Introduction to planting time and Seedling-raising techniques of broccoli

Broccoli originates in the eastern coastal area of the Mediterranean. At present, it has been cultivated in both the south and the north of China. It has become one of the main daily vegetables with rich nutrients, including protein, sugar, fat, vitamins and carotene. It is known as the "vegetable crown" and has high planting prospects. Let's take a look at the planting time of broccoli.

Planting time of broccoli

The planting time of broccoli usually begins to sow in autumn, grows in winter, goes on the table normally after the Spring Festival, blossoms in spring to seed maturity in April and May, and seedlings in summer and autumn are raised in the high temperature season from August to October, when the temperature is generally above 25 ℃, sometimes 30-35 ℃, coupled with the harm of rainstorm and hail, so shade net is used to raise seedlings in the open field, and the seedling age is generally 35-40 days. Sowing or direct hole planting can be used, the average seedling stage is about 30 days, from planting to harvest 80-90 days, the winter is slightly stronger, the seedling stem diameter 10 mm can accept the effect of low temperature to complete the vernalization process.

The planting environment of broccoli

1. Illumination: broccoli does not have very strict requirements for light, but it likes sufficient light in the process of growth. When the light is sufficient, the plant grows healthily, which can form a strong nutrient, which is conducive to photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation, and makes the flower bulb compact and compact. Bright green color is good, too strong sunshine in midsummer is also not conducive to the growth and development of broccoli.

2. Temperature: in the range of 5-20 ℃, the higher the temperature is, the faster the growth and development of broccoli is. The optimum temperature for germination is 20-25 ℃, and the optimum temperature for growth at seedling stage is 15-20 ℃. It has strong cold and heat tolerance. The optimum temperature for growth at rosette stage is 20-22 ℃, and the suitable temperature for flower head development is 15-18 ℃. When the temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the quality of flower bulb is easy to deteriorate, but as long as it is not damaged by freezing. The flower bulb can grow slowly at the low temperature of 5 ℃ or below.

3. Moisture: broccoli needs more water in the whole growth process, especially in the period of vigorous leaf growth and flower head formation, even if it is short-term drought, it will reduce the yield. rainy or high soil moisture at seedling stage can easily cause diseases such as black rot and black spot, and the field moisture capacity of about 70-80% in the period of flower head formation can meet the growth needs.

4. Soil: broccoli is not strict on soil conditions, but if it is too barren, the plant will develop poorly, and the yield and quality will be low, while the over-fertile soil will lead to loose buds and hollow moss, so it is suitable to be planted on loam and sandy loam with good drainage and irrigation, deep plough layer, loose and fertile soil, strong water and conservation efforts, soil PH range of 5.5-8, but 6 is the best.

Seedling raising techniques of broccoli

1. Variety selection: broccoli belongs to cool vegetables. Choose varieties with strong plant growth, dark green buds, few burnt buds, curved flower balls, few lateral buds, small buds, large flower heads, disease resistance, heat resistance, cold tolerance and wide adaptability, such as Japanese excellent, dragon green, landscape, other varieties such as Yuguan, Oriental Lubao, Wanlu, Lvxiu, etc., or select all kinds of high-quality varieties according to market demand. However, it must meet the national second-class seed standard before it can be used.

2. Sowing time: double mulching cultivation in autumn is sown in early July, overwintering cultivation in solar greenhouse is sown from late July to August, early spring cultivation in solar greenhouse is sown from early September to early October, early spring cultivation in plastic greenhouse and small arch greenhouse is sown in November, spring plastic film cultivation is sown in January.

3. Seed treatment

Soak the seeds in ①: soak the seeds in warm water of 33 ℃ for 15 minutes, stir constantly, stop when the water temperature drops to 20 ℃, soak in warm water for another 4 hours, rinse with clean water and then sprout.

② germination: the soaked seeds are wrapped in wet cotton gauze and germinated at a temperature of 30 ℃. Rinse with clean water once a day and sow when 60% of the seeds are white.

4. Raising seedlings in the field

① nursery bed selection: the seedling stage of broccoli is short, and the seedbed is selected in the fields with high terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, soil rich in organic matter, no cruciferous vegetables or previous rice within two years, and the direction of the seedbed should be north-south.

② apply sufficient basic fertilizer: turn deeply 15-20 days before sowing, 7-10 days before sowing, apply 15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer plus 5 kg of superphosphate per mu or pour 2500 kg of rotten human feces and urine to ensure the full supply of nutrients at seedling stage. Dig and rake the land to make a seeding bed about 1.2m wide, and the ratio of seedling field is 1:20-30.

③ dressing and sowing: before sowing, the seedling bed was watered once, and 1000 times phoxim and other chemicals were applied to prevent underground pests. When sowing, mix the treated seeds with appropriate amount of sand and spread them evenly in the seedbed, suppress them with a shovel after sowing, and then sprinkle a layer of medicinal soil mixed with 0.1% carbendazim and dimethazone.

④ sunshade and heat preservation: after laying a layer of sunshade net in summer nursery bed, set up a small arch shed, then cover a layer of sunshade net, carry out double-layer sunshade, moisturizing and cooling seedlings, and use a layer of plastic film and a layer of greenhouse film in winter and spring to cover and keep warm seedlings.

5. Nutrient solution seedling raising: nutrient solution seedling raising is a better way of raising seedlings at present, which has the characteristics of low cost, convenient management, high seedling rate and centralized seedling supply, so it is welcomed by production and processing enterprises.

① matrix: vermiculite 25%, peat 65%, perlite 10%.

② matrix stack disinfection: after fully mixing all raw materials, use 50-100x formalin (40% formaldehyde), spray evenly on the matrix, then cover tightly with plastic film, after sealing for 4-5 days, uncover the film, ventilate and change the nutrient soil, so that formaldehyde can be volatilized out after 2 weeks, and need to adjust the ph of the matrix to 6.5-7, adjust the acid with lime, and neutralize the alkali with dilute hydrochloric acid.

③ sowing: fill the hole plate with substrate and pour water thoroughly, then dig the seeding hole with a special burrowing machine, sow the seeds into the sowing hole with the seeder and cover the substrate.

How to raise broccoli seedlings? Seedling raising techniques of broccoli

Broccoli is a very popular vegetable. In the process of broccoli cultivation, raising seedlings is the basis of broccoli cultivation, which is directly related to the yield and quality of broccoli. How do you raise broccoli? Next, I would like to introduce the breeding techniques of broccoli.

Environmental requirements for the growth and development of broccoli seedlings

The growth and development of broccoli seedlings includes three stages: germination stage, basic vegetative growth stage and rapid seedling growth stage. Broccoli is a semi-cold-tolerant vegetable. The lowest temperature for germination is 3 ℃, the optimum temperature is 20-25 ℃, the highest temperature is 35 ℃, the suitable temperature for plant growth is 20-22 ℃, and the corm will suffer frost injury at the low temperature of-5-3 ℃. The requirement of low temperature for flower bud differentiation is not strict. Early maturing varieties can differentiate through flower bud as long as the average temperature is below 20 ℃, but they will form small florets at low temperature at seedling stage, which will lose their commodity and reduce yield, and the temperature below 8 ℃ will grow slowly.

The flower bud differentiation of middle and late mature varieties requires a low temperature, so it can not be cultivated in the high temperature season, otherwise it will form leaf cuttings, hairy flower heads and burnt buds. Therefore, the sowing date of broccoli is more strict. Broccoli requires plenty of light, but it is not strict about the length of sunshine. Its nature likes wetting, but it is not resistant to drought and waterlogging, and has strict requirements for water, especially in the seedling stage, drought and waterlogging prevention is the focus of seedling stage management. It is required that the soil of the seedbed is loose, fertile and has good water retention and permeability.

Breeding methods of broccoli

The seedling raising mode of broccoli is related to its variety characteristics and stubble arrangement. The eastern coast of Zhejiang Province generally uses open-field sowing plus sunshade net to cover temperature and agricultural film to cover rain-proof seedlings.

Strong seedling standard of broccoli

The seedling age is 30-35 days, the leaf age is 5-6 true leaves, the growth is robust, there are no diseases and insect pests, the stem is stout, the internodes are short, the leaves are large and thick, the leaf color is normal, the root system is well developed, and the plant grows neatly.

Preparation of broccoli seedbed

1. Nursery bed selection: broccoli seedlings should choose fields with high dry terrain, good drainage, ventilation and light, loose soil rich in organic matter, and fields that have not planted cruciferous vegetables in the past two years as seedbeds. To raise seedlings, it is required to keep enough seedbeds at 1:20. The seedbed was ploughed and turned over the soil one week before sowing, and the high-efficiency compound fertilizer 25kg was applied every 667m2, and the seedbed was 2m wide, 40-50cm wide, 15-20cm high, deep ditch high, and the seedbed finishing was required to be thick and loose, and the border surface was fine, flat and smooth.

two。 Seedbed disinfection: broccoli seedlings for export should strictly follow the national operating rules for pollution-free production of vegetables. The seedbed disinfection should be carried out by spraying the seedbed before sowing with 500 times solution of 25% Reddomir and 40.7% Lesbon 800 times liquid to sterilize and kill underground pests.

3. Chemical weeding before sowing: in order to reduce the damage of weeds during seedling cultivation and reduce the production cost of seedlings, we can choose Duer, a dry land herbicide with good safety and broad herbicide spectrum, with a dosage of 70% EC 20mL and water 15kg to spray the border surface before sowing and water the seedling bed.

4. Pre-sowing soil moisture regulation: broccoli seedlings in the completion of the above work, we must adjust the seedbed soil moisture, too little soil moisture, affecting seed sprouting; too high humidity will cause soil airtight rotten seeds. Therefore, the principle of water control before broccoli sowing is that the surface of the border is wet and the ditch is permeable, which can not only reduce the porosity between the soil and prevent the seed from sinking and affecting the emergence of broccoli, but also the practice has proved that the degree of soil dryness and humidity is directly related to the quality of seedling emergence.

The sowing of broccoli

1. Determine the reasonable sowing date: the main basis for determining the sowing date is the variety characteristics, weather conditions and cultivation purpose. The sowing time of extra-precocious varieties such as Lvfeng and Qingfeng cultivated along the eastern coast of Zhejiang Province is from mid-July to mid-August, and the sowing date of early-maturing varieties such as excellent varieties such as early and mid-August; the sowing date of mid-maturing varieties such as Green Belt and Marathon is from late August to early September, and the sowing date of late-maturing varieties such as Rumei Lu90 and Fuxing is from mid-September to early October.

two。 Determine the reasonable sowing rate: the seeds of broccoli are small. In order to ensure the number of seedlings used in the field and make the seedlings have sufficient growth space, the amount of seeds in the field must be calculated scientifically. The calculation formula is as follows: seed dosage (667 square meters) = [number of seedlings / 667 square meters × (1 + safety factor)] × 1000-grain weight / germination rate. The germination rate of qualified seeds is more than 85%, and the safety factor of seedlings is 80%. At present, the 1000-grain weight of the main varieties is 3.17g, 3.6g, 5.56g, 2.96g and 3.94g, respectively. It is calculated that the amount of seed used in the field of 667 square meters is excellent 12g, green belt 15g, plum green 90 20g, super force 12g, Fuxing 15g.

3. Sowing: the sowing must be uniform, and the method of fine sand mixed with dry seeds is often used to sow broccoli seeds evenly on the arranged seedbed. The sowing time should be sunny evening or cloudy day. Generally, broccoli seeds should not be covered with fine soil after sowing, but should be closely contacted with fine sprinkler after sowing, and then cover the border with 2-3 layers of sunshade net to cool and moisturize.

Seedbed management of broccoli

1. Nursery bed management: the most important nursery technology of broccoli is seedbed management. Broccoli sprouting requires 2-3 days and nights from sowing to seedling emergence, and the time is short, but the management requirements are high, and emphasis should be placed on observation. starting from the overall environmental conditions at the seedling stage, pay attention to the regulation of temperature and moisture these two main factors.

The whole germination period must be observed in the field three times a day in the morning, afternoon and evening to observe the seed germination, the dryness and humidity of the border soil, the intensity of sunshine or the field drainage on rainy days. Under the condition of sunny day and high temperature from July to September, the germination stage mainly depends on watering to adjust the soil temperature to keep the soil temperature at the suitable temperature of 25-30 ℃ to facilitate normal seedling emergence. Watering can be carried out before noon and in the evening to avoid overcast and rainy weather after watering. During this period, the border was covered with a sunshade net for 2-3 days and nights to cool down and prevent rain. When the two cotyledons turned green after emergence, the sunshade net was removed in time.

two。 The management of the basic vegetative period of seedlings: the basic vegetative stage of broccoli seedlings is from cotyledons turning green to 2 leaves and 1 heart. After the cotyledons of broccoli seedlings expand and turn green, they enter an independent autotrophic stage. If the root growth and absorption are poor, or the temperature in the seedling bed is too high, it is easy to make the seedlings grow poorly. With the growth and expansion of true leaves and the expansion of leaf area, the function of cotyledons gradually lost after 2 leaves and 1 heart stage. The management of this period is the key to the cultivation of strong seedlings. In management, we should mainly do a good job in these aspects: first, set up a small arch shed and cover the sunshade net in time. Cover the sunny day from 8 am to 4 pm to cool down, remove the sunshade net the rest of the time, do not cover the net in cloudy days and light rain, and cover the net intermittently for 1 week.

The second is to strengthen water management. Clear the ditch and drain in time after rain to ensure that there is no stagnant water in the field; on a sunny day, the soil surface is watered in time to preserve soil moisture. The third is to prevent typhoons and rainstorms. Pay close attention to the forecast of typhoon, rainstorm and other bad weather, take various disaster prevention measures before typhoon and rainstorm, cover the agricultural film on the small arch shed, roll up the agricultural film every 2m to form a vent for ventilation and reduce humidity, press the film with the pile head between every two arch bars, cover the sunshade net on the top of the agricultural film and tighten it with nylon rope or pressing film line with the pile head.

Facilities such as agricultural film and sunshade net should be removed in time after typhoon and rainstorm to prevent seedlings from overgrowing. Fourth, strengthen the prevention of diseases and insect pests. From emergence to 1 leaf and 1 heart stage, use 40.7% Lesben 800-fold solution plus 3% Jinggangmycin 500-fold solution to prevent ape leaf insect damage and prevent the occurrence of blight and sudden fall disease. In 2 leaves and 1 heart stage, 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution and 3% Jinggangmycin 500 times solution were used to prevent bacterial blight and sudden collapse.

Rapid seedling growth period management: the seedling enters the rapid growth period after the 2-leaf and 1-heart stage, and 90% of the seedling growth is formed in this period. At this time, the temperature is still high, and the root system forms and grows very fast. in order to cultivate strong seedlings, the management of this period should be mainly controlled.

In terms of management, we should mainly do a good job in these aspects: first, we should continue to do a good job in preventing typhoons and rainstorms, with reference to the basic vegetative growth period of seedlings.

The second is to continue to do a good job of water management that can see dry and wet, preferring dry to wet.

The third is to do a good job in the inter-seedling work at the two-leaf and one-heart stage, so that the growth space of seedlings in the seedling bed can reach a uniform level of 10 square centimeters per plant, and ensure that the number of seedlings of 667 square meters will reach 50,000.

Fourth, fertilization is controlled during the whole seedling growth period, but a small amount of urea can be applied to weak seedlings to promote balance. Fifth, to strengthen the prevention and control of insect pests, 5% fipronil 1500 times solution can be used to control Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae and Chilo suppressalis, 20% rice full 1000 times solution plus 10% cypermethrin 1500 times solution to control beet armyworm and Spodoptera litura. 10% imidacloprid 3000 times solution was used to control aphids.

The above is the broccoli seedling technology Daquan, broccoli planting friends, you can refer to the above methods, combined with the actual planting conditions, scientific breeding.

How to raise broccoli seedlings? Seedling raising techniques of broccoli

Broccoli is one of the most common vegetables planted in recent years, which has high economic value. In the process of broccoli planting, in order to ensure the yield and benefit of broccoli planting, it is the foundation to do a good job of raising broccoli seedlings. So, how do you raise broccoli? The breeding techniques of broccoli are introduced as follows.

Picture: broccoli

I. Variety selection

Broccoli belongs to vegetables that like cold and cool. Choose varieties with strong plant growth, dark green buds, few burnt buds, round flower balls, few lateral buds, small buds, large flower heads, disease resistance and heat resistance, cold tolerance and wide adaptability. such as Japanese excellent, dragon green, landscape, other varieties such as Yuguan, Oriental Lubao, Wanlu, Lvxiu or according to market demand to select all kinds of high-quality varieties, but must meet the national second-class seed standards before use.

Second, sowing time

The double mulching cultivation in autumn was sown in early July, the overwintering cultivation in solar greenhouse was sown from late July to August, the early spring cultivation in solar greenhouse was sown from early September to early October, and the early spring cultivation in plastic greenhouse and small arch greenhouse was sown in November. Spring plastic film cultivation sowed in January.

Picture: broccoli

3. Seed treatment

1. Soaking seeds: soak the seeds in warm water of 33 ℃ for 15 minutes, stir constantly, stop when the water temperature drops to 20 ℃, soak in warm water for another 4 hours, rinse with clean water and then sprout.

two。 Budding: the soaked seeds are wrapped in wet cotton gauze and germinated at a temperature of 30 ℃. Rinse with clean water once a day and sow when 60% of the seeds are white.

Picture: broccoli

IV. Raising seedlings in the field

1. Selection of seedling bed: the seedling stage of broccoli is relatively short, and the seedling bed is selected in the fields with high terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, soil rich in organic matter, no cruciferous vegetables or rice in the past two years, and the direction of the seedling bed should be north-south.

two。 Apply sufficient basic fertilizer: turn deeply 15-20 days before sowing, 7-10 days before sowing, apply 15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer plus 5 kg of superphosphate per mu or pour 2500 kg of rotten acquaintance feces and urine to ensure the full supply of nutrients at seedling stage, dig and rake the land, and make a seeding bed about 1.2m wide, the ratio of seedling field is 1:20-30.

3. Dressing and sowing: before sowing, the seedling bed is watered once, and 1000 times phoxim and other chemicals are applied to prevent underground pests. When sowing, mix the treated seeds with appropriate amount of sand and spread them evenly in the seedbed. After sowing, they are suppressed with a shovel, and then sprinkle a layer of medicinal soil mixed with 0.1% carbendazim and dimethazone.

4. Sunshade and heat preservation: after laying a layer of sunshade net in summer, set up a small arch shed, then cover a layer of sunshade net, carry out double-layer sunshade, moisturizing and cooling seedlings, and use a layer of plastic film and a layer of greenhouse film in winter and spring to cover and raise seedlings.

Picture: broccoli

5. Raising seedlings with nutrient solution

Raising seedlings with nutrient solution is a better way of raising seedlings at present, which is welcomed by production and processing enterprises because of its low cost, convenient management, high seedling rate, centralized seedling supply and so on.

1. Matrix: vermiculite 25%, peat 65%, perlite 10%.

two。 Matrix stack disinfection: after fully mixing all raw materials, use 50-100x formalin (40% formaldehyde), spray evenly on the substrate, then cover tightly with plastic film, after sealing for 4-5 days, uncover the film for ventilation, and turn over the nutrient soil, so that formaldehyde can be volatilized out after 2 weeks, and need to adjust the ph of the matrix to 6.5-7, excessive acid can be adjusted with lime, and excessive alkali can be neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Picture: broccoli

3. Sowing: fill the hole plate with matrix and pour water thoroughly, then dig the sowing hole with a special burrowing machine, sow the seeds into the sowing hole with the seeder and cover the substrate.

[conclusion] broccoli is a cold-tolerant vegetable, and it is the key to master the temperature of its germination when raising seedlings. The above introduces the breeding technology of broccoli, hoping to help you!