Planting methods and cultivation techniques of seven-leaf trees (picture)

Leaf trees, also known as clover, clover, Tianshi chestnut, pistachio, monkey chestnut, etc., are deciduous trees of the family Aesculaceae. The seeds are edible, but they taste bitter and astringent and need to be boiled in alkaline water before they can be eaten, such as chestnut, starch can also be extracted, fine wood can be used to make a variety of utensils, seeds can be used as medicine, oil can be pressed to make soap, let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of the seven-leaf tree!

Growth habit of Aesculus chinensis

The seven-leaf tree is cultivated in the Yellow River basin and the eastern provinces of China, only wild in the Qinling Mountains, naturally distributed in the mountains below 700 meters above sea level, and is an excellent street tree and garden tree in the Yellow River basin. Like light, slightly resistant to shade, like warm climate, can also withstand cold, like deep, fertile, moist and well-drained soil. It has deep roots, strong sprouting power, moderate and slow growth rate, long life span, and leaves are prone to sunburn in hot summer.

Sowing and propagation of seven-leaf tree

1. Seed collection: the outer skin of the fruit of the seven-leaf tree changes from green to brown in mid-autumn, and individual fruits can be collected when they are cracked. The fruit was dried in the shade after collection, peeled off after natural cracking, and finally selected a large, full, bright color, no diseases and insect pests, no mechanical damage seed, the selected pure seeds were mixed with wet sand according to the proportion of 1 ∶ 3, and then stored in the soil pit with good wet drainage by wet reservoir stratification method, and left ventilation holes.

2. Nursery site preparation: select neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam with deep and fertile soil layer and good drainage as seedling creeping ground, turn deeply two or three months before sowing, remove impurities and air moisture, and carefully prepare the ground before sowing to make the ground flat and uniform in thickness. The rotting fermented cow and horse manure was applied as base fertilizer at the dosage of 2500 kg / mu, and then the soil was disinfected with pentachloronitrobenzene.

3. Sowing method: generally use spring sowing, carried out in late March, strip-on-demand sowing, plant row spacing is 20 cm × 25 cm, depth is 3 cm to 4 cm, seed navel is down when sowing, soil cover is 4 cm, cover soil and border surface are flat, tread gently with foot, sowing rate is 150 kg / mu.

4. Post-sowing management: the soil should be kept moist before germination and unearthed a month later. Weeding should be done in time to ensure that there are no weeds in the seedling field. When the seedling height is 25 cm, loosen the soil, weed, and grow seedlings in cloudy and rainy days. Seedling growth period, but also often keep the nursery moist, from the seedlings unearthed to the first ten days of June is the high growth period of the seven-leaf tree, it is necessary to increase the amount of water. The period from July to August is the Lignification period of seven-leaf seedlings, so the amount of water should be reduced to promote the growth and Lignification of seedlings.

Cultivation techniques of Aesculus chinensis

1. Planting pit: the main root of the seven-leaf tree is deep, but the lateral root is few, so it is a tree species that is not tolerant to transplant, so it must take soil ball when transplanting, and the diameter of the soil ball is 6 to 8 times of the DBH of the tree. When planting a seven-leaf tree, its leaves should fall behind before it sprouts in early spring or at the end of autumn. In order to improve the survival rate of planting, the planting pit should be dug as large as possible before planting, which is beneficial to the growth of plants. When planting, should be careful not to be too deep, too deep can easily lead to stuffy buds, generally speaking, the planting depth can be slightly higher than 3 cm to 5 cm of the upper epidermis of the soil ball, and the backfill should be layered and solid when planting.

2. Watering: immediately after planting, water should be watered twice after a week, and then watered three times in about 10 days. After the three water can be watered according to soil moisture, generally can be watered once a month, July and August is a period of abundant precipitation, can be less watering or no watering, September and October can each be watered once, and fully watered at the end of November or early December. In the early spring of the following year, thawing water should be fully watered. April and May are the dry period in spring, the spring monsoon lasts for a long time, and the wind is strong, and the transpiration of the plant is larger, so the watering frequency can be increased, which can be watered once every 15 days, and then watered once a month.

3. Fertilization: seven-leaf trees like fertilizer, so sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before planting, and it is appropriate to use farm manure such as cow and horse manure and rotten leaf fertilizer. Although these fertilizers are small, they are soft and good for improving the looseness of the soil. The base fertilizer should be fully mixed with the planted soil. Sufficient fertilizer can accelerate its growth rate and improve the plant's resistance to diseases and insect pests. In addition to applying base fertilizer during planting, fertilizers should also be applied throughout the growing period, including some large street trees.

4. Pruning: the reshaping and pruning of the seven-leaf tree should be carried out every year after falling leaves in winter or before germination in the following spring. Because the crown of the seven-leaf tree is a natural round head shape, it is better to maintain the original crown shape. Shaping and pruning is mainly based on the principle of keeping the crown beautiful, ventilated and transparent, thinning the overdense branches and truncating the overlong branches to make the branches distribute evenly and grow healthily. It is also necessary to cut off dry and withered branches, disease and insect branches, inner bore branches, slender branches and poor growth branches, which is conducive to the concentrated supply of nutrients and form a good crown.

Propagation methods and cultivation Management of Aesculus chinensis

The seven-leaf tree, also known as the shuttle tree, has beautiful leaves and a tall and majestic body. when it blossoms, the huge inflorescence stands erect in the leaves, which is a spectacle and is a world-famous ornamental tree.

1. Methods of reproduction

First of all, choose the flat land, and then apply sufficient base fertilizer. The base fertilizer used can be soil fertilizer or chicken manure (3000-5000 kg per mu of soil fertilizer and 2-5 square meters of chicken manure per mu). Then arrange the ridges according to the width of 1.6-1.8 meters, rake flat and prepare for sowing. The width of the border is 1.3-1.5 meters. As the Buckeye seedlings are shade-tolerant and vulnerable to sunburn, it is best to plant large seedlings of other tree species along the border to protect the shade from the side light.

Mainly by sowing and propagation, it is difficult to maintain the vitality of the seeds. Due to the high water content in the seeds, such as peel dry storage, the germination ability is lost before 1 month. Therefore, the seedlings should be sowed immediately after harvest in early September, the soil yield of the seedlings is weak, the sowing cover should not be too deep, germinate 25-30 days after sowing, and the seedling stage should be shaded properly. Before sowing, the seeds should be treated simply. The method is to soak the seeds with a mixture of carbendazim and phoxim. The preparation method of the mixture is as follows: 50% of carbendazim and phoxim are added with water in the ratio of 1 to 500, and 50% of phoxim is added to water in the ratio of 300 to 500, and then the two are mixed to make a disinfectant. The soaking time is 3-5 minutes, which can kill the virus and prevent underground pests.

In a semi-airtight state, it was stored in peat for half a year and maintained 100% vitality. The collected seeds were stacked in a cool and ventilated place to facilitate post-ripening and coloring, and play a certain role in rotting the outer seed coat. Stack thickness not more than 20 cm, turn over and check once a day to avoid mildew. After stacking for 3 to 4 days, the outer seed coat was rubbed, graded, and inferior and inferior seeds were selected.

2. Storage method

The indoor sand storage method is generally adopted. Sand storage can be divided into mixed sand storage and stratified sand storage, and sometimes layered sand storage will become mixed sand storage due to turning inspection, so only the method of mixed sand storage is introduced. First of all, we should choose fine sand, the water content should be controlled at 2% to 4%, the indoor air humidity should be kept at 85% to 90%, and the amount of sand should be about 2 times that of seeds. Mix the sand and seeds well and store them on the ground. be careful not to pile them on cement or poorly breathable ground. If placed in a place with poor air permeability, it is very easy to cause "self-tide" or "self-heating" phenomenon of seeds, further promote respiration, and eventually lead to alcoholism and death of seeds. Spread a layer of fine sand 10 centimeters thick on the soil floor, and then spread the seeds evenly. After all stacking, cover with a layer of sand 4 to 6 centimeters thick. In the process of seed storage, it is necessary to check regularly, ventilate and keep the indoor temperature suitable. If the sand is a little dry, spray a small amount of water to keep the humidity. After sand storage, the seeds of Aesculus chinensis are conducive to germination, and the seedlings emerge neatly and have strong stress resistance after sowing.

When sowing, each border excavates four sowing ditches with a depth of 5 centimeters. When sowing, it must be noted that the hilum of the seed should be facing down, which is conducive to the rooting and germination of the seed, and the plant distance of 20 cm is more appropriate when sowing. The next step is to cover the soil with a depth of 5 centimeters. after the covering is finished, water should be watered again. When the ground is dry enough to stand, cover the grass 10 centimeters thick for heat preservation and moisturizing, which is necessary for seed growth and safe overwintering of seedlings. From late autumn to the following spring, seeds will take root and sprout one after another. Cover grass can be removed in mid-February, at this time to pay attention to the seedlings have been drilled out of the ground, do not break the buds. Because the ability of the top soil of the seedling of the seven-leaf tree is weak, therefore, after removing the cover grass, it is necessary to keep the soil moist to facilitate the emergence of the seedlings. Under general management, the height of the seedlings can reach 50 cm in the same year, and then replanted in the next spring, and then planted every other year, which can be cultivated for 5-6 years for greening. Transplanting after defoliation in late autumn to sprouting in the following spring must be carried out with mud balls and dried with grass rope after planting to prevent bark from burning and cracking.

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Cultivation techniques of Aesculus chinensis

The seven-leaf tree is a deciduous tree of the family Aesculaceae, also known as Saha. Its trunk is straight, the crown is open, and the palmately compound leaves are strange and beautiful. The scarlet new leaves in early spring are very delicate and beautiful, and the leaves are red and beautiful in autumn. The seven-leaf tree is one of the four famous street trees in the world (the other three are Platanus, elm and Linden). It is widely planted in Western Europe, Japan and other cities. In our country, it is often planted alone or in front of buildings and between sparse forests. Its seeds have the effect of rational qi width. This tree species has important ornamental value and medicinal value. There are a large number of Aesculaceae species in China, which are widely distributed, but most of them are still in the stage of not being properly managed and utilized. In Funiu mountain area, most of the seven-leaf trees are wild and sporadic. In recent years, Xixia County has set up an experimental cultivation garden of Aesculus chinensis in Shimen Village and Yangtian Village of Miping Town in the hinterland of Funiu Mountain. The cultivation observation experiment of this tree species has been carried out and certain results have been obtained, which provides a basis for the cultivation of Aesculus chinensis in Funiu Mountain area. The cultivation techniques of Aesculus chinensis are summarized as follows.

1 Botanical and biological characteristics

1.1Botanical characteristics: the seven-leaf tree is a deciduous tree with a height of 26m, a diameter of 140cm at breast height and a large spherical crown. Palmately compound leaves opposite, petiole 6~10cm, leaflets 5-7, adult trees mainly 7, long oblanceolate or rectangular round, long 9~16cm, wide 3~55cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin serrulate, leaf surface bright green, petiolule about 0.5cm, dorsal base sparsely pilose when young. Panicles inserted at the top of branches, with total pedicels long 17~25cm, bisexual flowers often grow at the base of inflorescences and can bear fruit; flowers white, calyx 4-toothed, petals 4-5, long 8~10mm, stamens 5-9; ovary superior, 3-loculed. Capsule globose, apex flattened, slightly concave, 3~4cm in diameter, brownish yellow, dried fruit shell thick 5mm. The seed is nearly spherical, 2~3cm in diameter, and the hilum is broad and obvious, accounting for about 1 × 3 of the globular surface area of the seed, and its shape and color are like Chinese chestnut.

1.2 Biological characteristics: the seven-leaf tree is a deep-rooted tree species, which likes light, is slightly tolerant to shade and is afraid of direct sunlight. Like mild winter, cool and humid summer climate, cold-resistant, fertile and humid soil with good drainage. The adaptability is weak, the growth is poor in barren and stagnant land, and it is easy to be damaged by sunburn in the hot sun. Not resistant to dry and hot climate, slightly resistant to water and humidity. It grows better in the area with suitable conditions, but the growth of young plants is slow, and the height of 4 ~ 6-year-old seedlings is about 3m. The growth of 6-year-old 8-year-old trees accelerated, 25-year-old 30-year-old trees grew slowly, and some plants showed withered shoots. An ancient Buckeye tree from Shimen Village, Miping Town, is about 500 years old, with a height of about 30m and a DBH of 135cm.

2. Garden selection: 2 experimental bases and 6 experimental gardens were established in Yangtian Village and Shimen Village, Miping Town, Xixia County. The land with an altitude of about 800m, slope below 250m and good drainage was selected. The thickness of the soil layer was greater than that of 40cm, and the soil was loose, moist and fertile sandy loam or humus. There is no pollution source nearby, which meets the requirements of environmental conditions for the cultivation of seven-leaf trees.

2.2 sowing: select the local 15-year-old 30-year-old seven-leaf tree with strong growth, free of diseases and insect pests, high and stable fruit yield as the mother tree, harvest in late September when the fruit is ripe, dry, remove the fruit shell, hide in the shady place, and often check to prevent mildew. The seed emergence rate is 50%-60%, the 1000-grain weight is 12000-16000g, and there are 6080 seeds per kilogram. The germination rate is 50%-70%. It will be on demand from February to March the following year. The spacing between plant and row is 12 × 13cm. When sowing, seed navel down, covered with soil 3~4cm, do not irrigate before emergence, so as to avoid topsoil consolidation. The seedbed should be covered with grass to moisturize, sprout and emerge one after another from the end of autumn to the following spring. At this time, measures should be taken to keep the seedlings warm and cold. The seedling rate of sowing and raising seedlings is about 50%. Generally, spring sowing seedlings emerge at the beginning of April, and the initial growth is very rapid, in which the plant height growth accounts for 70% of the annual growth in April, the plant height growth decreases sharply after May, and the plant height growth is terminated in July. The radial growth can continue until the end of August to the beginning of September. The height growth period of seedlings in the whole year is about 100 days, and the radial growth period is 140 days. The seedlings like to be wet and afraid of the scorching sun. In order to strengthen the early management of seedlings, proper shading and irrigation should be used in the period of high temperature and drought. Generally, the seedling height 35~55cm and root diameter 8~12cm in the same year can be transplanted out of the nursery. Growth, period should loosen the soil, weeding and topdressing, cut off thin, weak and long branches, compost rotten during the dormant period of fallen leaves, and turn the garden deeply. After planting, transplanting and cultivating, the seedlings grow into large seedlings for greening and beautification.

2.3 planting

2.3.1 soil preparation: horizontal step preparation is adopted: it is suitable for slopes with thicker soil layer and 6 °to 25 °. The belt spacing depends on the mountain, generally 3cm 4m, terrace width 1m 1.5m, outer high and low inside, internal drainage ditch, outer soil ridge, unlimited length, built along the contour line. The 30cm depth of the soil was fully turned over on the terrace, and the planting holes were dug according to the plant and row spacing of 2 × 4 m, the length, width and depth of each 60~80cm, topsoil and soil mixed dung were filled into the bottom of the hole, and the core soil was used to fill the surface of the hole and build soil ridges.

2.3.2 Seedling planting: plant, row spacing 2 × 4m, 84 plants per mu (667 square meters). It is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer when planting, and to plant when the soil is wet in winter or early spring, the planting depth should be flush between the root neck of the seedling and the ground, and the soil should be higher than the ground 4~6cm. The soil should be loosened and weeded frequently within 2 years after planting, and the ring trench should be dug in the rhizosphere in April and topdressing once. Attention should be paid to irrigation during drought, and crops such as peanuts and soybeans can also be planted with ploughing instead of caressing.

3 soil, fertilizer and water management 3.1 soil management: soil is the basis of tree growth. Good soil and seedlings grow vigorously; poor soil can also reach the standard of high quality through improvement. From the two experimental forests, when planting seedlings, applying more organic fertilizer in the planting hole is the key measure to obtain high yield and high quality. It can improve soil, absorb water and preserve fertilizer, improve air permeability, and make forest roots grow vigorously. Every year, we should dig deep into the woodland regularly, which can ripen the soil, eliminate pests and weed.

3.2 fertilization

When planting seedlings, it is necessary to apply more organic fertilizer, such as straw, barnyard manure, green manure, etc., and fertilize not less than 2 times in the growing period, that is, in the fast-growing period and tree growth capping period. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the fast-growing period, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the tree capping period, which can increase the tree growth by 23% to 28%.

In the fast-growing period, the demand for nitrogen fertilizer is more than phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; during the capping period, there is more phosphorus and potash fertilizer, the tree has a high degree of Lignification after capping, and it is not damaged by freezing in winter; applying more nitrogen fertilizer can postpone the capping period by 9-15 days, and the tender shoots are vulnerable to freezing injury when overwintering.

3.3 Irrigation and drainage 3.3.1 Irrigation: the seven-leaf tree should be irrigated at least 3 times a year, once in the fast-growing stage, once in the capping stage and once in the budding stage, and the times of irrigation can be increased in case of drought. Furrow irrigation or sprinkler irrigation can be used, and drip irrigation can be used under certain conditions.

3.3.2 drainage: the seven-leaf tree likes water and grows fast when there is enough water, but too much water will hinder the breathing of the roots and grow poorly. The root of 4-year-old seven-leaf tree should not be completely immersed in water for more than 30 days, and the whole plant will die due to suffocation for a long time. Therefore, the seven-leaf tree planting site can not accumulate water, there is stagnant water should be discharged in time, the forest should repair drainage ditches, rainy season should pay attention to do a good job of drainage.

4 shaping and pruning

Buckeye trees generally do not need pruning and shaping in the process of growth, but when necessary. The principle of shaping and pruning is to make the branches evenly distributed, grow healthily and form a good crown. The main purpose is to cut the branches short to make the plant form a perfect crown, and to cut off withered branches, bore branches, slender branches, disease and insect branches and poor growth branches.

(5) Disease and pest control

5.1 the main diseases of seven-leaf trees are early defoliation, root rot and anthracnose. The prevention and control methods of early defoliation disease: strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, prevent the disease of strong trees, clean up the fallen leaves and burn them centrally to eliminate the source of the disease, spray 200 × 240 Bordeaux liquid once 10 days before the disease, and once every half month during the continuous spring rain. Prevention and control methods of root rot: ditch drainage, pick soil to dry roots in rainy season, disinfect the soil around the root with lime, and then cover it with soil; 1000 times of methyl topiramate wettable powder can be used to control anthracnose.

5.2 the main pests are Spodoptera litura and beetles, and the effect of trapping and killing with light is good. In addition, there are golden caterpillars, branch longicorn beetles, pear-eyed longicorn beetles, mulberry longicorn beetles, which should be prevented and controlled as soon as possible. The larvae eat leaves and spray 90% trichlorfon 800 / 1000 times or 15% deltamethrin 4000 / 5000 times in time at the initial stage of pest occurrence, which can achieve good control effect.