Planting techniques and key points of cultivation and management of cauliflower

Cauliflower is a perennial herb of the genus Hemerocallis in Liliaceae. it is cultivated in the north and south of China, mostly distributed in the south of Qinling Mountains, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jilin, Guangdong and Inner Mongolia grasslands. Qu County of Sichuan is called "the hometown of Chinese yellow flowers". Let's take a look at the planting techniques of cauliflower.

Growth habits of cauliflower

Cauliflower is barren, drought-tolerant, lax on soil, and can be cultivated either geographically or on hillsides. It can adapt to a wide range of light and can be intercropped with taller crops. The aboveground part is not resistant to cold, and the underground part is resistant to-10 ℃ low temperature. Avoid wet soil or stagnant water. The seedlings began to be unearthed when the average temperature was more than 5 ℃, and the optimum temperature for leaf growth was 15-20 ℃. Higher temperature was required at flowering stage, and 20-25 ℃ was suitable.

Cultivated varieties of cauliflower

1. Precocious type: the precocious type of cauliflower includes April flower, May flower, early morning flower, early tea mountain flower and so on.

2. Medium-mature type: the medium-mature type of cauliflower includes short arrow mid-term flower, high arrow mid-term flower, Mengzi flower, white flower, eggplant flower, oyster flower, long handle flower, black mouth flower and so on.

3. Late ripening type: the late ripening type of cauliflower includes inverted arrow flower, fine leaf flower, mid-autumn flower, big leaf flower and so on.

Propagation methods of cauliflower

1. Ramet: the ramet propagation of cauliflower is the most commonly used propagation method of cauliflower. One is to dig out all the mother clumps and replant them, and the other is to dig out part of the plants on one side of the mother clumps to make seedlings, leaving them to continue to grow. When digging and dividing seedlings, it is necessary to hurt the roots as little as possible, and then plant seedlings with digging and dividing seedlings.

2. Slicing: after the cauliflower is harvested, the root plant is dug up, and then separated according to the bud, remove the hairy leaves around the shortened stem, the dead leaves, then leave the leaf length of 3 to 5 cm, cut off the upper end, and then cut the rhizome longitudinally into two pieces from top to bottom with a knife, each seedling piece should be cut with seedling stem and whisker root at the bottom, and soak seeds with 1200 times solution of more than 50% carbendazim for 1 hour after cutting. After fishing out and drying, mix seeds with fine soil or plant ash mixed with loess to raise seedlings.

3. Cutting: after the harvest of cauliflower, the bracts are fresh green from the middle and upper parts of the flower, and the growing point under the bract is obvious. Cut it off about 15 cm above and below the growing point, and cut it into the soil in a slight arc, so that the upper and lower ends are buried in the soil, so that the part of the bract with growing point is exposed to the ground, slightly covered with fine soil protection, and can grow roots and buds after about 1 week. After 1 year of cultivation, there are 12 tillers per plant. At least 5 will blossom the following year.

4. Sowing: cauliflower was artificially pollinated 10-60 minutes after flowering. The fruit rate of the top branch and the second branch of the main inflorescence was the highest, and the fruiting rate of the first and second fruit nodes was the highest. For the first to the fourth branches, the buds on the first and second fruit nodes could be retained, and the buds on the first and second fruit nodes could be retained in the top branches of the main inflorescence, and the rest of the buds should be thinned to concentrate nutrients on the fruit and seeds.

Planting techniques of cauliflower

1. Reasonable close planting: close planting of cauliflower can give full play to population advantages, increase the number of tillers, bolting and buds, and achieve the purpose of increasing yield. Generally adopt wide and narrow row cultivation, wide row 60 cm 75 cm, narrow row 30 cm 45 cm, hole distance 9 cm 15 cm, planting 2 plants per hole, planting 45000 ~ 75000 plants per hectare, and the peak yield period reaches 1.5 million ~ 2.25 million plants / ha.

2. Appropriate deep planting: the root group of cauliflower grows from around the shortened stem, with one layer a year, and the root position moves up year by year from bottom to top, so proper deep planting is beneficial to plant survival and prosperity, and the suitable planting depth is 10-15 cm. Root water should be watered after planting, and the soil should always be kept moist before autumn seedlings grow, so as to facilitate the growth of new seedlings.

3. Cultivating soil in middle ploughing: cauliflower is a fleshy root system, which needs fertile and loose soil environmental conditions in order to be beneficial to the growth and development of the root group. During the growth period, intertillage should be carried out for 3 times according to the growth and soil consolidation, and the first time should be carried out when the seedlings are unearthed. The second to fourth times in the bolting stage combined with mid-tillage to cultivate the soil.

Fertilization management of cauliflower

1. Winter fertilizer: growth should be stopped in the upper part of cauliflower field, that is, autumn seedlings withered by frost or planted, mainly organic fertilizer, 30,000 kg / ha of high-quality farm manure and 750 kg / ha of calcium superphosphate.

2. Seedling fertilizer: seedling fertilizer is mainly used for seedling emergence and long leaves to promote the early growth and rapid development of leaves. Seedling fertilizer should be applied sooner rather than later, when cauliflower begins to sprout, calcium superphosphate 150 kg / ha and potassium sulfate 75 kg / ha.

3. Bolting fertilizer: cauliflower bolting period is an important period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, which requires more fertilizer, which should be applied at the beginning of bolting, urea 225 kg / ha, calcium superphosphate 150 kg / ha, potassium sulfate 75 kg / ha.

4. Bud fertilizer: Bud fertilizer can prevent cauliflower from getting rid of fertilizer and early senescence, increase bud rate, prolong picking period and increase yield. Urea 75 kg / ha should be applied within 7-10 days after picking. At the same time, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves every 7 days or so, 0.4% urea, 1-2% calcium superphosphate aqueous solution, and 15020 mg / kg 920 was sprayed once after 17: 00, which had obvious effect on strengthening buds and preventing bud removal.

Disease and pest control of cauliflower

1. Rust

[harm] Rust is mainly harmful to leaves and flower stems, the initial infection produces blister spots, and then breaks through the epidermis and breaks out the yellowish-brown powder, that is, the summer spores of the pathogen, sometimes many blister spots merge into one, the epidermis is covered with yellowish-brown powdery summer spores, the leaves are often greenish and yellowish, the whole leaves turn yellow, in serious cases, the whole plant leaves die, the flower stems become reddish brown, and the buds shrivel or fall off.

[prevention and control] rational fertilization and timely drainage after rain to prevent stagnant water in the field or excessive surface humidity. After harvest, bolting and cutting leaves are concentrated and burned, and the soil is turned over in time, and the soil is loosened and weeded in early spring. In the early stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 600 times, 75% chlorothalonil 600 times, 50% Dysen zinc 500 times or 40% Daoxianjing 600 times were sprayed every 7 to 10 days for 2 times.

2. Leaf blight

[harm] the leaf blight is mainly harmful to the leaves, the initial infection shows pale round spots from the leaf tip, and then the edge of the leaf gradually expands downward and becomes yellowish brown and dry, and black mildew occurs in the diseased part when the humidity is high. The mycelium of the pathogen overwintered in the soil with the disease residue, and the spores produced in the second year were transmitted and infected by wind and rain. Warm and rainy conditions are favorable for the occurrence of diseases, such as weak plant growth, over-dense planting, low-lying terrain, poor drainage and so on.

[prevention and control] the equivalent 0.5-0.6% Bordeaux solution or the 800-fold solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder is commonly used for foliar spray control. After the occurrence of the disease, it is sprayed once every 10 days, for a total of 2 times.

3. Leaf spot

[harm] Leaf spot is mainly harmful to leaves and bolts. The primary light yellow spot of the leaf, after expansion, showed an oval dark green spot, and finally developed into a fusiform or spindle-shaped spot, the edge was dark brown, the center changed from yellowish brown to grayish white, there was a yellow halo around the spot, and there was a pink mold layer on the back of the spot when the humidity was high. It is easy to break when it is dry, and the whole leaf turns yellow and withered when it is seriously ill. Flower bolts are susceptible, and the symptoms are similar to those of leaves. Sometimes multiple disease spots synthesize sunken disease areas more than 10 cm long, and there are often thick reddish mildew on the disease spots, which affect the growth and bud formation of flower bolts, while those with heavy ones break off and die.

[control] selection of disease-resistant varieties, reasonable fertilization to enhance plant disease resistance, timely removal of disease residues after picking, concentrated burning or deep burial. In the early stage of the disease, 1500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 40% polysulfide suspension or 36% methyl thiophanate suspension and 50% carbendazim wettable powder were sprayed every 7 to 10 days for 2 times.

4. Anthrax

[harm] anthracnose is mainly harmful leaves, from the leaf tip to dark green, and then dark yellow, and expand to the leaf base, the edge of the spot is brown, dense small black spots, and in severe cases, the leaves die. The pathogen overwintered on the diseased and disabled body and spread by Rain Water, which caused serious damage from May to June.

[prevention and treatment] in the early stage of the disease, spray 1purl 100 Bordeaux solution, 50% methyl topiramate or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 × 1000 times, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 × 800 times.

5. White silk disease

[harm] White silk disease is mainly at the base of leaf sheath near the ground, at the base of the whole plant or outer leaf, waterlogged brown disease begins to occur, then expands, slightly sunken, and the affected part is brown wet rot. A white silk-like substance is produced in the disease part, which spreads to the whole base, and even there is a white silk-like mildew layer in the nearby soil. When it is wet, it produces purple-yellow sclerotia, and then changes from tea-brown to black-brown, the size of rapeseed. The damaged leaves turned yellow and withered due to the obstruction of water and nutrient transport. The hyphae spread from the outer leaves to the inner leaves, and finally withered the whole plant.

[prevention and control] clear the garden after harvest to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria. In the early stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim 500 × 800 times or 70% topiramate 800 times 1000 times were sprayed every 7 to 10 days for 2 times.

6. Brown spot

[harm] Brown spot harms the leaves, the disease is initially watery, and then turns into a light yellow to yellowish brown spindle-shaped or long fusiform spot, with a very obvious reddish brown halo on the edge, and a dark green ring at the junction of the outer layer and the healthy part. The disease spot is slightly smaller than the leaf spot disease, generally 0.1 cm 0.2 cm × 0.5 cm 1.5 cm, sometimes the spot heals into an irregular shape, and in the later stage, there are dense small black spots in the center of the spot.

[prevention and treatment] at the initial stage of the disease, spray with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 800 × 800 liquid, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 × 800 liquid, 50% topiramate wettable powder 500 × 800 liquid.

7. Red Spider

[harm] Red spiders harm leaves, adults and nymphs gather on the back of leaves and suck plant sap. Grayish-white dots appeared at the victim site, and in severe cases, the whole leaf was gray-white, and finally withered.

[control] spray with 1500 times of 15% promethazine wettable powder or 73% of 2000 times of propargite.

8. Aphids

[harm] aphids mainly occur in May, first harm the leaves, gradually pierce and suck the juice on the flowers and buds, and the buds are thin and easy to fall off after being killed.

[prevention] spray with 1000-1500 times of Mala sulfur emulsion or dimethoate solution. Fresh chili pepper is ground and directly sprayed with water. Fresh cauliflower area, because fresh cauliflower is picked and sold directly every day, it is forbidden to use pesticide spraying to find aphids in flower buds, so biological control methods must be used.

How to plant cauliflower seeds? Seedling techniques and key points of planting and cultivation of cauliflower

Cauliflower is barren, drought-tolerant, lax in soil, and can be cultivated in geography or on hillsides. It can adapt to a wide range of light and can be intercropped with taller crops. It is cultivated all over the north and south of our country. Shaodong County and Qidong County are named as the origin of cauliflower. The most commonly used method of reproduction is ramet, but it can also be propagated with seeds. Let's take a look at how to grow cauliflower seeds.

Seed collection of cauliflower

The seeds of cauliflower should choose yellow flowers which are robust, disease-free and planted for 5-8 years. In the early flowering stage, 5-6 sturdy buds are left on each stalk not to be picked, so that they can bear fruit and remain as seeds. The rest of the buds continue to be picked and sold as commodities. The yellow flower used for seed collection was sprayed with 2000 times amino acid solution every 7-10 days and sprayed 2-3 times. When the fruit was ripe and slightly cracked at the top, it was taken off and threshed. The seeds should be kept in a ventilated and dry place.

Seedling raising techniques of cauliflower

Select sites such as sunny beds or greenhouses, use fertile vegetable garden soil as seedbeds, disinfect the soil, and soak the seeds in 25 ℃ warm water for 48 hours. When sowing, 200 kg of rotten and sifted organic fertilizer was applied to each border (1.50-7 m). After the border was leveled, the bottom water was poured. After the water seeped, the furrow spacing was 15 cm and the plant spacing was 3 cm. After sowing, the soil was covered with 2 cm soil. When the seedlings are raised in the sunny border, a small arch stalk cover film can be inserted on it. The temperature in the greenhouse can be maintained at 25 ℃ during the day and no less than 12-15 ℃ at night. The seedlings can emerge in one week. After emergence, the temperature in the greenhouse gradually decreases to adapt to the external climate and prevent the seedlings from overgrowing. In the seedling stage, the field management should be strengthened to keep the soil moist. Pay attention to disease prevention and pest control, more ploughing and spraying some foliar fertilizer to promote the growth and development of seedlings and cultivate large and strong seedlings for transplanting in the coming year.

Cultivation and management of cauliflower

1. Reasonable close planting: close planting of cauliflower can give full play to population advantages, increase the number of tillers, bolting and buds, and achieve the purpose of increasing yield. Generally adopt wide and narrow row cultivation, wide row 60 cm 75 cm, narrow row 30 cm 45 cm, hole distance 9 cm 15 cm, planting 2 plants per hole, planting 45000 ~ 75000 plants per hectare, and the peak yield period reaches 1.5 million ~ 2.25 million plants / ha.

2. Appropriate deep planting: the root group of cauliflower grows from around the shortened stem, with one layer a year, and the root position moves up year by year from bottom to top, so proper deep planting is beneficial to plant survival and prosperity, and the suitable planting depth is 10-15 cm. Root water should be watered after planting, and the soil should always be kept moist before autumn seedlings grow, so as to facilitate the growth of new seedlings.

3. Cultivating soil in middle ploughing: cauliflower is a fleshy root system, which needs fertile and loose soil environmental conditions in order to be beneficial to the growth and development of the root group. During the growth period, intertillage should be carried out for 3 times according to the growth and soil consolidation, and the first time should be carried out when the seedlings are unearthed. The second to fourth times in the bolting stage combined with mid-tillage to cultivate the soil.

4. Fertilization management: cauliflower requires sufficient winter fertilizer (base fertilizer), early seedling fertilizer, heavy bolting fertilizer and bud fertilizer.

① winter fertilizer should stop growing in the upper part of cauliflower field, that is, autumn seedlings withered by frost or when planting, mainly organic fertilizer, high-quality farm manure 30,000kg / ha, calcium superphosphate 750kg / ha.

② seedling fertilizer: seedling fertilizer is mainly used for seedling emergence and long leaves to promote the early growth and rapid development of leaves. Seedling fertilizer should be applied sooner rather than later. It should be topdressing at the beginning of cauliflower sprouting, calcium superphosphate 150kg / ha and potassium sulfate 75kg / ha.

③ bolting fertilizer: cauliflower bolting period is an important period from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, which requires more fertilizer, which should be applied at the beginning of bolting, urea 225kg / ha, calcium superphosphate 150kg / ha, potassium sulfate 75kg / ha.

④ bud fertilizer: Bud fertilizer can prevent cauliflower from getting rid of fertilizer and early senescence, increase bud rate, prolong picking period and increase yield. Urea 75 kg / ha should be applied within 7-10 days after picking. At the same time, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves every 7 days or so, 0.4% urea, 1-2% calcium superphosphate aqueous solution, and 15020 mg / kg 920 was sprayed once after 17: 00, which had obvious effect on strengthening buds and preventing bud removal.

Technical points of artificial cultivation of wild cauliflower

Wild cauliflower has high nutritional value, while living in anti-aging, brain-strengthening effect, so it is loved by consumers, because it is not cold-resistant, so the requirement for the planting environment is relatively mild.-10 ℃ is the lowest tolerance temperature in the underground part of wild cauliflower. Today, the editor mainly shares how to grow wild cauliflower artificially.

First, cultivate strong seedlings. The propagation of yellow flower can be done by means of ramet and seed propagation, and the commonly used method is ramet propagation, that is, the sturdy and disease-free plant clusters are selected first, and the 1-tiller plants of the clump are dug up before the flower buds are harvested and the autumn buds are produced. The tillers of the clump are used as seedlings, the roots are cut from the shortening stem, the senescent and tuberous fleshy roots are cut off, and the roots of the long strips are cut short.

Second, reasonable close planting. Close planting can give full play to population advantages, increase tillering, bolting and flower number, and increase unit yield. Can adopt wide narrow row cultivation, wide row 60-70 cm, narrow row 30-45 cm, hole distance 9-15 cm, 2-3 plants per hole, 3000-5000 plants per mu.

Third, fertilizer and water management. Wild cauliflower likes fertilizer, generally topdressing 3 times during the growth period, first, spring seedling fertilizer, from Frosts Descent to the following year Grain Rain, combined with barnyard manure or hole application of human feces and urine, or 15 kg of manure per mu, on a sunny day. The second is bolting fertilizer, which can be applied with compound fertilizer 20kg / mu or organic fertilizer 30-40kg per mu when the bolting is not coming out. Third, bolting fertilizer, combined with watering in the peak harvest period. Pour frozen water in time before freezing in winter to ensure the moisture needed for the development of winter buds and prevent freezing and protect seedlings. In the peak season of yellow flower growth and harvest, water should be watered frequently and thoroughly, while in the rainy season, attention should be paid to drainage to prevent stagnant water.

Fourth, measures to protect buds. The buds of yellow flowers are easy to fall off, so it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water.

Fifth, disease and pest control. The main diseases are leaf spot and rust. Leaf spot generally began to occur in mid-March, and the damage was serious in late May. Rust occurred in late April and was serious from June to July. Pests include red spiders, aphids and so on. Red spiders can be used to control mites, Yitaibao, aphids can be used to control aphids or Kung Fu EC and so on.

Sixth, harvest and postharvest management. The harvest season is mostly from June to late August, when the dew is dry in the morning, when the flower buds are full, the middle color is golden, the two ends are green, the top is multi-mouthed, and the sharp mouth seems to be open, the harvest quality is the best. Bolting and cutting leaves and clearing the garden in time after harvest can reduce nutrient loss and reduce the source of diseases and insect pests.