizer was applied 10-15 days before transplanting, with 1000-13000 kg of fermented pig manure and 120-200 kg of plant ash per mu, or 500-600 kg of imported ternary compound fertilizer containing potassium sulfate and 200-300 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Broccoli has a great demand for trace element boron, so no matter using chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, 2 kg of borax should be applied per mu to meet the needs of its growth and development.

IV. High border cultivation and reasonable close planting

Broccoli is a kind of crop that likes temperature and light but is afraid of heat, moisture and impregnation. In order to improve the utilization rate of light energy, increase soil permeability and improve the field microclimate, high border cultivation and reasonable close planting should be emphasized. Especially in the southern mountainous areas, the annual rainfall reaches 1800mm to 2000mm, so it is of special significance to adopt deep trench and high border cultivation. In general, the width of the border belt ditch is 1.1 to 1.2 meters, and the border height is 25 to 30 centimeters. The surrounding drainage ditch and the waist trench in the field are required to be 50 to 60 centimeters deep, so that the ditches communicate with each other and are easy to irrigate and drain. Goldman Sachs, Balu and Pearl Green are all early-maturing varieties of broccoli, which are conducive to close planting, with a general plant spacing of 50 cm to 60 cm and a row spacing of 35 cm to 40 cm, planting 2800 plants per mu. When transplanting seedlings with nutrition bags, we should carefully tear off the nutrition bags and adopt the method of transplanting shallow holes, which is 5cm deep and 8cm deep, so that the ventilation at the base of the stem is poor and it is easy to induce blight.

V. strengthening field management

1. Reasonable topdressing of broccoli should be carried out for 4 times. After transplanting, the fertilizer can be irrigated with 10%-15% rare manure and urine, and the second and third times are carried out at 15-18 days and 25-28 days after transplanting, respectively, with urea 5-6 kg per mu and potassium chloride 4 kg per mu. The fourth time was carried out 37-40 days after transplanting, when it had entered the rosette stage, which was about to show buds. It was necessary to re-apply budding fertilizer in time to promote the rapid growth of flower buds. 20 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer could be used per mu. Deep application was made at 15-20 cm from the base of the stem (it has been closed and inconvenient to be applied). After application, the soil was covered in time, and the soil was irrigated to make the fertilizer dissolve and absorb. In order to promote the robust growth of the plant and improve the rate of finished flower heads, foliar fertilizers such as double-effect micro-fertilizer, spray Shibao and plant power 2003 can be selected and sprayed once in seedling stage, vigorous growth stage and budding stage.

2. Scientifically irrigated broccoli should be watered to protect seedlings after transplanting, and sunshade should be covered if possible to improve the survival rate. The proper control of water after survival is beneficial to the deep root system. The water demand in the middle and later period of growth is large, and the water evaporates quickly in summer. In case of drought, water should be watered every evening, or horse race water should be irrigated once every 3 days to keep the soil moist, and the border should be covered with straw or weeds to reduce water evaporation. At the same time, typhoon rainstorm is frequent from July to September, so it is necessary to clear the ditch and drain in time to meet the requirement that there is no stagnant water in the ditch.

3. The broccoli should be ploughed for 1 or 2 times before the row closure. After the row closure, the broccoli should no longer be ploughed, but some weeds should be pulled out by hand. After typhoon and rainstorm, the soil should be loosened in time to prevent soil consolidation, increase soil permeability and promote root growth. Shallow hoe is the main method to loosen the soil, and be careful not to hoe the root system.

VI. Timely prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

1. Quenching disease and blight disease are the main diseases in seedling stage. 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc 500 times solution or 64% poison alum 500 times solution can be used to control the disease. The blight disease can be treated with 1200 times of 20% methyl trimethophos EC or 45 times of 15% chlorpromazine water, or 1000 times of 70% dimethazone.

2. Bacterial soft rot, black rot and black spot belong to bacterial diseases, which are also the main diseases in out-of-season cultivation, which should be controlled in time. The flower buds began to differentiate into the susceptible stage, and 75% agricultural streptomycin was sprayed with 1000 times of agricultural streptomycin at the initial stage of the disease. When the disease was serious, the above drugs were used alternately, sprayed once every 5-7 days, and used continuously for 2-3 times. The disease can be effectively controlled.

3. Pest control mainly includes aphids, Plutella xylostella, Plutella xylostella, Plutella xylostella and so on. We can choose biological pesticide Bt500~800 multiple solution (when the population density is high, a small amount of pyrethroid pesticides can be added, but can not be mixed with fungicides), or spray control with 1000 times of 40% Lexben, 2000 times of 2.5% cypermethrin EC, and 3000 times of 21% killing.